The document outlines the stages of research, including pre-execution, execution, and post-execution, highlighting the importance of identifying a research problem, conducting a literature review, formulating objectives and hypotheses, and data analysis. It emphasizes the role of hypotheses in guiding research, providing clarity, and indicating the relationships between variables. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, empirical, and null, are defined, along with their significance in the research process.

1. UNIT 2
BMR

2. Research
Stages

3. PRE EXECUTION
EXECUTION
POST EXECUTION

4. PRE EXECUTION
STAGE

5. It is the preliminary stage of the research
Idea, issue or the problem is yet to be
identified
 It is the initiation, foundation or the
conception stage where it all starts from a
scratch.
This stage ends, as there is sufficient clarity
on the research problem being addressed,
research objectives, need and scope of the
research.

6. EXECUTION STAGE

7. This stage is confined to the research
design or the selection of research
method and the implementation of the
same to collect relevant data so as to
answer the research questions and fulfil
the research objective

8. Data analysis and drawing inferences.
It also includes preparation of the research
report (documentation and communication).
As it appears, this concludes one study giving
rise to new questions to be asked and the
conception of another research may be at a
later stage.

9. RESEARCH
PROCESS

10. SELECTING R’AREA
CONDUCTNG LITERATURE REVIEW
FORMULATING R’AIM, OBJECTIVES,R’ QUESTIONS
OR DEVELOPING HYPOTHESES

11. POST EXECUTION
STAGE

12. SELECTING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
DOCUMENTATION &
COMMUNICATION

13. SELECTING
R’AREA

14. Anything and everything
can be a research problem
provided, it has certain
merits or benefits for
somebody.

15. The source of the problem
could be from the personal
experience of the researcher or
based on certain issues
pertaining to any household,
locality, organization,
community or the society at
large.

16. The formulation of a
general topic into a
specific research
problem thus,
constitutes the first step
in a scientific enquiry.

17. LITERATURE
REVIEW

18. Once the problem is
formulated, the researcher
should undertake extensive
literature survey pertaining
to the problem.

19. The researcher must rely
on authentic data sources
like academic journals,
conference proceedings,
government reports,
books etc.

20. IMPORTANCE OF
ROL.

21. It helps the researcher to acquire in
depth knowledge and in depth
understanding on the concepts,
fundamentals and theories in the
chosen field of study.
It helps in identifying the issues on
which research has already been done
and enables for a critical analysis on the
previous studies.

22. It empowers the researcher to
approach the problem in a
systematic, logical and scientific
way.
It enables to choose the
appropriate theoretical /
conceptual framework for the
study.

23. It leads to identify the research
gaps in the field of study.
It enables to identify the
different variables and the
relationships among them;
which leads to the formulation
of hypothesis
.

24. R’AIM,
OBJECTIVES,
HYPOTHESES

25. After extensive literature review
or after finding the knowledge
gap a researcher should state in
clear terms the objectives of the
study and the working
hypothesis or hypotheses..

26. Hypothesis should be very specific
and limited to the piece of research
in hand
because it has to be tested.
The role of the hypothesis is to
guide the researcher by
delimiting the area of research and
to keep him on the right track.

27. HYPOTHESIS: A
TENTATIVE
STTAEMENT WHICH
CAN BE EITHER
PROVED OR
DISPROVED

28. DATA
COLLECTION

32. DATA
ANALYSIS

37. DOCUMENTATION

39. PRELIMINARY PAGES
MAIN TEXT :
INTRODUCTION,
ROL
R METHODOLOGY
FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
END MATTER

40. SAMPLING

43. The process of selecting A
number of individuals for A
study in such A way that the
individuals represent the larger
group from which they were
selected

44. POPULATION: The
larger group from
which the individuals
are selected to
participate in a study.

45. TERMINOLOGIES

66. HYPOTHESIS

67. DEFNITIONS:
• Hypothesis is considered as an
intelligent guess or prediction, that gives
directional to the researcher to answer the
research question.
• Hypothesis or Hypotheses are tentative
statements which can be either proved or
disproved

68. • A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of
the expected relationship between two or
more variables under study.
• • A hypothesis helps to translate the research
problem and objective into a clear explanation
or prediction of the expected results or
outcomes of the study.

69. CONTRIBUTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
It provides clarity to the research problem and research objectives.
• It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or
outcome of the research.
• It indicates the type of research design.
• It directs the research study process.
It identifies the population of the research study that is to be
investigated or examined.
It facilitates data collection, data analysis and data
interpretation

70. FUNCTIONS
• It enables an investigator to start his research
work.
• It may lead to formulations of another
hypothesis.
• It leads to interpret results drawing
conclusions related to original purpose.

71. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• Simple
• Complex
• Empirical
• Null
• Alternative
• Logical
• statistical

72. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
• Simple hypothesis is that one in which there
exists relationship between two variables
one is called independent variable or cause
and the other is dependent variable or
effect.
• Ex. Smoking leads to cancer
• The higher ratio of unemployment leads to
crimes.

73. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
• Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship
among variables exists.
• In this type dependent and independent variables are
more than two
• Ex. Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension,
chest infections etc.
• The higher ration of unemployment poverty illiteracy
leads to crimes like dacoit etc.

74. EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
• Empirical which means it is based on
evidence.
• In scientific method the word "empirical"
refers to the use of working hypothesis
that can be tested using observation and
experiment.
• Empirical data is produced by experiment and
observation.

75. QUESTION FORM OF HYPOTHESIS
• It Is the simplest form of empirical hypothesis.
• In simple case of investigation and research
are adequately implemented by resuming a
question.
• Ex. how is the ability of 9th class students in
learning moral values?

76. NULL HYPOTHESIS
• Null the hypothesis that there is no significant
difference between specified populations, any
observed difference being due to sampling or
experimental error.
• It is denoted by H0

77. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
• The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or
Ha,
• Is the hypothesis that sample
observations are influenced by some non-
random cause.

78. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
• A hypothesis which can be verified statistically
called statistical hypothesis.
• The statement would be logical or illogical but
if statistic verifies it, it will be statistical
hypothesis..

79. CASUAL HYPOTHESIS
• Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects
relationship or interaction between the
independent variable and dependent variable.
• This hypothesis predicts the effect of
the independent variable on the
dependent variable

80. CHARACTERISTICS
A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification.
A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing
Body of Knowledge.
A Hypothesis Needs to be Precise, Simple and
Specific