Batarya yönetim sistemlerinde kullanılan dengeleme topolojileri incelenmiş, maliyet, dengeleme hızı, verim gibi parametreler açısından karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
BMS State-Of-Charge estimation for I posted a presentation concerning an adap...Eric Prada
This document discusses an adaptive strategy for estimating state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries. It presents an estimation strategy that uses a filter design and considers robustness. Experimental results are also discussed. The strategy aims to increase demand for electric vehicles by ensuring appropriate battery use and management through accurate SOC estimation.
ETAP - Coordinación de protecciones y arco eléctricoHimmelstern
Este documento presenta la coordinación de protecciones y análisis de arc flash para un caso de estudio. Incluye criterios de ajuste de protecciones para transformadores, motores, circuitos y líneas, así como un caso de estudio con una carga de 0.48 kV. Explica el cálculo y ajuste de las unidades temporizadas de fase y tierra y la unidad magnética para cada motor. Finalmente, analiza aspectos previos para el cálculo de arc flash como el tipo de aplicación, protección totalizadora y normativa.
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
The document discusses the development of a novel axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for defense applications. AFPM generators have advantages over conventional machines as they are compact, lightweight, and highly efficient. The authors developed a prototype 40kVA AFPM generator with twin stators and a sandwiched rotor. Testing showed the generator performed well under resistive and inductive loads, with 94% efficiency and smooth sinusoidal voltage output. Due to its unique features, the AFPM generator is well-suited as a futuristic power source for defense equipment.
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones en 10 pasos para simular fallas asimétricas usando el programa ETAP. Los pasos incluyen montar el circuito, correr un estudio de cortocircuito, seleccionar la barra a fallar, correr el análisis durante media ciclo, seleccionar el tipo de falla como línea-tierra, ver los resultados, generar un reporte PDF completo y cambiar el estándar si es necesario.
Short Circuit, Protective Device Coordinationmichaeljmack
This document discusses short-circuit calculations, protective device coordination, and arc flash analysis. It covers topics such as short-circuit fault types and calculations, the purpose of short-circuit studies, system components involved, and protective device coordination principles. Methods to perform arc flash analysis and mitigate incident energy exposure are also presented, such as improving protective device coordination settings, installing current limiting fuses or circuit breakers, and using Type 50 protective devices.
This document discusses improving voltage stability in power systems by compensating for reactive power. It explains that voltage instability can be caused by heavy loads drawing high reactive power, generators being far from loads, and low source voltages. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors and SVCs are effective ways to control voltage levels by managing reactive power production, absorption, and flow. Shunt capacitors and SVCs are discussed in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages for providing reactive power compensation.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
BMS State-Of-Charge estimation for I posted a presentation concerning an adap...Eric Prada
This document discusses an adaptive strategy for estimating state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries. It presents an estimation strategy that uses a filter design and considers robustness. Experimental results are also discussed. The strategy aims to increase demand for electric vehicles by ensuring appropriate battery use and management through accurate SOC estimation.
ETAP - Coordinación de protecciones y arco eléctricoHimmelstern
Este documento presenta la coordinación de protecciones y análisis de arc flash para un caso de estudio. Incluye criterios de ajuste de protecciones para transformadores, motores, circuitos y líneas, así como un caso de estudio con una carga de 0.48 kV. Explica el cálculo y ajuste de las unidades temporizadas de fase y tierra y la unidad magnética para cada motor. Finalmente, analiza aspectos previos para el cálculo de arc flash como el tipo de aplicación, protección totalizadora y normativa.
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
The document discusses the development of a novel axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for defense applications. AFPM generators have advantages over conventional machines as they are compact, lightweight, and highly efficient. The authors developed a prototype 40kVA AFPM generator with twin stators and a sandwiched rotor. Testing showed the generator performed well under resistive and inductive loads, with 94% efficiency and smooth sinusoidal voltage output. Due to its unique features, the AFPM generator is well-suited as a futuristic power source for defense equipment.
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones en 10 pasos para simular fallas asimétricas usando el programa ETAP. Los pasos incluyen montar el circuito, correr un estudio de cortocircuito, seleccionar la barra a fallar, correr el análisis durante media ciclo, seleccionar el tipo de falla como línea-tierra, ver los resultados, generar un reporte PDF completo y cambiar el estándar si es necesario.
Short Circuit, Protective Device Coordinationmichaeljmack
This document discusses short-circuit calculations, protective device coordination, and arc flash analysis. It covers topics such as short-circuit fault types and calculations, the purpose of short-circuit studies, system components involved, and protective device coordination principles. Methods to perform arc flash analysis and mitigate incident energy exposure are also presented, such as improving protective device coordination settings, installing current limiting fuses or circuit breakers, and using Type 50 protective devices.
This document discusses improving voltage stability in power systems by compensating for reactive power. It explains that voltage instability can be caused by heavy loads drawing high reactive power, generators being far from loads, and low source voltages. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors and SVCs are effective ways to control voltage levels by managing reactive power production, absorption, and flow. Shunt capacitors and SVCs are discussed in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages for providing reactive power compensation.
The document discusses load flow studies and the Gauss-Siedel method for solving power flow equations. Load flow studies calculate voltage drops, bus voltages, and power flows under various conditions to determine if voltages remain within limits and equipment is not overloaded. The Gauss-Siedel method iteratively solves power flow equations represented by a non-linear algebraic equation using the bus admittance matrix and known real and reactive power values at buses to calculate unknown bus voltages until converging on a solution. An example applies the Gauss-Siedel method with an acceleration factor to a three bus system to calculate voltages after the first iteration.
Frequency control in a microgrid including controllable loadIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for frequency control in microgrids that includes renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and controllable loads. The microgrid model analyzed includes solar power, wind power, batteries, supercapacitors, and electric water heaters. The document describes the components of the microgrid, simulation parameters and assumptions. Frequency control is achieved by coordinating the energy storage devices and generators using optimized proportional-integral controllers. Electric water heaters can also help control frequency by adjusting their operating temperature setpoints in response to frequency deviations.
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
This document describes the method of fault analysis using a Z-bus matrix. It involves the following steps:
1) Drawing the pre-fault positive sequence network and obtaining the initial bus voltages
2) Forming the Z-bus matrix using the bus building algorithm
3) Calculating the fault current using Thevenin's theorem by inserting a voltage source in series with the fault impedance
4) Obtaining the post-fault bus voltages through superposition of the pre-fault voltages and voltage changes
5) Calculating the post-fault line currents based on the voltage differences and line impedances
Two examples applying this method on different systems are provided to illustrate the calculation of fault currents.
The document provides a third quarter report on the creation of a custom PSCAD library component for renewable energy systems. Key accomplishments include successfully designing wind, solar, and battery storage models and integrating them into a custom library. Future work identified is improving the battery control system. The custom library allows users to easily design renewable energy systems in PSCAD.
The document discusses grid-interfacing converter systems that can improve voltage quality by mitigating various grid disturbances including harmonics, voltage dips, and fluctuations. It proposes a series-parallel converter topology with multi-level control objectives to maintain good voltage quality for local loads, dispatch power within microgrids, and provide active power filtering and grid support functions. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to compensate for nonlinear loads, emulate active filtering, and regulate voltages under distorted and unbalanced grid conditions.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their integration into smart grids. Some key points:
- Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent and can provide flexibility to smart grids through technologies like vehicle-to-grid that allow EVs to send power back to the grid.
- Unmanaged EV charging could strain the grid during peak times. Smart charging, where charging is shifted to off-peak periods, helps address this issue.
- The smart grid allows for remote monitoring and management of EV charging stations to optimize charging and provide services to the grid like demand response.
- Widespread EV adoption could both challenge and benefit utilities by requiring grid upgrades but also opening opportunities through customer relationships and
V/F control of Induction Motor - Variable voltage and Variable frequencyCitharthan Durairaj
This presentation describes Principle of Variable voltage and Variable frequency- the open loop & closed loop Voltage/Frequency (V/F) control of Induction motor with torque speed characteristics -
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-4]Md Irshad Ahmad
AC Potentiometers-Polar type & Co-ordinate type AC potentiometers, application of AC
Potentiometers inelectrical measurement. (4)
(2)Magnetic Measurement-Ballistic galvanometer, Flux meter ,Determination of hysteresis
loop, measurement of iron losses.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL USING ELECTRIC VEICHLE SYSTEM IN INTERCONNECTED POWER ...NarendraKasana1
1) The document presents a case study on using electric vehicles to provide load frequency control in an interconnected power system. It discusses mathematical modeling of system components like generators, loads, prime movers, and governors.
2) The example given is of a two area power system where a 187.5 MW load change occurs in Area 1. The steady state frequency deviation and tie line power change are calculated.
3) Simulation results show a frequency deviation of -0.3 Hz and no change in tie line power for the given load change condition in Area 1. However, practically only the generator in Area 1 should respond, not both generators.
Rahul Roy submitted a vocational training report on his experience at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). BHEL is India's largest power equipment manufacturer, established in 1964. It has many manufacturing units across India producing equipment such as turbines, generators, transformers, and switchgear. Roy's report provided details on BHEL's products and the manufacturing processes for items like transformers, motors, switchgear, control gear, rectifiers, boilers, water turbines, and valves.
Series & shunt compensation and FACTs Deviceskhemraj298
Series compensation is used to improve the performance of extra high voltage transmission lines by connecting capacitors in series with the line. It allows for increased transmission capacity and improved system stability by reducing the phase angle between sending and receiving end voltages for the same power transfer. Shunt compensation controls the receiving end voltage by connecting shunt capacitors or reactors to meet reactive power demand and prevent voltage drops or rises. Flexible AC transmission systems use high-speed thyristors to switch transmission line components like capacitors and reactors to control parameters like voltages and reactances to optimize power transfer.
This document provides an overview of capacitors and capacitor fundamentals, ratings, applications, and protection. It discusses basic power calculations involving reactive power (VARs) and power factor. It describes capacitor types, configurations, installation methods, and IEEE standards for ratings and testing. The key points are that capacitors provide reactive power (VARs) to improve power factor; applications include pole-top, pad-mounted, and substation installations; configurations are delta or wye; and ratings are defined by standards.
Load Frequency Control of two area Power systemAnimesh Sachan
This document investigates load frequency control in a two area power system with multiple variable loads. It compares pole placement and optimal control techniques for load frequency control and finds that the optimal control technique provides better transient response. PID control is also applied and tuned using particle swarm optimization. Frequency response plots demonstrate the system response under different control approaches.
The document discusses the economic operation of power systems. It defines economic operation as distributing load among generating units and plants in a way that minimizes costs while meeting demand. This involves two aspects: economic dispatch, which determines the most cost-effective output of each plant; and accounting for transmission losses to minimize total delivered costs. Methods described include using incremental cost curves to distribute load optimally and representing losses as a function of outputs. The document also covers unit commitment, which determines the optimal startup and shutdown schedule of plants over time.
This document summarizes a project on automatic load frequency control and automatic load dispatch presented by four students at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. It introduces load frequency control and discusses its objectives to maintain uniform frequency and control tie-line power interchange. It then analyzes the response of load frequency control for an isolated single area power system and a two area interconnected power system, both with and without control. The conclusion states that controllers keep generators operating near a normal state with minimal deviations, and simulation results show the proposed approach ensures viable system evolution despite load and failure changes.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
BLDC motors are used widely due to various advantages.
This slide includes construction, working, modes of operation and braking, and applications. We also compare it with Brushed DC motor and Induction Motor.
Understanding kalman filter for soc estimation.Ratul
In the Battery Management System (BMS) the State of Charge (SOC) is closely related to the reliable and safe operation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Kalman Filter is an effective algorithm for estimating SOC with a battery modeling. This presentation will briefly describe about battery modeling and Kalman Filter for SOC estimation.
The document discusses load flow studies and the Gauss-Siedel method for solving power flow equations. Load flow studies calculate voltage drops, bus voltages, and power flows under various conditions to determine if voltages remain within limits and equipment is not overloaded. The Gauss-Siedel method iteratively solves power flow equations represented by a non-linear algebraic equation using the bus admittance matrix and known real and reactive power values at buses to calculate unknown bus voltages until converging on a solution. An example applies the Gauss-Siedel method with an acceleration factor to a three bus system to calculate voltages after the first iteration.
Frequency control in a microgrid including controllable loadIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for frequency control in microgrids that includes renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and controllable loads. The microgrid model analyzed includes solar power, wind power, batteries, supercapacitors, and electric water heaters. The document describes the components of the microgrid, simulation parameters and assumptions. Frequency control is achieved by coordinating the energy storage devices and generators using optimized proportional-integral controllers. Electric water heaters can also help control frequency by adjusting their operating temperature setpoints in response to frequency deviations.
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
This document describes the method of fault analysis using a Z-bus matrix. It involves the following steps:
1) Drawing the pre-fault positive sequence network and obtaining the initial bus voltages
2) Forming the Z-bus matrix using the bus building algorithm
3) Calculating the fault current using Thevenin's theorem by inserting a voltage source in series with the fault impedance
4) Obtaining the post-fault bus voltages through superposition of the pre-fault voltages and voltage changes
5) Calculating the post-fault line currents based on the voltage differences and line impedances
Two examples applying this method on different systems are provided to illustrate the calculation of fault currents.
The document provides a third quarter report on the creation of a custom PSCAD library component for renewable energy systems. Key accomplishments include successfully designing wind, solar, and battery storage models and integrating them into a custom library. Future work identified is improving the battery control system. The custom library allows users to easily design renewable energy systems in PSCAD.
The document discusses grid-interfacing converter systems that can improve voltage quality by mitigating various grid disturbances including harmonics, voltage dips, and fluctuations. It proposes a series-parallel converter topology with multi-level control objectives to maintain good voltage quality for local loads, dispatch power within microgrids, and provide active power filtering and grid support functions. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to compensate for nonlinear loads, emulate active filtering, and regulate voltages under distorted and unbalanced grid conditions.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their integration into smart grids. Some key points:
- Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent and can provide flexibility to smart grids through technologies like vehicle-to-grid that allow EVs to send power back to the grid.
- Unmanaged EV charging could strain the grid during peak times. Smart charging, where charging is shifted to off-peak periods, helps address this issue.
- The smart grid allows for remote monitoring and management of EV charging stations to optimize charging and provide services to the grid like demand response.
- Widespread EV adoption could both challenge and benefit utilities by requiring grid upgrades but also opening opportunities through customer relationships and
V/F control of Induction Motor - Variable voltage and Variable frequencyCitharthan Durairaj
This presentation describes Principle of Variable voltage and Variable frequency- the open loop & closed loop Voltage/Frequency (V/F) control of Induction motor with torque speed characteristics -
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-4]Md Irshad Ahmad
AC Potentiometers-Polar type & Co-ordinate type AC potentiometers, application of AC
Potentiometers inelectrical measurement. (4)
(2)Magnetic Measurement-Ballistic galvanometer, Flux meter ,Determination of hysteresis
loop, measurement of iron losses.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL USING ELECTRIC VEICHLE SYSTEM IN INTERCONNECTED POWER ...NarendraKasana1
1) The document presents a case study on using electric vehicles to provide load frequency control in an interconnected power system. It discusses mathematical modeling of system components like generators, loads, prime movers, and governors.
2) The example given is of a two area power system where a 187.5 MW load change occurs in Area 1. The steady state frequency deviation and tie line power change are calculated.
3) Simulation results show a frequency deviation of -0.3 Hz and no change in tie line power for the given load change condition in Area 1. However, practically only the generator in Area 1 should respond, not both generators.
Rahul Roy submitted a vocational training report on his experience at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). BHEL is India's largest power equipment manufacturer, established in 1964. It has many manufacturing units across India producing equipment such as turbines, generators, transformers, and switchgear. Roy's report provided details on BHEL's products and the manufacturing processes for items like transformers, motors, switchgear, control gear, rectifiers, boilers, water turbines, and valves.
Series & shunt compensation and FACTs Deviceskhemraj298
Series compensation is used to improve the performance of extra high voltage transmission lines by connecting capacitors in series with the line. It allows for increased transmission capacity and improved system stability by reducing the phase angle between sending and receiving end voltages for the same power transfer. Shunt compensation controls the receiving end voltage by connecting shunt capacitors or reactors to meet reactive power demand and prevent voltage drops or rises. Flexible AC transmission systems use high-speed thyristors to switch transmission line components like capacitors and reactors to control parameters like voltages and reactances to optimize power transfer.
This document provides an overview of capacitors and capacitor fundamentals, ratings, applications, and protection. It discusses basic power calculations involving reactive power (VARs) and power factor. It describes capacitor types, configurations, installation methods, and IEEE standards for ratings and testing. The key points are that capacitors provide reactive power (VARs) to improve power factor; applications include pole-top, pad-mounted, and substation installations; configurations are delta or wye; and ratings are defined by standards.
Load Frequency Control of two area Power systemAnimesh Sachan
This document investigates load frequency control in a two area power system with multiple variable loads. It compares pole placement and optimal control techniques for load frequency control and finds that the optimal control technique provides better transient response. PID control is also applied and tuned using particle swarm optimization. Frequency response plots demonstrate the system response under different control approaches.
The document discusses the economic operation of power systems. It defines economic operation as distributing load among generating units and plants in a way that minimizes costs while meeting demand. This involves two aspects: economic dispatch, which determines the most cost-effective output of each plant; and accounting for transmission losses to minimize total delivered costs. Methods described include using incremental cost curves to distribute load optimally and representing losses as a function of outputs. The document also covers unit commitment, which determines the optimal startup and shutdown schedule of plants over time.
This document summarizes a project on automatic load frequency control and automatic load dispatch presented by four students at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. It introduces load frequency control and discusses its objectives to maintain uniform frequency and control tie-line power interchange. It then analyzes the response of load frequency control for an isolated single area power system and a two area interconnected power system, both with and without control. The conclusion states that controllers keep generators operating near a normal state with minimal deviations, and simulation results show the proposed approach ensures viable system evolution despite load and failure changes.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
BLDC motors are used widely due to various advantages.
This slide includes construction, working, modes of operation and braking, and applications. We also compare it with Brushed DC motor and Induction Motor.
Understanding kalman filter for soc estimation.Ratul
In the Battery Management System (BMS) the State of Charge (SOC) is closely related to the reliable and safe operation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Kalman Filter is an effective algorithm for estimating SOC with a battery modeling. This presentation will briefly describe about battery modeling and Kalman Filter for SOC estimation.
2. İçerik
1. Dengeleme Sistemleri Hakkında
2. Dengeleme Topolojileri Genel Şeması
3. Pasif Dengeleme Topolojileri
4. Aktif Dengeleme Topolojileri
5. Dengeleme Topolojileri Genel Karşılaştırma Tablosu
6. Sonuçlar
7. Kaynakça
3. Dengeleme Sistemleri Hakkında
Seri bağlı hücrelerin, gerilim ve/veya şarj seviyelerini
dengede ve güvenli sınırlar içerisinde tutmak amacıyla
batarya dengeleme sistemleri kullanılır.
5. Pasif Dengeleme Topolojileri
a) Sabit Direnç İle Dengeleme b) Anahtarlamalı Direnç İle Dengeleme
• Kullanılan en basit dengeleme
yöntemi.
• Uygulaması çok kolay ve çok ucuz.
• Sürekli olarak hücrelerden akım
çeker, verimsizdir.
• Yalnızca Kurşun Asit ve Nikel
temelli bataryalarda kullanılabilir.
• Hücreler ayrı ayrı kontrol edilir, aşırı şarj
durumu yaşanmaz.
• Seri bağlı hücrelerin gerilimlerinin kontrolcü
tarafından ayrı ayrı okunması
gerekmektedir.
• Bir anahtar , bir direnç ve bir kontrolcüden
oluşur.
• Kullanılan en yaygın dengeleme yöntemidir.
• Deşarj evresinde kullanılırsa, şarjın erken
bitmesine sebep olur.
• Aktif topolojilere göre dengeleme süreleri
uzundur.
Pasif Dengeleme, şarj durumu diğerlerinden yüksek olan hücrelerin enerjilerinin bir direnç
üzerinden harcanması ile sağlanan dengeleme yöntemidir.
6. Aktif Dengeleme Topolojileri
Aktif dengeleme, şarj durumu yüksek olan hücrelerin enerjilerinin şarj durumu düşük olan
hücrelere aktarılması ile yapılan dengeleme yöntemidir.
8. Kapasitör Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
a) Anahtarlamalı Kapasitör
• n sayıdaki hücreyi dengelemek için
(n-1) sayıda kapasite ve 2n sayıda
anahtara ihtiyaç duyulur.
• Maliyeti Pasif Dengeleme
yöntemlerine göre yüksektir.
• Verim maksimum %50 olabilir.
• Kontrolü kolaydır.
• Hem şarj evresinde hem deşarj
evresinde dengeleme yapılabilir.
• Diğer aktif dengeleme yöntemlerine
göre daha uzun bir dengeleme süresi
vardır.
9. Kapasitör Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
b) Tek Anahtarlamalı Kapasitör
• n sayıdaki hücreyi dengelemek
için 1 adet kapasitör ve (n+5)
adet anahtara ihtiyaç duyulur.
• Verim maksimum %50 olabilir.
• Hem şarj evresinde hem deşarj
evresinde dengeleme yapılabilir.
10. Kapasitör Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
c) İki Sıralı Anahtarlamalı Kapasitör
• Anahtarlamalı kapasitör yönteminin
bir diğer türevidir.
• n sayıda hücrenin dengelenmesi için
n sayıda kapasitör ve 2n sayıda
anahtara ihtiyaç duyulur.
• İkinci sıra kapasitör dizlimi, birbirine
komşu olmayan hücrelerin birbirine
enerji aktarımını daha hızlı
yapılmasını sağlar.
• Dengeleme süresi Tek kapasitorlü ve
Çok kapasitörlü-Tek sıralı sistemlere
göre daha düşüktür.
12. Endüktans Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
a) Tek Endüktanslı ve Çoklu Endüktanslı Topolojiler
• Enerji aktarımı için tek bir
endüktans veya (n – 1) sayıda
endüktans kullanılır
• Kontrolcü enerji aktarımı yapılacak
hücreleri seçer ve gerekli
anahtarlama sinyalini uygulayarak
enerji aktarımını sağlar.
• Çok endüktanslı yapıda yalnızca
komşu hücreler arası aktarım
yapıldığından çok sayıda hücreye
sahip sistemlerde dengeleme süresi
oldukça uzundur.
• Tek endüktanslı sistemin
dengeleme süresi daha kısadır.
13. Endüktans Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
b) Tek Sarımlı Transformatör
• Transformatör bir adet primer ve bir adet
sekonder sargısından oluşur
• Hücreden pakete ve paketten hücreye
olmak üzere iki farklı yöntem ile dengeleme
yapılabilir.
• Enerji transferinde transformatörde enerji
depolanır, daha sonra istenilen hücreye
aktarılır.
14. Endüktans Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
c - 1) Çok Sarımlı Transformatör
a)Geri Dönüşlü çevirici yapısı b)İleri yönlü çevirici yapısı
• Geri dönüşlü yapısı ve İleri yönlü
yapısı olmak üzere iki farklı yapıdan
oluşur
• Geri dönüşlü yapısında tek bir
anahtar vardır, İleri yönlü yapısında
hücre sayısı kadar anahtar vardır.
• İki farklı yöntem kullanılarak
hücreden pakete ve paketten
hücreye enerji aktarımı mümkündür.
• İleri yönlü yapısı kompleks ve
maliyetli bir yapıdır, ayrıca
transformatörün doyuma gitme riski
söz konusudur.
15. Endüktans Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
c - 2) Çok Transformatörlü Yapı
• Hücre sayısı kadar ayrık
transformatör bulunur.
• Modüler sistemlerde kolaylık sağlar,
manyetik nüveye dokunmadan
hücre ekleme çıkarma yapılabilir.
• Maliyeti yüksektir.
17. Dönüştürücü Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
a) Cuk Dönüştürücü
• Komşu hücre çiftleri arasında
dengeleme sağlar.
• n sayıda hücre için (n-1) sayıda
dönüştürücü gerekir.
• Komşu hücreler arası enerji
aktarımı sağlanır, uzun paketlerde
dengeleme yavaştır.
18. Dönüştürücü Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
b) Düşürücü - Yükseltici Dönüştürücü
• İki anahtarlı, bir adet düşürücü bir adet
yükseltici dönüştürücünün bir araya
gelmesiyle oluşmuş bir topoloji kullanılır.
• Yükseltici kullanılarak hücrenin enerjisi tüm
pakete, düşürücü kullanılarak tüm paketin
enerjisi bir hücreye aktarılabilir.
• Akıllı bir kontrolcü ile gerilimlerinin okunması
ve gerekli anahtarlama sinyalleri ile
dönüştürücü gerilimlerinin kontrol edilmesi
gerekir.
• Pahalı, fakat modüler bir tasarım sağlar.
• Literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılır.
19. Dönüştürücü Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
c) Tam Köprü Dönüştürücü
• İki yönlü ve tam kontrollü bir enerji
aktarımı sağlar.
• Modüler sistemler için uygundur.
• Aktarabileceği güç değerleri yüksektir.
• Akıllı bir kontrolcüye ihtiyaç vardır.
• Kompleks ve maliyetli bir yapıdır.
20. Dönüştürücü Temelli Aktif Dengeleme
d) Yarı Rezonans Dönüştürücü
• Sıfır Akım veya Sıfır Gerilim Yarı Rezonans
çevirici olabilir.
• Anahtarlama kayıpları azaltılarak dengeleme
veriminin artıılmasını sağlar.
• Oldukça kompleks ve maliyetli bir yapıya
sahiptir.
21. Dengeleme Topolojileri Genel
Karşılaştırma Tablosu
Topoloji Dengeleme Hızı Kontrol Zorluğu Boyut (küçüklük) Maliyet (ucuzluk) Verim
Sabit Direnç 2 1 5 5 1
Anahtarlamalı Direnç 3 2 5 5 2
Anahtarlamalı Kapasitör 2 3 3 3 3
Tek Anahtarlamalı Kapasitör 2 4 4 4 4
İki Sıralı Anahtarlamalı Kapasitör 3 3 3 3 3
Tek Endüktanslı ve Çoklu Endüktans 4 4 3 3 3
Tek Sarımlı Transformatör 3 4 3 2 2
Çok Sarımlı Transformatör - Geri Dönüşlü Yapı 3 3 2 2 2
Çok Sarımlı Transformatör - İleri Yönlü Yapı 3 4 2 2 2
Cuk Dönüştürücü 2 4 3 3 3
Düşürücü - Yükseltici Dönüştürücü 3 4 3 3 3
Geri Dönüşlü Dönüştürücü 3 4 2 2 2
Rampa Dönüştürücü 2 4 2 2 2
Tam Köprü Dönüştürücü 4 4 2 2 4
Yarı Rezonans Dönüştürücü 2 3 2 2 3
22. Sonuçlar
• Batarya Yönetim Sistemlerinin en önemli parçalarından biri dengeleme sistemleridir.
• Çeşitli dengeleme topolojileri incelenmiş, dengeleme hızı, kontrol zorluğu, boyut, maliyet ve
verim açılarından karşılaştırılmıştır.
• Her topolojinin kendine özgü avantaj ve dezavantajları olduğu gözlenmiştir.
• Batarya yönetim sistemi tasarlanırken sistemin dengeleme hızı, verim gibi önemli parametreleri
göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır, fakat sistem maliyetinin projenin uygulanabilirliğini zorlu veya
imkansız hale getirmemesine dikkat edilmelidir.
23. Kaynakça
"Battery Management Systems for Large Lithium Ion Battery Packs" – Davide Andrea
" Passive and Active Battery Balancing comparison based on MATLAB Simulation" – Mohamed
Daowd, Noshin Omar, Peter Van Den Bossche, Joeri Van Mierlo
" Comparison of Active Battery Balancing Systems Maurice " – Maurice Caspar, Torsten Eiler,
Soren Hohmann
" A Comparison of Active and Passive Cell Balancing Techniques for Series/Parallel Battery Packs "
– James D. Welsh, Jr
" Battery Balancing Methods: A Comprehensive Review " – Jian Cao, Nigel Schofield ,Ali Emadi
Editor's Notes
Pasif De
Sabit Direnç:
-Gerilim bölücü ile tüm hücrelere eşit gerilim uygulanması sağlanır.
-Kurşun asit ve Nikel temelli bataryalar hasar görmeden «aşırı şarj» durumunu atlatabilir.
Her ikisi de düşük güçlü uygulamalarda yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır.
Aktif topolojilere göre verimsizdir, fazla enerji ısı ile atılır. Anahtarlamalı topoloji sabit dirençli topolojiye göre daha verimlidir.
Verim tipik olarak maksimum %50 olabilir. Kondansatörün şarj direnci verimi düşürür. Direnç azaltılırsa verim artar fakat ani şarj akımları çok yüksek olur, verim yine düşer, ani şarj deşarj hücrenin ömrünü olumsuz etkileyebilir. Ayrıca alınan ölçümlerin frekansını atırmayı gerektirir.
Kontrolü kolaydır çünkü sadece iki durumdan oluşur
Akıllı bir kontrole ihtiyaç yoktur.
S1 anahtarları ile Z1 C1 i şarj eder, daha sonra S2 anahtarları ile C2 Z2 ‘yi şarj eder.
Literatürdeki İngilizcesi : Flying capacitor.
Tek bir kapasitör yüksek enerjili hücreye paralel bağlanarak doldurulur, daha sonra düşük enerjili hücreye paralel bağlanarak hücreyi şarj eder.
Dengeleme süresi Çok kapasitörlü sisteme göre uzundur.
- PWM sinyali uygulanırken önce yüksek olan hücreye «ON» sinyalinin uygulanması gerekir.
- Anahtarlama frekansı yüksek olacağından hücrelerin yakınına filtre kondansatörler, yerleştirmek gerekmektedir.
İki adet yöntem var : 1) enerjisi yüksek hücreden trafoya, ordan tüm pakete,
2) tüm paketten trafoya, ordan enerjisi düşük hücreye
Burda kullanılan transformatör flyback gibi, enerji depoluyor.
Bu dengeleme yöntemi iki ana yapıya ayrılır. Paylaşımlı transformatörlü yapı (Flyback yapısı) ve Çoklu transformatörlü yapı (Forward yapısı)
İlki tek bir manyetik nüve ile tek bir primer sargısı, çoklu sekonder sargısından oluşur.
Anahtar iletime girdiğinde paketin enerjisinin bir kısmı nüveye aktarılır, kesime girdiğinde ise enerjinin büyük bir kısmı sekonderden voltajı en yüksek olan hücreye, yani en düşük reaktansa sahip olan hücreye aktarılır.
2) Forward yapısında kontrolcü gerilim farkını tespit eder, enerjisi yüksek olan hücrenin anahtarına sinyal uygulanarak enerji transformatör üzerinden tüm pakete aktarılır.
Burada bahsedilen dönüştürücü negatif çıkışlı düşürücü yükseldici değil, çift anahtarlı. İçerisinde bir adet düşürücü bir adet yükseltici bulunduran bir dönüştürücü.