The Macedonian army under Alexander the Great and King Philip II featured heavily armored infantry phalanx soldiers and elite cavalry units. The phalanx fought in close formation with long spears, while the elite companion cavalry and Thessalian cavalry protected the flanks. Siege weapons like catapults and ballistas were also used to attack enemy structures. Some of Alexander's major early battles included crossing the Granicus River against Darius' forces in 334 BCE, defeating the Persians at Issus in 333 BCE, and laying siege to the fortress city of Tyre for seven months in 332 BCE.