Protein quantification is divided into "total quantification method" of whole protein and "individual quantification method" of specific protein according to its purpose. It is an indispensable part of biological experiments.
General techniques for identification and characterization of protein and Nuc...JohamSarfrazAli1
This document discusses several techniques for measuring and characterizing proteins and nucleic acids, including spectrophotometric and colorimetric assays. It describes the biuret, Lowry, Bradford, and BCA assays for measuring protein concentration, which involve adding reagents to develop a color intensity measured with a spectrophotometer. It also discusses measuring nucleic acid concentration through ultraviolet light absorption at 260nm and fluorescence assays using dyes. Finally, it briefly introduces dialysis as a sample preparation technique.
Protein fractionation is a process used to isolate individual protein components from a complex protein mixture. It involves separating the mixture into fractions based on differences in physical properties like charge, size, or affinity for specific ligands. Various techniques can be used for fractionation including precipitation, centrifugation, chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultrafiltration. The document provides details on these techniques and how they utilize differences in properties like solubility, isoelectric point, or molecular weight to separate protein mixtures into purer fractions.
Protein purification techniques allow researchers to isolate a single protein type from complex biological mixtures. Chromatography is commonly used, separating proteins based on differences in their chemical, structural, and functional properties. Affinity chromatography exploits specific biological interactions between a ligand and target protein. Other techniques include ion exchange chromatography, which separates proteins based on charge; size exclusion chromatography, which separates by molecular size; and chromatofocusing, which separates according to isoelectric point. Automated systems now allow for high-throughput protein purification.
A Review on Chromatography-based purification of monoclonal antibodyIRJET Journal
This document discusses chromatography-based purification methods for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). It begins with an introduction to mAbs and their importance as therapeutic agents. The key steps in downstream processing and purification of mAbs are outlined. Protein A chromatography is described as the most common capture method due to its high selectivity and ability to remove contaminants. Additional chromatography techniques used for polishing include ion exchange and multimodal chromatography. The mechanisms and applications of each technique are summarized. In conclusion, chromatography remains the foundation of mAb purification due to properties like scalability, robustness and selectivity.
The document discusses methods for preparing tissue or cell extracts for protein separation and analysis. It describes various cell lysis buffers and their uses depending on the protein location. It also discusses steps to inhibit protein degradation during extraction, such as using protease inhibitors and reducing agents. The document compares the Lowry and Bradford methods for estimating protein concentration, noting the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each. It also discusses the importance of trichloroacetic acid precipitation to separate proteins from interfering substances.
This document summarizes techniques for exploring and analyzing proteins, including concentrating purified proteins using lyophilization or ultrafiltration, separating proteins using electrophoresis or mass spectrometry, and identifying proteins using mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis techniques like SDS-PAGE and 2D gels separate proteins based on size and charge, allowing visualization and quantification of purified proteins. Mass spectrometry further identifies proteins by correlating detected ion masses with known protein standards. These techniques provide a quantitative evaluation of protein purification schemes.
Protein quantification is divided into "total quantification method" of whole protein and "individual quantification method" of specific protein according to its purpose. It is an indispensable part of biological experiments.
General techniques for identification and characterization of protein and Nuc...JohamSarfrazAli1
This document discusses several techniques for measuring and characterizing proteins and nucleic acids, including spectrophotometric and colorimetric assays. It describes the biuret, Lowry, Bradford, and BCA assays for measuring protein concentration, which involve adding reagents to develop a color intensity measured with a spectrophotometer. It also discusses measuring nucleic acid concentration through ultraviolet light absorption at 260nm and fluorescence assays using dyes. Finally, it briefly introduces dialysis as a sample preparation technique.
Protein fractionation is a process used to isolate individual protein components from a complex protein mixture. It involves separating the mixture into fractions based on differences in physical properties like charge, size, or affinity for specific ligands. Various techniques can be used for fractionation including precipitation, centrifugation, chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultrafiltration. The document provides details on these techniques and how they utilize differences in properties like solubility, isoelectric point, or molecular weight to separate protein mixtures into purer fractions.
Protein purification techniques allow researchers to isolate a single protein type from complex biological mixtures. Chromatography is commonly used, separating proteins based on differences in their chemical, structural, and functional properties. Affinity chromatography exploits specific biological interactions between a ligand and target protein. Other techniques include ion exchange chromatography, which separates proteins based on charge; size exclusion chromatography, which separates by molecular size; and chromatofocusing, which separates according to isoelectric point. Automated systems now allow for high-throughput protein purification.
A Review on Chromatography-based purification of monoclonal antibodyIRJET Journal
This document discusses chromatography-based purification methods for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). It begins with an introduction to mAbs and their importance as therapeutic agents. The key steps in downstream processing and purification of mAbs are outlined. Protein A chromatography is described as the most common capture method due to its high selectivity and ability to remove contaminants. Additional chromatography techniques used for polishing include ion exchange and multimodal chromatography. The mechanisms and applications of each technique are summarized. In conclusion, chromatography remains the foundation of mAb purification due to properties like scalability, robustness and selectivity.
The document discusses methods for preparing tissue or cell extracts for protein separation and analysis. It describes various cell lysis buffers and their uses depending on the protein location. It also discusses steps to inhibit protein degradation during extraction, such as using protease inhibitors and reducing agents. The document compares the Lowry and Bradford methods for estimating protein concentration, noting the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each. It also discusses the importance of trichloroacetic acid precipitation to separate proteins from interfering substances.
This document summarizes techniques for exploring and analyzing proteins, including concentrating purified proteins using lyophilization or ultrafiltration, separating proteins using electrophoresis or mass spectrometry, and identifying proteins using mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis techniques like SDS-PAGE and 2D gels separate proteins based on size and charge, allowing visualization and quantification of purified proteins. Mass spectrometry further identifies proteins by correlating detected ion masses with known protein standards. These techniques provide a quantitative evaluation of protein purification schemes.
Protein purification techniques take advantage of differences in protein properties like charge, size, and binding affinity. The first step is breaking open cells to release proteins. Centrifugation is used to separate subcellular components. Fractionation utilizes differences in solubility, often using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Dialysis removes small solutes by exchanging them through a semipermeable membrane. Column chromatography separates proteins as they migrate through a solid matrix at different rates depending on their interactions. Specific techniques further separate proteins based on ionic charge using ion-exchange, size using size exclusion, or binding affinity using affinity chromatography.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTEIN ESTIMATION - PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENTRishabh Sharma
A brief PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENT on the topic - " DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTEIN ESTIMATION " . Includes Methods, Applications, Uses and different techniques of protein estimation and separation . Separation on the basis of charge
This document discusses tracing the evolution of the human body through analyzing the chemical evolution of proteins and other molecules in the body over time. It notes that tracking changes in conserved proteins that control fundamental processes, like the Pax6 gene which regulates eye development, can reveal how closely related different organisms are. It recommends using the human arrestin protein sequence as an example, performing BLAST searches to find the arrestin sequence in the human genome and other organism genomes, then aligning the protein sequences to compare percentages and determine evolutionary relationships.
Protein purification involves a series of steps to isolate a single protein from a complex mixture. These steps may separate proteins based on size, charge, or binding affinity. Common techniques include precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography methods like ion exchange, affinity, size exclusion, and reversed-phase chromatography, and electrophoresis. The goal is to free the protein of interest from other materials, separate it from other proteins, and finally isolate it in a pure form for characterization and use.
Qualitative and quantitative techniques of protein analysisKarishma Shaw
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative techniques for protein analysis. It begins by explaining that determining the amount of protein is important for calculating activity during purification. Quantitative methods discussed include dye binding, BCA, Lowry's, Biuret, and absorbance at 280nm. Qualitative methods include one-dimensional SDS PAGE, native gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, two-dimensional electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The standard pattern for protein assays is also presented, involving preparing a reference protein standard curve.
This document provides an overview of the principles and procedures of western blotting. It discusses:
1) Protein extraction and quantitation from cell and tissue samples.
2) Separation of proteins by electrophoresis using SDS-PAGE gels to separate based on molecular weight.
3) Transfer of separated proteins from the gel onto a membrane using wet or semi-dry transfer methods.
4) Blocking of the membrane to reduce nonspecific binding before primary antibody incubation.
5) Detection of target proteins using enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies and chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates.
Western blotting WB (immunoblotting) is a widely practiced analytical technique to detect target proteins within samples using antigen-specific antibodies.
1. Several methods can be used to determine the overall protein concentration in a sample, including the Kjeldahl method, Dumas method, and spectroscopic methods.
2. The Kjeldahl method involves digestion, neutralization and titration steps but is time consuming and uses hazardous chemicals. The Dumas method is faster but cannot distinguish different forms of nitrogen.
3. Spectroscopic methods like UV-visible spectroscopy use the natural light absorption of proteins or modified forms to determine concentration. These are faster but require dilute, transparent samples and preparation work.
Analytical techniques for separation or purification of proteinsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Analytical techniques for separation or purification of proteins for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
The document discusses protein quantification methods. Spectroscopic methods like UV-Vis spectroscopy are commonly used to quantify protein concentrations. Classical assays include Biuret, Bradford, and Lowry tests. The Biuret test quantifies total protein content and is the focus. An experiment is described that uses the Biuret test to determine the protein concentration of an unknown food sample, finding it to be approximately 44 μg/ml.
1. Protein purification involves isolating one or a few proteins from a complex mixture through a series of extraction, precipitation, ultracentrifugation, and chromatographic steps.
2. Maintaining the proper buffering environment is essential to prevent changes in pH that could denature proteins. Buffers should be selected so their pH is within 1 unit of the protein's pKa.
3. When proteins are purified, they should be stored with additives at the appropriate pH and temperature depending on the protein's stability requirements for downstream applications. Storage conditions need to be optimized for each protein.
Proteins play crucial roles in nearly all biological processes. These many functions of proteins are a result of the folding of proteins into many distinct 3D structures.
Protein analysis tries to explore how amino acid sequences specify the structure of proteins and how these proteins bind to substrates and other molecules to perform their functions.
Protein analysis allows us to understand the function of the protein based on its structure.
This document discusses various biophysical and biochemical techniques used to analyze biotech products, including proteins. It describes techniques such as circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, calorimetry, sedimentation velocity, and western blotting that can provide information on a protein's secondary structure, tertiary structure, stability, and post-translational modifications. It also discusses analytical methods like chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy that can analyze a protein's purity, heterogeneity, conformation, and interactions with other molecules. The techniques allow characterization of biotech products to ensure quality, identity, stability and activity.
The document summarizes the key differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell walls. Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains crystal violet dye, appearing purple under a microscope. Gram negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, causing them to appear pink after staining. The cell walls of both types of bacteria help maintain cell shape and protect the cell.
Methods in Protein Biochemistry BY
GLOBALWEBTUTORS.COM. get instant help for your Biochemistry assignment from globalwebtutors.com where highly skilled professionals are always available for helping you
Recombinant proteins can be produced at large scale by expressing the gene of interest in a suitable expression system like bacteria, yeast, insect or mammalian cells. The recombinant protein is then isolated and purified using various chromatography techniques based on properties like size, charge, hydrophobicity. Common purification steps include capture using affinity or ion-exchange chromatography followed by polishing steps using techniques like size-exclusion chromatography to obtain highly purified protein. Rational design of purification schemes involves selecting orthogonal chromatography methods to separate the target protein from contaminants at each step based on resolution, capacity, and recovery needs.
This document provides an overview of peptide bioanalysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). It discusses sample handling considerations for peptides like solubility and stability. LCMS is recommended for its selectivity, sensitivity, and ability to measure multiple analytes simultaneously. Two common approaches for peptide quantification by LCMS are intact protein analysis and using surrogate peptides. The document also outlines sample preparation including protein digestion and cleanup. Key aspects of LCMS method development and validation are covered. A case study demonstrates the analysis of a peptide drug candidate using high resolution mass spectrometry.
Analysis of bioreactor parameters online and offlinevikash_94
The document discusses various online and offline methods for monitoring cell properties in bioreactors. Online methods discussed include spectrophotometry, fluorometry, and culture fluorescence intensity. Offline analytical methods discussed include measuring medium properties, analyzing cell population composition, analyzing proteins and RNA, and flow cytometry. In situ fluorometry is highlighted as the only continuous monitoring strategy that provides information on the biochemical or metabolic state of cells.
Protein purification techniques take advantage of differences in protein properties like charge, size, and binding affinity. The first step is breaking open cells to release proteins. Centrifugation is used to separate subcellular components. Fractionation utilizes differences in solubility, often using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Dialysis removes small solutes by exchanging them through a semipermeable membrane. Column chromatography separates proteins as they migrate through a solid matrix at different rates depending on their interactions. Specific techniques further separate proteins based on ionic charge using ion-exchange, size using size exclusion, or binding affinity using affinity chromatography.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTEIN ESTIMATION - PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENTRishabh Sharma
A brief PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENT on the topic - " DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTEIN ESTIMATION " . Includes Methods, Applications, Uses and different techniques of protein estimation and separation . Separation on the basis of charge
This document discusses tracing the evolution of the human body through analyzing the chemical evolution of proteins and other molecules in the body over time. It notes that tracking changes in conserved proteins that control fundamental processes, like the Pax6 gene which regulates eye development, can reveal how closely related different organisms are. It recommends using the human arrestin protein sequence as an example, performing BLAST searches to find the arrestin sequence in the human genome and other organism genomes, then aligning the protein sequences to compare percentages and determine evolutionary relationships.
Protein purification involves a series of steps to isolate a single protein from a complex mixture. These steps may separate proteins based on size, charge, or binding affinity. Common techniques include precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography methods like ion exchange, affinity, size exclusion, and reversed-phase chromatography, and electrophoresis. The goal is to free the protein of interest from other materials, separate it from other proteins, and finally isolate it in a pure form for characterization and use.
Qualitative and quantitative techniques of protein analysisKarishma Shaw
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative techniques for protein analysis. It begins by explaining that determining the amount of protein is important for calculating activity during purification. Quantitative methods discussed include dye binding, BCA, Lowry's, Biuret, and absorbance at 280nm. Qualitative methods include one-dimensional SDS PAGE, native gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, two-dimensional electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The standard pattern for protein assays is also presented, involving preparing a reference protein standard curve.
This document provides an overview of the principles and procedures of western blotting. It discusses:
1) Protein extraction and quantitation from cell and tissue samples.
2) Separation of proteins by electrophoresis using SDS-PAGE gels to separate based on molecular weight.
3) Transfer of separated proteins from the gel onto a membrane using wet or semi-dry transfer methods.
4) Blocking of the membrane to reduce nonspecific binding before primary antibody incubation.
5) Detection of target proteins using enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies and chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates.
Western blotting WB (immunoblotting) is a widely practiced analytical technique to detect target proteins within samples using antigen-specific antibodies.
1. Several methods can be used to determine the overall protein concentration in a sample, including the Kjeldahl method, Dumas method, and spectroscopic methods.
2. The Kjeldahl method involves digestion, neutralization and titration steps but is time consuming and uses hazardous chemicals. The Dumas method is faster but cannot distinguish different forms of nitrogen.
3. Spectroscopic methods like UV-visible spectroscopy use the natural light absorption of proteins or modified forms to determine concentration. These are faster but require dilute, transparent samples and preparation work.
Analytical techniques for separation or purification of proteinsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Analytical techniques for separation or purification of proteins for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
The document discusses protein quantification methods. Spectroscopic methods like UV-Vis spectroscopy are commonly used to quantify protein concentrations. Classical assays include Biuret, Bradford, and Lowry tests. The Biuret test quantifies total protein content and is the focus. An experiment is described that uses the Biuret test to determine the protein concentration of an unknown food sample, finding it to be approximately 44 μg/ml.
1. Protein purification involves isolating one or a few proteins from a complex mixture through a series of extraction, precipitation, ultracentrifugation, and chromatographic steps.
2. Maintaining the proper buffering environment is essential to prevent changes in pH that could denature proteins. Buffers should be selected so their pH is within 1 unit of the protein's pKa.
3. When proteins are purified, they should be stored with additives at the appropriate pH and temperature depending on the protein's stability requirements for downstream applications. Storage conditions need to be optimized for each protein.
Proteins play crucial roles in nearly all biological processes. These many functions of proteins are a result of the folding of proteins into many distinct 3D structures.
Protein analysis tries to explore how amino acid sequences specify the structure of proteins and how these proteins bind to substrates and other molecules to perform their functions.
Protein analysis allows us to understand the function of the protein based on its structure.
This document discusses various biophysical and biochemical techniques used to analyze biotech products, including proteins. It describes techniques such as circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, calorimetry, sedimentation velocity, and western blotting that can provide information on a protein's secondary structure, tertiary structure, stability, and post-translational modifications. It also discusses analytical methods like chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy that can analyze a protein's purity, heterogeneity, conformation, and interactions with other molecules. The techniques allow characterization of biotech products to ensure quality, identity, stability and activity.
The document summarizes the key differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell walls. Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains crystal violet dye, appearing purple under a microscope. Gram negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, causing them to appear pink after staining. The cell walls of both types of bacteria help maintain cell shape and protect the cell.
Methods in Protein Biochemistry BY
GLOBALWEBTUTORS.COM. get instant help for your Biochemistry assignment from globalwebtutors.com where highly skilled professionals are always available for helping you
Recombinant proteins can be produced at large scale by expressing the gene of interest in a suitable expression system like bacteria, yeast, insect or mammalian cells. The recombinant protein is then isolated and purified using various chromatography techniques based on properties like size, charge, hydrophobicity. Common purification steps include capture using affinity or ion-exchange chromatography followed by polishing steps using techniques like size-exclusion chromatography to obtain highly purified protein. Rational design of purification schemes involves selecting orthogonal chromatography methods to separate the target protein from contaminants at each step based on resolution, capacity, and recovery needs.
This document provides an overview of peptide bioanalysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). It discusses sample handling considerations for peptides like solubility and stability. LCMS is recommended for its selectivity, sensitivity, and ability to measure multiple analytes simultaneously. Two common approaches for peptide quantification by LCMS are intact protein analysis and using surrogate peptides. The document also outlines sample preparation including protein digestion and cleanup. Key aspects of LCMS method development and validation are covered. A case study demonstrates the analysis of a peptide drug candidate using high resolution mass spectrometry.
Analysis of bioreactor parameters online and offlinevikash_94
The document discusses various online and offline methods for monitoring cell properties in bioreactors. Online methods discussed include spectrophotometry, fluorometry, and culture fluorescence intensity. Offline analytical methods discussed include measuring medium properties, analyzing cell population composition, analyzing proteins and RNA, and flow cytometry. In situ fluorometry is highlighted as the only continuous monitoring strategy that provides information on the biochemical or metabolic state of cells.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Basic Proteomics for Protein Quantitation and SDS Page
1. Proteomics Basic World:
Characterization and
Identification
Leonardo Tejo Gunawan,S.Si.,M.Biotek
Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute
Lab Division of StemCell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
2024.05.18
2. Introduction
Proteins are fundamental to virtually
every biological process. Identifying
and understanding proteins is crucial
for unraveling cellular mechanisms.
Understanding techniques in basic
Proteomic (at least) can have
BIG IMPACT
7. Remember This!
•Keep the methods as simple as you can —minimize the number of steps and
avoid difficult manipulations which will not reproduce.
•Keep it cheap—avoid expensive techniques where a cheaper one will do.
•Adopt a step approach—and optimize each step as you go.
•Speed is important—avoid delays and slow equipment.
•Use reliable techniques and apparatus.
•Spend money on simple bits and pieces—e.g. test-tubes, pipettes.
•Write out your methods before you start and record what you have done
accurately.
10. Extraction Time!!
Protein extraction is a critical step in studying proteins, as it allows us to isolate them from cells or
tissues.
The efficiency of this process and its compatibility with downstream applications are key factors in
choosing the right extraction method
11. Extraction Time!!
Protein extraction is a critical step in studying proteins, as it allows us to isolate them from cells or
tissues. The efficiency of this process and its compatibility with downstream applications are key
factors in choosing the right extraction method
(Mostly, But Not Limited)
When choosing a protein extraction method, consider your downstream applications.
The method must be compatible with your analytical techniques and should preserve the integrity
and functionality of the proteins or protein complexes you're studying
12. RIPA Lysis Buffer
RIPA buffer, short for Radio-Immunoprecipitation Assay buffer, is a versatile lysis
solution. It contains a mixture of detergents like SDS and/or Triton X-100, along with
sodium deoxycholate, salts, and buffering agents. This combination makes RIPA
highly effective at solubilizing proteins from various cellular compartments, including
membranes, nuclei, and the cytoplasm
13. Another Step / Technique in Protein
Extraction
CENTRIFUGATION
is a technique that separates components in a mixture based on their
density by spinning samples at high speeds. There are two main
types: differential centrifugation, which separates particles based on
size and density, and density gradient centrifugation, which
separates them based on buoyant density.
14. Another Step / Technique in Protein
Extraction
Precipitation
involves altering the solubility of
proteins to cause them to come out
of solution. This can be achieved by
adding salts like ammonium sulfate
or solvents like trichloroacetic acid.
Precipitation is useful for
concentrating proteins and
removing impurities
15. Salting In / Salting Out Method
Salting In refers to the phenomenon where the solubility of a protein increases with the
addition of low concentrations of salt. The added salt ions shield the electrostatic
interactions between protein molecules, preventing aggregation and increasing
solubility. Common salts used for salting in include sodium chloride and potassium
chloride
16. Salting In / Salting Out Method
Salting Out is the opposite process, where the solubility of a protein decreases with the
addition of high concentrations of salt. At high salt concentrations, salt ions compete
with proteins for water molecules, leading to protein precipitation. Ammonium sulfate
and sodium sulfate are commonly used agents for salting out
17. Another Step / Technique in Protein
Extraction
Dyalisis
uses a semipermeable membrane to separate small molecules from
larger protein molecules by diffusion. This technique is effective for
removing salts, solvents, and other small molecules, and is often
used for buffer exchange and desalting protein solutions after
precipitation or other purification steps
18. Another Step / Technique in Protein
Extraction
REMEMBER!! MWCO (Molecular Weight Cut Off) of
membrane must be smaller than the protein target!!
19. Measuring Protein Quantity
BCA ASSAY is a colorimetric assay used to determine protein concentration in a
sample. It relies on the reduction of copper ions (Cu^2+) to cuprous
ions (Cu^1+) by proteins, which are then detected using bicinchoninic
acid
The principle of the BCA assay involves
two main steps. First, the biuret reaction
occurs, where proteins reduce Cu^2+ to
Cu^1+ in an alkaline environment. Then,
bicinchoninic acid (BCA) chelates the
Cu^1+ ions, forming a purple-colored
complex. This complex has a strong
absorbance at 562 nm, which can be
measured using a spectrophotometer to
determine protein concentration
20. Measuring Protein Quantity
Bradford
ASSAY
The principle of the Bradford assay involves the binding of Coomassie
Brilliant Blue G-250 dye to proteins. In an acidic environment, the dye
binds to proteins primarily through arginine and other basic and
aromatic amino acids, causing the dye to shift from brown to blue.
This color change is measured at an absorbance of 595 nm
The Bradford assay procedure is
straightforward. First, prepare the
Bradford reagent, which is
commercially available and ready to
use. Next, add the protein sample to
the Bradford reagent and mix well.
Incubate the mixture at room
temperature for 5-10 minutes to allow
the color development.
21. 280nm Assay
Measuring protein concentration at 280 nm is a straightforward method based on the UV
absorbance of aromatic amino acids, primarily tryptophan and tyrosine, and to a lesser
extent, cystine. These amino acids absorb UV light strongly at this wavelength.
Beer-Lambert Law: A = εlc
ε (molar extinction coefficient): Specific for each protein
Absorbance directly proportional to protein concentration
However, there are limitations to this method. The
absorption at 280 nm varies depending on the
protein’s amino acid composition, particularly its
tryptophan and tyrosine content. Interference from
nucleic acids and other UV-absorbing contaminants
can affect accuracy. Additionally, this method is not
very accurate for low protein concentrations due to the
low sensitivity
Measuring Protein Quantity
22. Measuring Protein Quantity
Use a Known Concentration Serial Standard to Valid Estimate
your Protein Concentration
R2 recommended minimal at 0.99
23. Measuring Protein Quantity
Use a Known Concentration Serial Standard to Valid Estimate
your Protein Concentration
R2 recommended minimal at 0.99
25. Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules, such as DNA, RNA,
and proteins, based on their movement in an electric field. The speed and direction of their
movement depend on the molecule's size, charge, and the medium through which they
move.
•Charged molecules migrate towards opposite charge
•Smaller molecules move faster than larger ones
•Separation achieved based on size and charge
Types of Electrophoresis
Bullet Points:
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: DNA and RNA separation
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE): Protein
separation
SDS-PAGE: Denatured proteins by size
Native PAGE: Proteins in their native state
26. SDS-PAGE
(Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrilamide Gel Electrophoresis)
involves using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a detergent that denatures proteins, giving
them a uniform negative charge. This allows proteins to be separated strictly by size when
an electric field is applied. SDS-PAGE is widely used for protein characterization and
assessing protein purity, but also for DNA fingerprinting test.
27. Not Only SDS, but also need other
component
Break dissulfide bonds
28.
29.
30.
31. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and
includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik
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