This document discusses the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity. It finds that regular exercise is associated with increased levels of BDNF and protects against cognitive decline. BDNF is involved in learning, memory, and neuroprotection. Studies show acute and chronic exercise increases both BDNF mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus of rats. In humans, higher cardio-respiratory fitness and physical activity levels are correlated with increased serum BDNF levels. The findings suggest BDNF may be a physiological mediator between exercise and brain health. More research is needed to fully understand how exercise affects BDNF expression and release from neurons and platelets.
This document discusses the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity. It finds that regular exercise is associated with increased levels of BDNF and protects against cognitive decline. A study is summarized that measured serum BDNF levels in humans and found higher levels were associated with greater cardio-respiratory fitness and more physical activity. BDNF is synthesized in multiple tissues and stored in platelets, and may be released into the bloodstream during exercise in a dose-dependent manner influenced by fitness levels. Increased BDNF then influences learning, memory, and neuroplasticity through binding to receptors in the brain. More research is still needed to fully understand the acute effects of exercise on BDNF release and gene transcription.
Metabolic Adaptations: The Physiology of Cold Acclimatization and Exercise in...InsideScientific
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise: Role of NAMPT and NAD+ in Skeletal Muscle
Jonas Treebak, PhD
NAD+ is a cofactor implicated in important metabolic reactions, such as oxidative phosphorylation. One of the highest rates of mitochondrial respiration is found in contracting skeletal muscle. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is essential for skeletal muscle NAD+ synthesis. Skeletal muscle-specific knockout of Nampt (SMNKO) reduces skeletal muscle NAD+ levels by 85-90%.This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy deficiency, poor contractility, low exercise performance, and progressive muscle degeneration. The Treebak lab generated inducible SMNKO mice (iSMNKO) and achieved a comparable depletion of NAD+. iSMNKO mice did not show altered mitochondrial respiratory capacity at rest or after exercise in isolated intact fibers. Moreover, high resolution respirometry in mitochondria isolated from iSMNKO muscle exhibited unchanged respiration and ATP synthesis, as well as normal P/O and mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, iSMNKO skeletal muscle has lower capacity for succinate-induced mitochondrial ROS production compared to the wildtype control. iSMNKO mice displayed normal VO2 at rest and during an acute bout of maximal exercise, they behaved similarly in response to prolonged voluntary wheel (VW) running, but failed to increase performance after VW training. Collectively, their data demonstrate that the role of NAD in mitochondrial function may be more nuanced than is often thought.
Cold Acclimatization – Fundamental Mechanisms and Popular Misconceptions
Alexander Bartelt, PhD
Homeotherm mammals like rodents or humans regulate their body temperature by means of thermogenesis. Below the thermoneutral zone, where basal metabolism is sufficient to maintain homeothermy, thermogenic mechanisms are activated to contribute to heat production. This adaptation to cold exposure is a phasic process with acute activation of existing stores, acquisition of extra nutrients as fuels, and finally extensive remodeling of cells, tissues, and physiology, altogether facilitating cold acclimatization. Most notably are shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis by myocytes and thermogenic adipocytes, respectively. In this seminar, Dr. Bartelt provides an overview of the phasic process of cold acclimatization, elaborates on novel, fundamental mechanisms, including his lab’s own work on the transcription factor Nfe2l1, and, finally, highlights misconceptions that are frequently found in the literature.
Cravings and Weightlifting Squats: Technologies that Explore New Metabolic an...InsideScientific
Dr. Diego Bohórquez and Dr. Zhen Yan present new technologies for obesity and metabolic research. Dr. Bohórquez discusses gut-brain interactions and the role of enteroendocrine cells, presenting case studies using optogenetics and automated home cage phenotyping. Dr. Yan introduces a novel voluntary weightlifting model for mice that does not require human handling. Long-term weightlifting training in mice leads to muscle hypertrophy, improved contractile function, and enhanced glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The new technologies explore gut-brain connections and models of resistance exercise.
Fine Tuning Nutrient Intake Timing for Cardiac HealthInsideScientific
Cardiovascular function changes on a daily basis with potential implications for risk of heart attack and sudden cardiac death. In this webinar, Martin Young, DPhil, will discuss these cardiovascular changes and the potential mechanisms that govern these 24-hour rhythms with a particular focus on circadian clocks. These studies highlight that circadian clocks modulate processes that are critical for normal cardiovascular function, including metabolism. Daily rhythms in metabolism, in turn, influence the manner with which organs (such as the heart) respond to nutrient intake. Dr. Young illustrates the concept that the time of day at which specific macronutrients (such as lipids and proteins) are consumed dramatically impacts the heart. Dr. Young showcases the relevance of these basic science findings to human population studies.
ISMST 2015 Abstract 2 - The influence of medical shockwaves on muscle activat...Kenneth Craig
This study investigated the effects of medical shockwave therapy on muscle activation patterns and performance in healthy athletes. Golfers and weightlifters underwent shockwave therapy targeting specific muscles. Post-treatment, golfers showed increased swing speed, ball distance, and faster muscle activation. Weightlifters showed faster muscle activation but lower energy output during squats, though they were able to lift more weight. The study suggests shockwave therapy may induce favorable biological responses in healthy muscles, reducing fatigue and potential for overuse injuries over time. Further research is warranted.
Experimental Muscle Mechanics in Aging and DiseaseInsideScientific
The focus of this webinar is on the mechanisms underlying muscle impairment associated with aging and age-related diseases. This research evaluates the regulation of muscle contraction at the motor protein, single muscle fiber, and whole muscle levels using in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods in experimental and clinical settings. Specifically, Dr. Qaisar is interested in the contribution(s) of muscle SR stress and calcium dysregulation to loss of muscle mass and strength. Reduced calcium uptake by muscle SR plays a pivotal role in muscle impairment in aging while boosting SR calcium uptake with pharmacological activators can partially restore muscle mass and strength. Matt shares a technical overview of the experimental equipment used in this research. He discusses the design, component functionality, and the applications that can be explored with this system. He also shares some valuable insights into the parameters that can be measured and the data that can be produced with various experimental designs.
Key Learning Objectives
- Contractile dysfunction in sarcopenia involves alterations at motor protein, single fibers and whole muscle levels in rodent models of aging and elderly humans
- Loss of calcium regulation by muscle SR plays a pivotal role in muscle atrophy and weakness associated with sarcopenia
- Age-associated comorbidities such as COPD and Parkinson’s disease accelerated the sarcopenia phenotype in humans
- Circulating biomarkers such as CAF22 can be useful predictors of muscle mass and strength in accelerated sarcopenia
This study investigated how long exercise-induced cardioprotection lasts after cessation of exercise. Rats were assigned to groups that exercised and then had 1, 3, 9, or 18 days of rest before undergoing ischemia-reperfusion injury testing. Exercise increased heat shock protein 72 and catalase levels, markers of cardioprotection. While these remained elevated at 1 and 3 days postexercise, they returned to normal levels by 9 days. Cardioprotection, measured by maintaining cardiac work during reperfusion, was still present at 1, 3, and 9 days postexercise but was lost by 18 days. This suggests exercise-induced cardioprotection can last up to 9 days after exercise stops, but underlying mechanisms like heat shock protein
Kristina Kendall's resume lists her contact information, education history, professional experience as a science editor and exercise science professor, courses taught, research publications, and other qualifications. She has a PhD in Exercise Physiology from the University of Oklahoma and has worked as an assistant professor, graduate assistant, teaching assistant, intern, and academic tutor. Her research focuses on topics like exercise physiology, nutrition, body composition, and performance among athletes and older adults.
This document discusses the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity. It finds that regular exercise is associated with increased levels of BDNF and protects against cognitive decline. A study is summarized that measured serum BDNF levels in humans and found higher levels were associated with greater cardio-respiratory fitness and more physical activity. BDNF is synthesized in multiple tissues and stored in platelets, and may be released into the bloodstream during exercise in a dose-dependent manner influenced by fitness levels. Increased BDNF then influences learning, memory, and neuroplasticity through binding to receptors in the brain. More research is still needed to fully understand the acute effects of exercise on BDNF release and gene transcription.
Metabolic Adaptations: The Physiology of Cold Acclimatization and Exercise in...InsideScientific
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise: Role of NAMPT and NAD+ in Skeletal Muscle
Jonas Treebak, PhD
NAD+ is a cofactor implicated in important metabolic reactions, such as oxidative phosphorylation. One of the highest rates of mitochondrial respiration is found in contracting skeletal muscle. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is essential for skeletal muscle NAD+ synthesis. Skeletal muscle-specific knockout of Nampt (SMNKO) reduces skeletal muscle NAD+ levels by 85-90%.This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy deficiency, poor contractility, low exercise performance, and progressive muscle degeneration. The Treebak lab generated inducible SMNKO mice (iSMNKO) and achieved a comparable depletion of NAD+. iSMNKO mice did not show altered mitochondrial respiratory capacity at rest or after exercise in isolated intact fibers. Moreover, high resolution respirometry in mitochondria isolated from iSMNKO muscle exhibited unchanged respiration and ATP synthesis, as well as normal P/O and mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, iSMNKO skeletal muscle has lower capacity for succinate-induced mitochondrial ROS production compared to the wildtype control. iSMNKO mice displayed normal VO2 at rest and during an acute bout of maximal exercise, they behaved similarly in response to prolonged voluntary wheel (VW) running, but failed to increase performance after VW training. Collectively, their data demonstrate that the role of NAD in mitochondrial function may be more nuanced than is often thought.
Cold Acclimatization – Fundamental Mechanisms and Popular Misconceptions
Alexander Bartelt, PhD
Homeotherm mammals like rodents or humans regulate their body temperature by means of thermogenesis. Below the thermoneutral zone, where basal metabolism is sufficient to maintain homeothermy, thermogenic mechanisms are activated to contribute to heat production. This adaptation to cold exposure is a phasic process with acute activation of existing stores, acquisition of extra nutrients as fuels, and finally extensive remodeling of cells, tissues, and physiology, altogether facilitating cold acclimatization. Most notably are shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis by myocytes and thermogenic adipocytes, respectively. In this seminar, Dr. Bartelt provides an overview of the phasic process of cold acclimatization, elaborates on novel, fundamental mechanisms, including his lab’s own work on the transcription factor Nfe2l1, and, finally, highlights misconceptions that are frequently found in the literature.
Cravings and Weightlifting Squats: Technologies that Explore New Metabolic an...InsideScientific
Dr. Diego Bohórquez and Dr. Zhen Yan present new technologies for obesity and metabolic research. Dr. Bohórquez discusses gut-brain interactions and the role of enteroendocrine cells, presenting case studies using optogenetics and automated home cage phenotyping. Dr. Yan introduces a novel voluntary weightlifting model for mice that does not require human handling. Long-term weightlifting training in mice leads to muscle hypertrophy, improved contractile function, and enhanced glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The new technologies explore gut-brain connections and models of resistance exercise.
Fine Tuning Nutrient Intake Timing for Cardiac HealthInsideScientific
Cardiovascular function changes on a daily basis with potential implications for risk of heart attack and sudden cardiac death. In this webinar, Martin Young, DPhil, will discuss these cardiovascular changes and the potential mechanisms that govern these 24-hour rhythms with a particular focus on circadian clocks. These studies highlight that circadian clocks modulate processes that are critical for normal cardiovascular function, including metabolism. Daily rhythms in metabolism, in turn, influence the manner with which organs (such as the heart) respond to nutrient intake. Dr. Young illustrates the concept that the time of day at which specific macronutrients (such as lipids and proteins) are consumed dramatically impacts the heart. Dr. Young showcases the relevance of these basic science findings to human population studies.
ISMST 2015 Abstract 2 - The influence of medical shockwaves on muscle activat...Kenneth Craig
This study investigated the effects of medical shockwave therapy on muscle activation patterns and performance in healthy athletes. Golfers and weightlifters underwent shockwave therapy targeting specific muscles. Post-treatment, golfers showed increased swing speed, ball distance, and faster muscle activation. Weightlifters showed faster muscle activation but lower energy output during squats, though they were able to lift more weight. The study suggests shockwave therapy may induce favorable biological responses in healthy muscles, reducing fatigue and potential for overuse injuries over time. Further research is warranted.
Experimental Muscle Mechanics in Aging and DiseaseInsideScientific
The focus of this webinar is on the mechanisms underlying muscle impairment associated with aging and age-related diseases. This research evaluates the regulation of muscle contraction at the motor protein, single muscle fiber, and whole muscle levels using in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods in experimental and clinical settings. Specifically, Dr. Qaisar is interested in the contribution(s) of muscle SR stress and calcium dysregulation to loss of muscle mass and strength. Reduced calcium uptake by muscle SR plays a pivotal role in muscle impairment in aging while boosting SR calcium uptake with pharmacological activators can partially restore muscle mass and strength. Matt shares a technical overview of the experimental equipment used in this research. He discusses the design, component functionality, and the applications that can be explored with this system. He also shares some valuable insights into the parameters that can be measured and the data that can be produced with various experimental designs.
Key Learning Objectives
- Contractile dysfunction in sarcopenia involves alterations at motor protein, single fibers and whole muscle levels in rodent models of aging and elderly humans
- Loss of calcium regulation by muscle SR plays a pivotal role in muscle atrophy and weakness associated with sarcopenia
- Age-associated comorbidities such as COPD and Parkinson’s disease accelerated the sarcopenia phenotype in humans
- Circulating biomarkers such as CAF22 can be useful predictors of muscle mass and strength in accelerated sarcopenia
This study investigated how long exercise-induced cardioprotection lasts after cessation of exercise. Rats were assigned to groups that exercised and then had 1, 3, 9, or 18 days of rest before undergoing ischemia-reperfusion injury testing. Exercise increased heat shock protein 72 and catalase levels, markers of cardioprotection. While these remained elevated at 1 and 3 days postexercise, they returned to normal levels by 9 days. Cardioprotection, measured by maintaining cardiac work during reperfusion, was still present at 1, 3, and 9 days postexercise but was lost by 18 days. This suggests exercise-induced cardioprotection can last up to 9 days after exercise stops, but underlying mechanisms like heat shock protein
Kristina Kendall's resume lists her contact information, education history, professional experience as a science editor and exercise science professor, courses taught, research publications, and other qualifications. She has a PhD in Exercise Physiology from the University of Oklahoma and has worked as an assistant professor, graduate assistant, teaching assistant, intern, and academic tutor. Her research focuses on topics like exercise physiology, nutrition, body composition, and performance among athletes and older adults.
This study investigated the activation of Raphe nuclei neurons, the main source of serotonin in the brain, through immunodetection of c-Fos protein in trained and sedentary rats. Sixteen male rats were divided into trained (5 weeks, 15-60 minutes swimming) and sedentary groups. After c-Fos immunocytochemistry and neuron counting, evaluation showed no significant differences in most Raphe nuclei except the most caudal part of the Dorsal Raphe nuclei and Raphe Palidus nuclei, where trained rats had more c-Fos immunoreactive neurons. These regions may be related to excitatory respiratory modulation. The study aimed to better understand central fatigue mechanisms by examining serotonin
Cardiac Inflammation and Repair Following Myocardial InfarctionInsideScientific
Join Dr. Merry Lindsey as she discusses her research involving the physiology of recovery from cardiac events.
Age plays a pivotal role in the deterioration of cardiovascular functionality, resulting in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has also been shown to increase with age, in both men and women, including the prevalence of atherosclerosis, stroke and, myocardial infarction.
Following myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series of cardiac wound healing responses that involve both the stimulation of robust inflammation to clear necrotic myocytes and tissue debris and the induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis to generate an infarct scar. Collectively, this process in known as LV remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key regulator of LV remodeling post-MI, through direct effects on ECM turnover as well as indirect effects on the regulation of the major cell types that coordinate cardiac wound healing- namely the infiltrating leukocytes and the cardiac fibroblasts. We will discuss recent research that has expanded our understanding of MI LV remodeling, including recent proteomic advances focused on the ECM compartment to provide novel functional and translational insights. In summary, this webinar will provide an overview of how cardiac ECM research has evolved over the last decade and will provide insight into future directions that will drive further understanding of MMP directed cardiac ECM turnover after MI.
Remodeling of Pancreatic Innervation in DiabetesInsideScientific
The pancreas is densely innervated, and neural signals play a significant role in glucose regulation by modulating pancreatic hormone release. However, relatively little is known about the anatomical relationships between islets and nerves across the whole pancreas. In this webinar, Dr. Sarah Stanley and Dr. Alexandra Alvarsson will discuss their research using tissue clearing and whole organ imaging of the pancreas to identify the 3D structure of pancreatic nerves and islets.
In particular, they will provide an overview of their methodology, which provides detailed information and quantification of pancreatic innervation in healthy pancreas, in canonical models of diabetes and in samples from nondiabetic and diabetic donors. They will also present their findings, demonstrating greatly enriched innervation in the islets with regional variations. They will also discuss beta cell innervation in mouse models of diabetes and in pancreata from human donors with type 2 diabetes.
Key Topics Include:
- Tissue clearing and 3D imaging to allow the mapping of nerves in peripheral organs
- Innervation of peripheral organs such as the pancreas
- How pancreatic nerves are remodeled in diabetes
Rat Model, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior 8 April 2014Kylie Pybus
I. This document discusses physical activity and gene expression in a rat model of depression. It examines the effects of exercise on cognitive behavior and gene expression in brain regions involved in depression.
II. It then reviews physical activity and food behaviors in the college population. Factors influencing energy balance in college students are discussed, as well as physical activity trends, measurements, interventions, and theories.
III. The majority of college students do not meet physical activity guidelines. Research has examined social, environmental, and individual factors influencing behaviors. Interventions aim to promote lifetime physical activity and wellness in this population.
Teoría y metodología del deporte adaptadoCiro Winckler
This document discusses technological developments in assistive devices used in Paralympic sports. It notes that while standard devices can limit Paralympians' abilities, many sports only require similar technology to the Olympics. However, some prosthetics and wheelchairs have unique modifications. Technology is essential for Paralympians to compete, but whether it provides an unfair advantage over Olympians is unclear when considering the compensatory effects of disabilities. To avoid controversies, the role of technology in Paralympic and Olympic sports needs clarification going forward, particularly for the 2012 London Games.
Temporal-Spatial Expressions of Spy1 in Rat Sciatic Nerve After CrushJiao Yang
1. The study examined the expression of the cell cycle protein Spy1 in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model over time.
2. Spy1 expression was found to gradually increase after injury, peaking at day 3, due to increased expression in both axons and Schwann cells.
3. Spy1 expression correlated with Schwann cell proliferation after injury and Spy1 was found to localize in axons in the injured segment but did not co-localize with the growth protein GAP43.
This document discusses andropause and sarcopenia, which are age-related declines in testosterone and muscle mass. It provides evidence that testosterone levels and muscle mass begin declining in the late 30s and accelerate after age 70. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors like lower hormone levels and muscle protein breakdown contribute to sarcopenia. The document recommends addressing these issues with a balanced diet, exercise, stress reduction, sleep, and potentially testosterone therapy. It summarizes several studies showing that natural supplements like tongkat ali can safely and effectively increase testosterone levels and muscle mass. The document promotes Andraiz T, a supplement containing these ingredients, to help treat andropause and sarcopenia symptoms.
This study investigated the effects of 3 weeks of 470 mg Aloe vera supplementation vs. placebo on endurance cycling performance. 10 trained cyclists were randomly assigned to ingest Aloe vera or placebo daily. Testing before and after included VO2max tests, body composition measures, and bloodwork. The Aloe vera group saw a significant increase in VO2max and haematocrit, but no other measures differed between groups. This supports an ergogenic effect of Aloe vera on endurance performance through potential anti-inflammatory effects.
A tipologia da fibra muscular influencia substancialmente o tempo de recupera...FranciscoJulio12
1) The study investigated the effects of muscle fiber typology on fatigue and recovery following high-intensity exercise.
2) Thirty-two male athletes underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to estimate their muscle fiber typology as predominantly slow (ST) or fast (FT) based on calf muscle carnosine levels.
3) The ST and FT groups then performed repeated Wingate tests to induce fatigue. The FT group experienced greater power drop during exercise and had not fully recovered torque levels 5 hours later, while the ST group recovered within 20 minutes, indicating muscle fiber typology influences exercise-induced fatigue and recovery time.
Different Potencies of Biosynthetic Human and Purified Porcine Insulinsstrumello
The document summarizes research comparing the biological activity of purified porcine insulin and Biosynthetic Human Insulin (BHI) using the glucose clamp technique. The study found that:
1) BHI required significantly more glucose infusion than purified porcine insulin to maintain euglycemia, indicating BHI had higher biological activity.
2) Purified porcine insulin, but not BHI, induced significant increases in serum growth hormone and Cortisol concentrations.
3) There were no significant differences in serum insulin, glucose, or C-peptide levels between the two insulins.
A Multimodal, Regenerative Approach to TBI including HBOT and Adult Stem CellsMegan Hughes
Dr. Hughes presents at the 2018 OMED conference in San Diego about treating TBI using intranasal therapies, hyperbaric oxygen, the ketogenic diet, IV nutrition, and supplementation. He also discusses how HBOT upregulates peripheral blood stem cells.
A presentation was a part of pitching in front of investors during The Dragon´s Den.
The presentation was created as one of tasks during Erasmus+ training course called You - the young entrepreneur.
The training course took place in Brno, Czech Republic between 21.8.2015 - 27.8.2015 and was fully supported by European fund Erasmus+. The project was organized by PROACTIVE MIND. For more information about outputs of the project please visit www.proactivemind.eu
O documento discute as visões de Nietzsche e Hegel sobre a necessidade da guerra. Nietzsche acreditava que a guerra é necessária para transmitir energia aos povos e evitar que a humanidade se torne fraca. Ele também rejeitava a ideia de livre-arbítrio e responsabilidade individual. Sem essas noções, Nietzsche defendia que a guerra, o sofrimento e o mal são benéficos para o fortalecimento da espécie humana.
Innovex aims to merge all improvement projects into the business excellence framework to achieve integration, improve project quality, motivate employee participation in continuous improvement, and create an innovation culture. An award night called Innovex recognizes the best teams for their projects based on return on investment, with over 6000 projects filtered down to 22 winners who are celebrated with their spouses.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including:
1. It defines hypertension as a sustained elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and describes how blood pressure is measured.
2. The main complications of uncontrolled hypertension are damage to the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes due to accelerated atherosclerosis.
3. Risk factors for developing hypertension include family history, increasing age, race, being overweight, physical inactivity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress. Many of these risk factors can be modified by lifestyle changes.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
O documento descreve a história e o modelo de negócios sustentável do Banco Real no Brasil, com foco em clientes, funcionários e comunidade. Após ser adquirido pelo Santander em 2007, o desafio foi integrar as diferenças culturais, já que o Real levantava a bandeira da sustentabilidade enquanto o Santander tinha uma postura mais agressiva comercialmente.
Growth Marketing Strategies to Hacking the Customer JourneyAutopilot
Watch the workshop replay: http://flightschool.autopilothq.com/video/the-growth-marketers-guide-to-hacking-the-customer-journey/
Autopilot free trial: https://autopilothq.com/free-trial.html
Instapage free trial: https://app.instapage.com/auth/signup
Tune in to Autopilot and Instapage's growth marketing workshop where we share our secrets to building an online acquisition machine. We go transparent and live demo our hard-learned hacks for scoring more customers – and saving money in the process.
At this workshop you will learn:
-What it means to create a wow customer journey
-How to fill the top of your funnel using low cost channels and retargeting strategies
-Secrets to nurturing signups to a sale with automation
-How Autopilot uses Autopilot to grow
This study investigated the activation of Raphe nuclei neurons, the main source of serotonin in the brain, through immunodetection of c-Fos protein in trained and sedentary rats. Sixteen male rats were divided into trained (5 weeks, 15-60 minutes swimming) and sedentary groups. After c-Fos immunocytochemistry and neuron counting, evaluation showed no significant differences in most Raphe nuclei except the most caudal part of the Dorsal Raphe nuclei and Raphe Palidus nuclei, where trained rats had more c-Fos immunoreactive neurons. These regions may be related to excitatory respiratory modulation. The study aimed to better understand central fatigue mechanisms by examining serotonin
Cardiac Inflammation and Repair Following Myocardial InfarctionInsideScientific
Join Dr. Merry Lindsey as she discusses her research involving the physiology of recovery from cardiac events.
Age plays a pivotal role in the deterioration of cardiovascular functionality, resulting in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has also been shown to increase with age, in both men and women, including the prevalence of atherosclerosis, stroke and, myocardial infarction.
Following myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series of cardiac wound healing responses that involve both the stimulation of robust inflammation to clear necrotic myocytes and tissue debris and the induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis to generate an infarct scar. Collectively, this process in known as LV remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key regulator of LV remodeling post-MI, through direct effects on ECM turnover as well as indirect effects on the regulation of the major cell types that coordinate cardiac wound healing- namely the infiltrating leukocytes and the cardiac fibroblasts. We will discuss recent research that has expanded our understanding of MI LV remodeling, including recent proteomic advances focused on the ECM compartment to provide novel functional and translational insights. In summary, this webinar will provide an overview of how cardiac ECM research has evolved over the last decade and will provide insight into future directions that will drive further understanding of MMP directed cardiac ECM turnover after MI.
Remodeling of Pancreatic Innervation in DiabetesInsideScientific
The pancreas is densely innervated, and neural signals play a significant role in glucose regulation by modulating pancreatic hormone release. However, relatively little is known about the anatomical relationships between islets and nerves across the whole pancreas. In this webinar, Dr. Sarah Stanley and Dr. Alexandra Alvarsson will discuss their research using tissue clearing and whole organ imaging of the pancreas to identify the 3D structure of pancreatic nerves and islets.
In particular, they will provide an overview of their methodology, which provides detailed information and quantification of pancreatic innervation in healthy pancreas, in canonical models of diabetes and in samples from nondiabetic and diabetic donors. They will also present their findings, demonstrating greatly enriched innervation in the islets with regional variations. They will also discuss beta cell innervation in mouse models of diabetes and in pancreata from human donors with type 2 diabetes.
Key Topics Include:
- Tissue clearing and 3D imaging to allow the mapping of nerves in peripheral organs
- Innervation of peripheral organs such as the pancreas
- How pancreatic nerves are remodeled in diabetes
Rat Model, Physical Activity, and Eating Behavior 8 April 2014Kylie Pybus
I. This document discusses physical activity and gene expression in a rat model of depression. It examines the effects of exercise on cognitive behavior and gene expression in brain regions involved in depression.
II. It then reviews physical activity and food behaviors in the college population. Factors influencing energy balance in college students are discussed, as well as physical activity trends, measurements, interventions, and theories.
III. The majority of college students do not meet physical activity guidelines. Research has examined social, environmental, and individual factors influencing behaviors. Interventions aim to promote lifetime physical activity and wellness in this population.
Teoría y metodología del deporte adaptadoCiro Winckler
This document discusses technological developments in assistive devices used in Paralympic sports. It notes that while standard devices can limit Paralympians' abilities, many sports only require similar technology to the Olympics. However, some prosthetics and wheelchairs have unique modifications. Technology is essential for Paralympians to compete, but whether it provides an unfair advantage over Olympians is unclear when considering the compensatory effects of disabilities. To avoid controversies, the role of technology in Paralympic and Olympic sports needs clarification going forward, particularly for the 2012 London Games.
Temporal-Spatial Expressions of Spy1 in Rat Sciatic Nerve After CrushJiao Yang
1. The study examined the expression of the cell cycle protein Spy1 in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model over time.
2. Spy1 expression was found to gradually increase after injury, peaking at day 3, due to increased expression in both axons and Schwann cells.
3. Spy1 expression correlated with Schwann cell proliferation after injury and Spy1 was found to localize in axons in the injured segment but did not co-localize with the growth protein GAP43.
This document discusses andropause and sarcopenia, which are age-related declines in testosterone and muscle mass. It provides evidence that testosterone levels and muscle mass begin declining in the late 30s and accelerate after age 70. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors like lower hormone levels and muscle protein breakdown contribute to sarcopenia. The document recommends addressing these issues with a balanced diet, exercise, stress reduction, sleep, and potentially testosterone therapy. It summarizes several studies showing that natural supplements like tongkat ali can safely and effectively increase testosterone levels and muscle mass. The document promotes Andraiz T, a supplement containing these ingredients, to help treat andropause and sarcopenia symptoms.
This study investigated the effects of 3 weeks of 470 mg Aloe vera supplementation vs. placebo on endurance cycling performance. 10 trained cyclists were randomly assigned to ingest Aloe vera or placebo daily. Testing before and after included VO2max tests, body composition measures, and bloodwork. The Aloe vera group saw a significant increase in VO2max and haematocrit, but no other measures differed between groups. This supports an ergogenic effect of Aloe vera on endurance performance through potential anti-inflammatory effects.
A tipologia da fibra muscular influencia substancialmente o tempo de recupera...FranciscoJulio12
1) The study investigated the effects of muscle fiber typology on fatigue and recovery following high-intensity exercise.
2) Thirty-two male athletes underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to estimate their muscle fiber typology as predominantly slow (ST) or fast (FT) based on calf muscle carnosine levels.
3) The ST and FT groups then performed repeated Wingate tests to induce fatigue. The FT group experienced greater power drop during exercise and had not fully recovered torque levels 5 hours later, while the ST group recovered within 20 minutes, indicating muscle fiber typology influences exercise-induced fatigue and recovery time.
Different Potencies of Biosynthetic Human and Purified Porcine Insulinsstrumello
The document summarizes research comparing the biological activity of purified porcine insulin and Biosynthetic Human Insulin (BHI) using the glucose clamp technique. The study found that:
1) BHI required significantly more glucose infusion than purified porcine insulin to maintain euglycemia, indicating BHI had higher biological activity.
2) Purified porcine insulin, but not BHI, induced significant increases in serum growth hormone and Cortisol concentrations.
3) There were no significant differences in serum insulin, glucose, or C-peptide levels between the two insulins.
A Multimodal, Regenerative Approach to TBI including HBOT and Adult Stem CellsMegan Hughes
Dr. Hughes presents at the 2018 OMED conference in San Diego about treating TBI using intranasal therapies, hyperbaric oxygen, the ketogenic diet, IV nutrition, and supplementation. He also discusses how HBOT upregulates peripheral blood stem cells.
A presentation was a part of pitching in front of investors during The Dragon´s Den.
The presentation was created as one of tasks during Erasmus+ training course called You - the young entrepreneur.
The training course took place in Brno, Czech Republic between 21.8.2015 - 27.8.2015 and was fully supported by European fund Erasmus+. The project was organized by PROACTIVE MIND. For more information about outputs of the project please visit www.proactivemind.eu
O documento discute as visões de Nietzsche e Hegel sobre a necessidade da guerra. Nietzsche acreditava que a guerra é necessária para transmitir energia aos povos e evitar que a humanidade se torne fraca. Ele também rejeitava a ideia de livre-arbítrio e responsabilidade individual. Sem essas noções, Nietzsche defendia que a guerra, o sofrimento e o mal são benéficos para o fortalecimento da espécie humana.
Innovex aims to merge all improvement projects into the business excellence framework to achieve integration, improve project quality, motivate employee participation in continuous improvement, and create an innovation culture. An award night called Innovex recognizes the best teams for their projects based on return on investment, with over 6000 projects filtered down to 22 winners who are celebrated with their spouses.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including:
1. It defines hypertension as a sustained elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and describes how blood pressure is measured.
2. The main complications of uncontrolled hypertension are damage to the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes due to accelerated atherosclerosis.
3. Risk factors for developing hypertension include family history, increasing age, race, being overweight, physical inactivity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress. Many of these risk factors can be modified by lifestyle changes.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
O documento descreve a história e o modelo de negócios sustentável do Banco Real no Brasil, com foco em clientes, funcionários e comunidade. Após ser adquirido pelo Santander em 2007, o desafio foi integrar as diferenças culturais, já que o Real levantava a bandeira da sustentabilidade enquanto o Santander tinha uma postura mais agressiva comercialmente.
Growth Marketing Strategies to Hacking the Customer JourneyAutopilot
Watch the workshop replay: http://flightschool.autopilothq.com/video/the-growth-marketers-guide-to-hacking-the-customer-journey/
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Tune in to Autopilot and Instapage's growth marketing workshop where we share our secrets to building an online acquisition machine. We go transparent and live demo our hard-learned hacks for scoring more customers – and saving money in the process.
At this workshop you will learn:
-What it means to create a wow customer journey
-How to fill the top of your funnel using low cost channels and retargeting strategies
-Secrets to nurturing signups to a sale with automation
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Digisemestr - Webová analytika chytře s Google Analytics - workshop 16. 11. 2015Sun Marketing
Podklady pro workshop na téma webová analytiky s využitím Google Analytics, který byl pořádán v rámci projektu Jindřicha Fáborského Digisemestr. Na workshopu Webová analytika chytře s Google Analytics jsme seznámili studenty se základními principy webové analytiky a hlavně jim vysvětlili a na praktických ukázkách ukázali, jak a proč vyhodnocovat data a proč k tomu používat právě Google Analytics. Vysvětlili jsme, co které statistiky znamenají, jak mohou pomoci a jaké z nich jde dělat závěry.
Webinar Vistage "Liderazgo Digital" Transformando la organización con Tecnolo...Carlos Francavilla
Descripción de la evolución de los escenarios de negocios y la transformación producida en los mercados por la digitalización, el modelo de negocios digital y los ecosistemas. Preguntas de diagnóstico de cómo comenzar un proceso de transformación digital.
O documento anuncia um trem turístico e cultural em Moita Bonita, Paraguaçu Paulista durante a terceira semana de eventos dedicados à educação de jovens e adultos.
Website Personalization via Headsup: In-App Messaging for Customer Journey Ma...Autopilot
The document introduces Headsup, an in-app messaging tool for customer journey marketers. It summarizes a webinar about Headsup and Hint Health, a healthcare company that uses Headsup. The webinar agenda includes a Headsup demo, an overview of Hint Health and its use of customer journeys to streamline billing and onboarding processes. Hint Health found that in-app messages are better than emails for engaging customers actively using an app. The key takeaways are that marketing success requires strategic use of the right message on the right channel at the right time for customers.
A Study of Heart Rate Recovery Following Exercise in Healthy Young Adult MaleIOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise has positive chronotropic effect on heart rate and on cessation heart rate returns to preexercise
level. A delay in heart rate recovery (HRR) (≤12beats in first minute) is considered abnormal and
reflects autonomic dysfunction.The present study was taken up to find out the presence of abnormal HRR in
normal subjects (Male) and to establish HRR as an independent autonomic marker. For the study 106 healthy
young adults (male) were subjected to exercise by Bicycle ergometer till targeted Heart Rate (85%Maximum
Heart Rate(MHR)) was achieved. HRR at the end of 1 minutefollowingcessation of exercise were tabulated. In
our study 23(21.7%) subjects showed Abnormal HRR indicating HRR could be an independent autonomic
marker. Keyword-HRR, MHR
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the survival and growth of neurons. Levels of BDNF are increased through stimuli like exercise. Two studies in rats found that physical activity and antidepressant treatment have an additive effect in increasing hippocampal BDNF levels. A second study found that direct infusion of BDNF into the hippocampus of rats produced antidepressant effects, suggesting BDNF promotes the effects of antidepressants. Increased BDNF through exercise may help increase neural plasticity and protect against neural degeneration, as well as help reduce depression by positively impacting mood.
The Polyvagal Theory; The Effects of Corpulmonale Pathway by Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training in Sleep Disorders
Improve your quality of life by ‘Brain Training’
Dr. Mohammadjavad Hoseinpourfard PhD in Cognitive Neurosciences, Brain and Cognition
This thesis examines the effects of qigong meditation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol levels. It hypothesizes that experienced meditators will have higher BDNF and lower cortisol levels compared to non-meditators, and will perform better on cognitive tests. The study measures BDNF, cortisol and cognitive performance on Lumosity games in 7 experienced and 7 non-experienced meditators before and after a 30-minute meditation session. Preliminary results found no difference in BDNF levels but a cortisol decrease and higher post-meditation Lumosity scores for experienced meditators. The study provides an initial investigation into meditation's potential to increase neuroplasticity.
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor increases during recovery from psychologica...inventionjournals
Objective: To study the levels of plasma BDNF during recovering from psychological stress. Methods: Blood samples from thirty eight participants in a stress treatment project were analyzed for BDNF in plasma before and after 3 months treatment. Symptom levels were assessed by SCL92, work ability index and a question on stress. Physiological and behavioral measures were collected, all at baseline and after treatment. Results: BDNF increased significantly during the follow up, but the levels of BDNF were not correlated to blood pressure, se-cholesterol, HbA1C, se-fibrinogen or salivary cortisol even if the two latter decreased significantly. BDNF increase was inversely associated with improvement in depression symptoms contrary to the expected. Conclusion: Plasma BDNF increased during treatment for psychological stress, but was not associated with physiological stressmarkers or improvement of stress symptoms
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor increases during recovery from psychologica...inventionjournals
Objective: To study the levels of plasma BDNF during recovering from psychological stress. Methods: Blood samples from thirty eight participants in a stress treatment project were analyzed for BDNF in plasma before and after 3 months treatment. Symptom levels were assessed by SCL92, work ability index and a question on stress. Physiological and behavioral measures were collected, all at baseline and after treatment. Results: BDNF increased significantly during the follow up, but the levels of BDNF were not correlated to blood pressure, se-cholesterol, HbA1C, se-fibrinogen or salivary cortisol even if the two latter decreased significantly. BDNF increase was inversely associated with improvement in depression symptoms contrary to the expected. Conclusion: Plasma BDNF increased during treatment for psychological stress, but was not associated with physiological stressmarkers or improvement of stress symptoms.
Effect of Relaxation Therapy on Standing Balance and Mobility among Stroke Pa...ijtsrd
Motor impairment or unilateral weakness of the body, most commonly results from stroke in humans. Stroke is ” ˜Rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, due to ischemic or hemorrhagic injury.The purpose of study is to describe the effect of relaxation therapy on standing balance and mobility among stroke patients.Methods Study included 30 hemiplegic subjects divide in to two groups i.e, Group A Experimental and Group B Control randomly. A baseline assessment was done with outcome measures BBS and TUG test to obtain the pretest score of the subjects. After the pretest, all the subjects were undergone a therapeutic intervention. Participants in the experimental group received relaxation therapy earlier followed with conventional occupational therapy program for one hour of four sessions in a week with duration of total program for 6 weeks. The Participants in control group received only conventional occupational therapy program. After six weeks of intervention outcome measures were administered on both the groups to obtain the post score.Results This study suggests that relaxation Therapy with conventional occupational therapy can improve standing balance and mobility among stroke patients. The mean value of Berg balance scale, pre and post scores are, 42.866 and 49.733 respectively. The mean value of Time up and Go scale are, 27.094 and 15.930. On statistical analysis, the values were determined to be significant at 0.010 level for berg balance and 0.047 for time up and go scale table 5 which supports the alternate hypothesis suggesting relaxation therapy improved standing balance and mobility among stroke patients graph 1 . Conclusion This study concluded that relaxation therapy is effective in improving standing balance and mobility in Stroke patients Ravi Ranjan Kumar | Mr. Subrata Kumar Halder "Effect of Relaxation Therapy on Standing Balance and Mobility among Stroke Patients" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38210.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38210/effect-of-relaxation-therapy-on-standing-balance-and-mobility-among-stroke-patients/ravi-ranjan-kumar
The study aimed to determine if individuals accurately perceive aerobic exercise intensities as defined by ACSM guidelines. Five subjects completed a graded exercise test while rating perceived intensity. Actual intensity level was determined from oxygen consumption. Results showed a strong agreement between perceived and actual intensity levels, with a Cohen's Kappa of 0.722. This suggests individuals can accurately self-regulate exercise intensity using ratings of perceived exertion.
Dr. Frederick Starr is a psychiatrist and pioneer in the field of neurotechnology. He founded Myneurva to advance neurofeedback treatment. Neurofeedback uses EEG to monitor brain activity and provide feedback to change brainwaves. It has been shown to effectively treat conditions like PTSD, ADHD, anxiety, depression, autism, and more. Dr. Starr's lecture discussed what neurofeedback is, how it works, the research supporting its use for various mental and physical health conditions, and the Starrbase system for remote neurofeedback treatment and diagnosis using QEEG brain mapping and artificial intelligence.
Biofeedback is gaining popularity in sports psychology for improving athletic performance and facilitating recovery from injury. Several studies show biofeedback reduces anxiety and stress, allowing optimal performance. It improves focus, concentration, and cognitive function following concussions. HRV biofeedback lowers anxiety and improves basketball and golf performance. Neurofeedback activates prefrontal areas associated with confidence. A baseball player increased self-confidence and performance using EEG biofeedback combined with imagery. Future research should establish guidelines and study long-term benefits to validate biofeedback's role in sports.
Regular physical exercise is associated with cognitive benefits for adults:
1) Aerobic exercise improves attention, processing speed, executive function, and memory in adults. Longer exercise periods are linked to greater gains in attention and processing speed.
2) Moderate aerobic training for 8 weeks significantly improved cognitive processing speed over 100% in young adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities.
3) Higher levels of physical activity are associated with larger hippocampal volume, an important brain region for memory and spatial representation, in healthy middle-aged adults.
Machine learning applications in clinical brain computer interfacingJenny Midwinter
Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) provide alternative communication channels from the brain to external devices for severely disabled individuals and can be used to induce and guide adaptive plasticity for recovery after central nervous system trauma. Clinical BCI effectiveness depends on robust and accurate modeling of the relationship between brain signals and behaviour. Dr. Boulay will give a brief survey of BCI technologies and discuss common BCI paradigms and implementations, with an emphasis on clinical BCI brain signals and machine-learning applications.
* From the Ottawa AI/ML Meetup June 2018.
The document summarizes 3 studies that examined the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. A meta-analysis of animal studies found that Aβ levels acutely increased following TBI. A study of cadaver brains found accelerated Aβ deposition in those diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy from TBI. A case-control study found greater Aβ deposition in the cerebellum of TBI patients compared to controls and Alzheimer's patients. However, the evidence is currently limited to bench research or small retrospective studies, so no causal link can be definitively drawn between TBI and long-term Aβ deposition in humans.
Higher levels of the protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may protect against Alzheimer's disease and dementia. BDNF targets cortical brain cells, preventing their death and improving learning and memory. Studies have also found that higher serum BDNF levels can protect against future occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer's. Future research may examine using BDNF levels to predict Alzheimer's risk or giving BDNF supplements to older adults to prevent or reduce symptoms.
This document is the Google Scholar profile for Dr. David J. Hand, a British statistician and academic. It lists over 300 publications authored or co-authored by Dr. Hand spanning his career, with recent works focusing on machine learning, big data analysis, and applications of statistics in domains like healthcare and finance. The citation metrics indicate Dr. Hand is a highly influential researcher in his field with an h-index of over 100 based on the works included in his Google Scholar profile.
This document contains a record sheet for a 20-meter multistage shuttle run test to measure aerobic fitness. It records personal details like name, age, height and weight. It then lists the levels completed in the test with the corresponding speed, distance run, and estimated maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max). The test involves running back and forth between two lines 20 meters apart at increasing speeds. The document provides an example to explain that the VO2 max estimate corresponds only to the level completed, not partial levels.
11th International Congress_Sports Science&Physical Education Roger Ramsbottom
This document discusses how heart rate measures can be used in sport and exercise science to estimate energy expenditure during exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness based on submaximal heart rate response, training status of athletes, and cardiac health status in clinical populations. It also describes how heart rate variability may reflect lactate and ventilatory thresholds during incremental exercise testing.
Tests and measures to improve performance outlines various laboratory and field tests that can be used to assess factors influencing athletic performance. It discusses using repeated testing of athletes to monitor progress during training. Various tests are described that can measure components like aerobic power, anaerobic power, lactate threshold, and exercise economy. Energy systems and the biochemical pathways involved in ATP production are also summarized. Guidelines for effective testing include using tests that are relevant, specific, practical, and provide valid results while respecting athlete safety and rights.
11th international congress sports science&physical education Roger Ramsbottom
This document discusses how heart rate measures can be used in sport and exercise science to estimate energy expenditure during exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness based on submaximal heart rate response, training status of athletes, and cardiac health status in clinical populations. It also describes how heart rate variability may reflect lactate and ventilatory thresholds during incremental exercise testing.
1. BDNF and PhysicalBDNF and Physical
ActivityActivity
Roger Ramsbottom, James Currie and MichaelRoger Ramsbottom, James Currie and Michael
GilderGilder
VIVIthth
European Sports Medicine Congress, Antalya,European Sports Medicine Congress, Antalya,
Turkey, 14-18Turkey, 14-18thth
October 2009October 2009
Human Integrative Physiology Research GroupHuman Integrative Physiology Research Group
School of Life Sciences Oxford Brookes UniversitySchool of Life Sciences Oxford Brookes University
2. BDNF – What is it?BDNF – What is it?
‘Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor’
4. Role of BDNFRole of BDNF
It is involved with learning and memory inIt is involved with learning and memory in
adult mammalsadult mammals
It is likely to be neuroprotectiveIt is likely to be neuroprotective
5. Exercise and hippocampal BDNFExercise and hippocampal BDNF
mRNA and protein levels in ratsmRNA and protein levels in rats
Cotman, C. W. and Brechtold, N. C. (2002) Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health
and plasticity Trends in Neurosciences 25 (6): 295-301.
6. BDNF; a physiological modulatorBDNF; a physiological modulator
between exercise and brain health?between exercise and brain health?
It is known that exercise is neuroprotectiveIt is known that exercise is neuroprotective
- epidemiological evidence- epidemiological evidence
Harvard Nurses Health StudyHarvard Nurses Health Study
The Honolulu–Asia Aging StudyThe Honolulu–Asia Aging Study
As yet no definitive physiologicalAs yet no definitive physiological
mechanism explains this link - BDNF is amechanism explains this link - BDNF is a
prime candidateprime candidate
7. Abbott et al. (2004)Abbott et al. (2004)
Honolulu Heart ProgrammeHonolulu Heart Programme
2257 retired males in Hawaii (Oahu) 71-93 years2257 retired males in Hawaii (Oahu) 71-93 years
WalkingWalking << 0.4 km a day0.4 km a day
1.8x risk of dementia1.8x risk of dementia
compared to those walkingcompared to those walking >> 3.2 km a day3.2 km a day
Regular Exercise Protects AgainstRegular Exercise Protects Against
Cognitive Decline in the ElderlyCognitive Decline in the Elderly
• Weuve et al. (2004)Weuve et al. (2004)
Nurses Health Study, Harvard UniversityNurses Health Study, Harvard University
• 18 000 women aged 71-81
• Women walking for 1.5 hours a week
↑ cognitive performance
compared to those walking < 40 minutes
9. Cross sectional studyCross sectional study
Serum samples were obtained from 44 healthySerum samples were obtained from 44 healthy
human volunteers.human volunteers.
These samples were assayed for BDNF protein.These samples were assayed for BDNF protein.
BDNF levels were then compared toBDNF levels were then compared to
participants’ cardio-respiratory fitness (estimatedparticipants’ cardio-respiratory fitness (estimated
VVOO22max) and levels of habitual physical activitymax) and levels of habitual physical activity
(via a validated questionnaire)(via a validated questionnaire)
12. Currie, J., Ramsbottom, R., Ludlow, H., Nevill, A. and Gilder, M. (2009) Cardio-respiratory fitness,
habitual physical activity and serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men and women
Neuroscience Letters 451: 152-155.
14. Low volume exerciser
(Heart rate 84 b min-1
)
High volume exerciser
(Heart rate 58 b min-1
)
PoincarPoincaréé plotsplots
Gilder, M. and Ramsbottom, R. (2008) Measures of cardiac autonomic control in women with differing
volumes of physical activity Journal of Sports Sciences 26 (7): 781-786.
16. How can CNS BDNF levels beHow can CNS BDNF levels be
increased?increased?
17. Exercise and serum BDNF concentrationExercise and serum BDNF concentration
Study Subjects Ex.
Intensity
[BDNF]-pre [BDNF]-post
Return to
baseline
Vega (2006) athletes (n=8) aerobic (easy) 6.0 6.0-6.2 no change
exhaustive 6.0 8.6 >15 min
Gold (2003) 14W, 6M
16W, 9M (MS)
60%VO2max 4.72 6.9 >30 min
60%VO2max 4.44 6.9 >30 min
Ferris (2007) 4W, 11M VTH-20 (low) 18.5 20.0 no
measure
VTH+10 (high) 19.0 21.0 no
measure
exhaustive 17.0 no measure22.5
(W, women; M, men; MS, multiple sclerosis; VTH, ventilatory threshold; BDNF
concentration ng mL-1
; 60%VO2max - moderate)
18. Exercise and serum BDNF concentrationExercise and serum BDNF concentration
Study Subjects Ex.
Intensity
[BDNF]-pre [BDNF]-post
Return to
baseline
Winter (2007) 27M sedentary 0.98 1.01 no
measure
moderate 0.85 0.97 no
measure
Tang (2007) 8W, 8M moderate 30.9 34.5
(10 min)
35 min
Castellano
(2008)
8W, 3M 60%VO2peak 20.15 18.00 not elevated
60%VO2peak 10.05 14.00 120 min
(W, women; M, men; MS, multiple sclerosis; BDNF concentration ng mL-1
;
60%VO2peak - moderate)
intense 1.04 1.17 no
measure
8W, 3M (MS)
19. Suwa, M. et al. (2006) Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level is increased and associated with
obesity in newly diagnosed female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Metabolism Clinical and
Experimental 55: 852-857.
BDNF and energy metabolismBDNF and energy metabolism
20. BDNF and energy metabolismBDNF and energy metabolism
Suwa, M. et al. (2006) Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level is increased and associated with
obesity in newly diagnosed female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Metabolism Clinical and
Experimental 55: 852-857.
21. Start Exercise End Exercise
High fitness level
Low
fitness
level
Time (min)
Serum[BDNF]ngmL-1 Revised HypothesisRevised Hypothesis
23. Synthesis and StorageSynthesis and Storage
Synthesis is via a number of tissuesSynthesis is via a number of tissues
– neuronsneurons
– skeletal muscle cellsskeletal muscle cells
– vascular endothelial cellsvascular endothelial cells
Storage - main storage site outside of theStorage - main storage site outside of the
CNS are plateletsCNS are platelets
Uptake and release mechanism unknownUptake and release mechanism unknown
24. Characteristics of BDNFCharacteristics of BDNF
Cotman, C. W. and Brechtold, N. C. (2002) Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health
and plasticity Trends in Neurosciences 25 (6): 295-301.
(a) Transport to synapses
(b) BDNF binds to TrkB
- presynaptically to modify
transmitter release
- postsynaptically to modify
postsynaptic sensitivity
25. Exercise induces growth factorExercise induces growth factor
cascadescascades
Cotman, C. W., Brechtold, N. C. and Christie, L-A. (2007) Exercise builds brain health: key roles of
growth factor cascades and inflammation Trends in Neurosciences 30 (9): 464-472.
26. Currie, J., Ramsbottom, R., Ludlow, H., Nevill, A. and Gilder, M. (2009) Cardio-respiratory fitness,
habitual physical activity and serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men and women
Neuroscience Letters 451: 152-155.
27. van Praag, H. (2009) Exercise and the brain: something to chew on Trends in Neurosciences 32 (5): 283-
290.
28. Currie, J., Ramsbottom, R., Ludlow, H., Nevill, A. and Gilder, M. (2009) Cardio-respiratory fitness,
habitual physical activity and serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men and women
Neuroscience Letters 451: 152-155.
29. Relationship between aerobicRelationship between aerobic
fitness and autonomic functionfitness and autonomic function
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Poincare dimension (SD12)
EstimatedVO2max(Lmin-1
)
r=0.462, P =0.035, n=21
30. Relationship between serum BDNFRelationship between serum BDNF
concentration and autonomic functionconcentration and autonomic function
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Poincare dimension (SD12)
SerumBDNF(ngmL-1
)
r=-0.324, P =0.152, n=21
31. What next?What next?
Phase II study is to examine the acute responsePhase II study is to examine the acute response
to exercise. Looking at a spectrum of active -to exercise. Looking at a spectrum of active -
sedentary participants.sedentary participants.
Temporal profile of serum BDNF followingTemporal profile of serum BDNF following
exercise?exercise?
Magnitude of platelet BDNF release into serumMagnitude of platelet BDNF release into serum
following exercise?following exercise?
32. Effects of exercise on geneEffects of exercise on gene
transcriptiontranscription
Cotman, C. W. and Brechtold, N. C. (2002) Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health
and plasticity Trends in Neurosciences 25 (6): 295-301.
Editor's Notes
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor’, a BDNF is a 27-kDa homodimeric protein.
A member of the ‘neurotrophin’ family.
Neurotrophins were characterised by Rita Levi-Montalcini in the early 1950s.
NGF was observed to cause sprouting of dendrites in cultured mouse embryonic cells when co-cultured with mouse sarcoma (containing NGF) called the ‘halo effect’.
Although platelets are in the periphery BDNF has been shown to cross the BBB.
As such peripheral blood borne BDNF levels may reflect how much BDNF protein is available to the CNS. This is the idea that many groups, including us, were working with!
Pan – shown movement of BDNF from the periphery to the CNS.
Jugular (rowers study has shown BDNF synthesised in the CNS appearing in blood.
Hypothetical – movement (synthesis?) of BDNF in muscle across the blood-brain barrier to the CNS
Evidence;
BDNF is abundant in the hippocampus of rats and humans.
BDNF has a neuroprotective role; it is absent in the hippocampus post mortem of peoples suffering from Alzheimer&apos;s disease.
In rodent models an increase of BDNF in serum = improved learning/memory performance. Increased wheel running leads to greater spacial awareness in rodent models
BDNF signalling is necessary for formation of synaptic connections. Rats synthesise certain synaptic proteins under the direction of BDNF during exercise. Block the BDNF receptor (via a BDNF receptor agonist) and thus prevent formation of these synaptic proteins. Vaynman, et al. 2006.
In situ hybridization shows that expression of BDNF mRNA in the rat dentate gyrus (DG), hilus, CA1–CA3 regions and cortex is greater following exercise (seven days of voluntary wheel-running) than in sedentary animals. Messenger RNA is highlighted in the brain (b). Protein levels are significantly higher.
(c) ELISA quantification of hippocampal BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus in sedentary (SED) and exercising (EX) animals, after five days of wheel-running (*P&lt;0.05).
(d) Rats and mice acclimate rapidly to the running wheel and progressively increase their extent of daily running, in some cases up to a startling 20 kilometres (~12–13 miles) per night. BDNF protein levels correlate with running distance (average over 14 days running; R2 = 0.771)
Epidemiological evidence:
Nurses Health Study began in 1976. 121,700 registered US nurses complete medical history/health related behaviour questionnaires bi-annually. Telephone interviews & questionnaires have found higher levels of physical activity associated with better performance on memory tests and reduced risk of cognitive impairment (Weuve, J. et al., 2004).
The Honolulu Heart Programme initiated in 1965 to study the impact of Western Diet on heart disease in a population of Japanese origin that immigrated to Hawaii. The Honolulu–Asia Aging Study has monitored this well characterised population into later life. The study found in a large sample of elderly men (n=2257) that amount of walking reported per day was associated with reduced risk of developing dementia (Abbott, R.D. et al., 2004).
However neurotrophins are not the only link between successful neural aging and exercise. There is evidence that exercise improves cerebral perfusion (e.g. blood-flow) which is associated with reduced cognitive decline.
Ferris, et al. 2007. Human study. (n = 15, 11 m, 4 f, aged 25 years +/- 1 year)
Examined the relationship between serum BDNF, exercise intensity and cognitive function.
Serum BDNF taken before and after low intensity/high intensity endurance ride on a cycle ergometer.
Serum BDNF increased significantly after the higher intensity (above ventilatory threshold) but not after lower intensity exercise.
Cognition improved after all exercise conditions but did not correlate with changes in BDNF.
Tang, et al. 2008. Human study. (n = 16, 8 m and 8 f, aged 19-30 years)
Examined the acute response to a 15 minute step test on serum BDNF levels.
Bloods taken pre exercise (resting), 25 minutes post and 50 minutes post exercise.
No information on the relative intensity for participants (other than heart rate at rest then post step test) nor information regarding participant’s physical activity status/level of fitness.
BDNF levels were significantly elevated 25 minutes post exercise but returned to baseline after 50 minutes following the step test.
Winter, et al. 2007. Human study. (n = 27 male athletes aged 22 +/- 2 years)
Examined the relationship between exercise intensity, serum BDNF and memory retention.
Serum BDNF and blood lactate determined.
Assigned to one of three randomised groups; sedentary control, 40 minute low impact running or 2 x 3min sprints.
After the high/low intensity training session (or resting) there followed a ‘learning session’ (participant’s learned words from novel language),
Serum and blood lactate levels were recorded again.
Memory retention was then tested immediately after, one week after and 8 months after this learning session.
The high intensity group showed better memory retention and learning speed than the other two groups. The high intensity group also had elevated serum BDNF levels.
Small sample size, each group n=9.
Would have been interesting to monitor sedentary subjects to make comparisons with the athletes.
We set out to determine if the relationship between physical activity and resting serum BDNF levels was the same in humans as animal models.
Hypothesis based on animal models and free wheel running (neurological studies on rodents)
The relationship we observed in our human population (blood measure) was contrary to that observed in rodents (brain levels of BDNF).
In humans resting serum BDNF and aerobic power were found to be negatively correlated.
Seems to be that the amount of sport is the driver for these observations
Left – compressed plot
Right – broader plot (more time between R-R intervals)
This is linking the poster data
High Baecke Sport score – links with low levels of BDNF, greater Poincaré Dimension, lower seated HR and higher estimated VO2 max. All parameters of ‘health’ linked to high sport score.
In animal models the amount of time spent doing voluntary exercise correlates with resting serum & CNS BDNF levels.
In rats muscle paralysis by botox injection or hindlimb suspension to prevent mechanical movement lead to a decrease of BDNF mRNA in the muscle and spinal cord that can be restored to normal levels with resumption of exercise.
Animals provided with wheels show a gradual increase of BDNF over several weeks. Animals denied exercise exhibit a gradual decrease in hippocampal BDNF over two weeks. This was reversible - if once again given access to a running wheel a single bout of exercise caused BDNF to return to levels that would normally be induced after several weeks of exercise exposure. Given rise to the theory that, in rodents at least, exercise primes a ‘molecular memory’ for BDNF. Berchtold, et al. 2005.
In animals and humans an acute peak of serum BDNF in the minutes following exercise is observed.
[BDNF]-pre indicates resting levels.
Seems that BDNF conc. Goes up with exercise intensity. Ferris BDNF significant higher (versus resting) with exercise at VTH+10.
BDNF appears to have a peripheral function – with metabolic regulation. So in humans here with pre-diabetic patients we have an increase in serum BDNF. (Contrast this with Currie et al. (2009)
So maybe and increase in BDNF is not always associated with ‘good’ function. (Animal studies show in increase in brain [BDNF] with an increase in free wheel running).
Does habitual physical activity alters an individual’s acute response to exercise?
Phase I showed higher aerobic power associated with lower resting (baseline) serum BDNF – this is denoted in the graph (at the moment this is speculation until we can examine low versus high fit individuals and look at the kinetics of BDNF release).
Increased fitness…
= an increased acute release of BDNF into the serum immediately following a bout of exercise? (greater peak [graph]?)
= an increased uptake of BDNF across the BBB? (greater trough at end of exercise [graph]?)
LNGFR = ‘Low Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor’ AKA ‘p75’ receptor.
BDNF acts via 2 receptors. In vivo BDNF produces different effects in different tissues and at different times during/after an organisms development, depending on the balance between TrkB and p75 receptor signals.
BDNF can act acutely on neurons. The high affinity TrkB receptors control membrane proteins including ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors.
BDNF can also act more slowly on neurons. Once BDNF binds the TrkB receptor it forms dimers. Dimerisation of TrkB activates the intracellular tyrosine-kinase domain of the receptor, phosphorylating a variety of proteins that initiate signalling cascades. This signal transduction alters gene transcription in the neuron. This protein synthesis can produce synaptogenesis and dendritic branching.
Explain; CNS = Central nervous system
Transport nerve to muscle (but also may be retrograde transport, muscle back to nerve)
Acting as a neurotransmitter. Can cross e.g. blood brain barrier. Up regulation of NMDA receptors. Ca2+ coming in. BDNF acting as a modulator of synaptic function, making neurones more sensitive (up regulation of NMDA receptors, increased number of receptors)
The self report ‘Baecke Questionnaire’ confirmed that physical activity was also a predictor for serum BDNF – greater physical activity correlated with low resting serum BDNF.
Nufuji et al, 2008 have findings that support this:
Used step count (with an accelerometer worn on the arm), a self reporting questionnaire and resting serum samples.
Found the group of trained men (n=12) had lower serum BDNF than the group of sedentary men (n=14). They also found BDNF negatively correlated with total daily energy expenditure and movement related energy expenditure.
The Baecke Questionnaire involved answering questions about time and energy spent:
At work
During in leisure
Engaged in sporting activities.
You are given a score for each component, a higher score indicating greater habitual physical activity. The total score (previous slide) reflects the sum of these three lifestyle components.
The ‘work’ and ‘leisure’ components did not correlate significantly with BDNF levels. The ‘sport’ component, however, did. It appears (at least in our population, n=44) that time spend engaged in sporting activities was the significant lifestyle factor affecting resting BDNF.
The Baecke Questionnaire involved answering questions about time and energy spent:
At work
During in leisure
Engaged in sporting activities.
You are given a score for each component, a higher score indicating greater habitual physical activity. The total score (previous slide) reflects the sum of these three lifestyle components.
The ‘work’ and ‘leisure’ components did not correlate significantly with BDNF levels. The ‘sport’ component, however, did. It appears (at least in our population, n=44) that time spend engaged in sporting activities was the significant lifestyle factor affecting resting BDNF.
We have to ask why is there an inverse relationship between physical activity and blood borne BDNF protein. Clearly the physiology of rodents and humans are different!
Two main candidates:
The storage/release of BDNF into and out of platelets could be differently regulated in humans. Exercise increases platelet count but decreases properties of aggregability and adhesion.
The uptake of BDNF from the periphery into the CNS maybe more efficient in physically active humans, resulting in lower resting serum levels.