Baseline Study on the status of HBWWS.PDF

BASELINE STUDY
on the status of
Home Based Women Workers in
District Faisalabad & Jhang

This study has been conducted under SF’s on-going project “Empowering
Home Based Women Workers in Pakistan” funded by ICMC Pakistan.
Copyright @ Sarsabz Foundation (SF). The use of any material from this report
is to be acknowledged.
DISCLAIMER
Complied by: Ms. Sumbal Naveed & Ms. Aaliya Tahirkheli
Reviewed by: Dr. Naveeda Shoaib (SF)
Editorial support by: Ayesha Shaukat, Jehanzeb Anwar, Shahan Abbas
ICMC Pakistan
Designed by: M. Shakeel Talat
Printed by: www.destudiolive.com

Acknowledgement
Situation Analysis of HBWWS In Faisalabad & Jhang BASELINE STUDY
The Sarsabz Foundation (SF) would like to acknowledge the efforts of a number of
individuals, district departments and organizations whose contributions made it possible
to execute a baseline assessment, and to produce this study.
Our thanks to field team: Ms. Uzma Ijaz, Faiza Pervaiz, Ayesha Noreen, Mubshara
Khadim, Muhammad Saleem and Ali Raza. Such an extensive work would have not
been possible without their devoted efforts. We also thank to Dr. Farhana Nosheen and
Muhammad Kamran who developed the survey instruments in consultation with the
Project Team, designed the survey sample, conducted much of the survey fieldwork,
data compilation and reported back in detail on survey findings. Thanks are also due to
admin staff for providing logistical and technical support in carrying out the survey. We
acknowledge with thanks the support of Ms. Sumbul Naveed and Aaliya Tahir Kheli for
writing this report and Dr. Naveeda Shoaib for the final review.
Last but not the least, we would like to thank ICMC-Pakistan, for its constant technical
and financial support, which has facilitated the implementation of the study from start to
completion. Finally, special thanks should be addressed to the team from ICMC Paki-
stan, led by Ms. Ayesha Shaukat with Jehanzeb Anwar and Syed Shahan Abbas for
outstanding cooperation, assisting the process, providing support and advice during all
stages of the reports’ presentation.
All of us at Sarsabz Foundation hope that this report proves to be a big step toward
making it possible for HBWWs to enjoy a better quality of life and due recognition for
their economic contributions. We hope that other stakeholders working in this sector
find the Baseline Assessment valuable in their endeavors toward this end as well.

Sarsabz Foundation (SF)
Organizational Summary
Sarsabz Foundation (SF) is a non-governmental organization committed to work for
communities to build and share their own solutions to development challenges within
the areas of democratic governance, gender equality and women empowerment and
social sector development, alongside protection of human rights and peace building as
cross-cutting areas.
Established in 1992, SF works in direct partnerships with over 100 organizations located
throughout 18 districts within Punjab province. It also works with public and private
sector organizations and institutions to create conditions for the development of sustain-
able and equitable communities. SF interventions work through four interlinked strate-
gies that is, research and knowledge dissemination, capacity building, advocacy, part-
nership and networking.
Since its inception, SF has developed and is implementing various projects that foster
economic empowerment and advancement for women in the rural and urban clusters.
These groundbreaking initiatives target different areas, such as skill development, micro
credit services, entrepreneurship development, decent work opportunities for women
and strengthening business development services providers. SF has been ﬁrmly com-
mitted to advocating for the rights of Home-Based Women Workers (HBWWs) for over
six years. As an active member of the HBWs national network, Sarsabz Foundation
carries the voice of the home based women workers at the district, provincial and
national levels, to advocate legal and social protection legislation for HBWs. Besides
policy advocacy SF is also engaged in data collection on HBWWs through baseline
studies, organizing HBWWs through cooperatives, providing social protection through a
CNIC registration campaign and developing linkages at the district level.
October 2011, Sarsabz Foundation (SF), in collaboration with ICMC-Pakistan has
launched a project titled “Empowering Home Based Women Workers in Pakistan” in two
selected districts of Punjab, Jhang and Faisalabad. The proposed project therefore
focuses on three critical aspects with regard to women’s employment rights i.e. (a)
Advocacy for the rights of HBWWs particularly within the local movement, Home Net; (b)
Strengthening of HBWWs in cooperatives and building up their capacities; (c) Establish-
ing and strengthening of linkages of HBWs with key stakeholders to improve their busi-
ness opportunities. The lessons learned from the project will be expanded and replicat-
ed for home based women workers in other parts of the country. For further information,
please visit us at www.sarsabz.org
The International Catholic Migration Commission serves and protects uprooted people:
refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants, regardless of faith, ethnicity or
nationality. A Swiss NGO, working in Pakistan since 1998 ICMC has been involved in a
coordinated response and assistance to refugees, conﬂict and disaster affected internal-
ly displaced people (IDPs) and Extremely Vulnerable Individuals and Families (EVIs and
EVFs). The major pillars of our work are Livelihoods and DRR, Protection and Promoting
the Rights of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals (EVIs) and Humanitrian Response. For
further information, visit www.icmc.net
International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC)

Table of Contents
Annexure- Questionnaire
6
7
Chapter-I: Context 10
1.1-Situation of Home Based Women Workers in Pakistan 10
1.2 -Aims and Objectives of the Baseline Study 11
1.3 -Profile Target Districts 11
Chapter-2: Methodology 12
2.1- Sampling
2.2- Target Areas and Area Wise Sample Distribution
2.3- Data Collection Instruments
2.4- Pilot Interviews
2.5- Data Compilation and Processing
2.6- Data Entry
Chapter-3: Data Analysis
3.1-Respondents Age
3.2-Marital Status
3.3-Education
3.4- Posession of National Identity Card
3.5-Type of Family and Size
3.6-Overall Monthly Family Income
3.7-Living Conditions
3.8-Access to Water, Electricity, Gas and Sewerage
3.9-Work Place Conditions and satisfaction
3.10-Types of Sectors (Work) and their locality
3.11-Reasons of Doing Work
3.12-Composition or Type of Work
3.13-Duration of experience in Work
3.14-Average Working hours
3.15-Wages
3.16-Mode of Payments
3.17- Source and Flow of work
3.18-Savings
3.19-Access to financing and Need
3.20-Occupational safety and health Issues
3.21-Networking and Membership with Different Organizations
3.22-Access to Social Protection Benefits
3.23-Bargaining or Negotiation
3.24-Support from Family Members in completion of Work Orders
3.25-Domestic Violence
3.26-Issues and Needs of Trainings
Chapter-4: Major Findings
4.1-Low earning and uncertainty and inconsistency in work
4.2-Legal and Social Protection Status
4.3-Poor Living Conditions and Workplace Environment
4.4-Lack of organization and collective bargaining
4.6-Skill development and trainings related realities
4-7Challenges in accessing the raw material and Equipment
Chapter-5: Conclusion and Recommendations
1-Conclusion
2-Recommendations
Chapter-6: Areas of Future Research
Case Studies
Acronyms
Executive Summary
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Acronyms
CBO Community Based Organization
CLS Core Labor Standards
CNIC Computerized National Identity Card
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HBWWs Home based Women Workers
ILO International Labour Organization
IRO Industrial Relation Ordinance
MFI Microfinance Institutions
NADRA National Database and Registration Authority
TEVTA Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority
VAW Violence Against Women

Executive Summary
The informal sector in Pakistan has grown more rapidly than the formal economy over the last three
decades and while estimates vary a great deal, the size of the informal sector is not less than one-third
of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Of the 49.09 million labour forces in Pakistan in
2007-8, 44.7 percent were employed in the agriculture sector, whereas 55.3 percent were employed
in non-agriculture sector, 40.3 percent employed in the informal sector compared to 15.00 percent in
the formal sector. Of these, total 17.66 million were employees; 16.77 million were self-employed while
14.20 million were unpaid family helpers in the informal sector. As far as unemployment is concerned,
4.31 % in rural and 8.52% in urban sector were unemployed. Thus, the majority of Pakistan’s urban
population’s means of livelihood are in the informal sector.
In Pakistan, the majority of women workers are concentrated in the informal sector in both, rural and
urban economies. In the rural economy, 77.8 percent of women are employed in the informal sector
while in the urban informal sector, 67.2 percent of women work in diverse sectors, many of them being
the primary earners for their families. Similarly, much of their work is not documented or accounted for
in the official statistics. Most of these women home-based workers, who represent 60% of women in
Pakistan’s workforce, are piece rate workers involved in manufacturing and post-manufacturing tasks
such as embroidery, carpet weaving and handlooms, wood work and other handicrafts, bangle
making, dates cleaning and packing prawn peeling and packing and many other similar tasks. The key
problems faced by home based women worker are as follows:
• Invisibility of home based women workers in national statistics and, policymaking and in the
public sphere, as well as to the final consumers of the goods and services they provide.
• HBWs are not covered by labour legislation because the labour code is based on an employer
- employee relationship. Informal workers face poor working conditions and their rights are not
protected. They do not enjoy legal and social protection and have no voice to raise for the
protection of their interests.
• Social security laws apply only to formal / organized workers covered by labour laws. Informal
workers have no retirement or illness benefits and are exposed to occupational risks such as
accidents and serious health hazards. Therefore, women, who represent a large part of the
informal economy, often work in unacceptable conditions.
• HBWs are often not organized, not represented in forums, and have little or no voice. There-
fore, little attention is given to their interests. They cannot negotiate or bargain with employers,
workers/ labour organizations and public administration for their rights.
• HBWs usually see no growth or expansion in their productive activities primarily because of
their lack of access to opportunities for skill enhancement and competitive growth. Their
economic activities are mostly restricted, with no skill diversification in line with changing
market traditions.
Due to their invisibility and the lack of member based organizations, home-based workers can
rarely access financial resources – particularly for those products which are specifically
designed for such target groups. In most cases, they are unaware of such opportunities, while
they informed that they lacked access and eligibility for such resources.
Given their vulnerable status at home and at work, income generation alone cannot improve the
1
The informal enterprise in Pakistan: challenges for growth” seminar organized by the Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) in
Karchi. November 2011.
2
National (Pakistan) Policy Draft for Home Based workers
07

socio-economic status of women attached to the informal sector. Their economic empowerment
needs to occur simultaneously along with political empowerment, which could improve their bargain-
ing power both in the household and at work. This means that organizing women workers in the
informal economy could have beneficial impacts on their work and their life if such organizations
combine voice, representation along with access to resources such as credit and information – a
holistic strategy that provides political empowerment, legal protection allied with economic empow-
erment.
The purpose of this study was to examine the existing situation of Home Based Women Workers
(HBWWs) in selected areas of two districts (Jhang & Faisalabad) of Punjab. The research findings
contributed a wealth of information on and insight into the issues and problems faced by informal
workers. It also provides an overview of the available existing legal and social protection support for
HBWWs and generates a picture of their needs that are unfulfilled at the local level.
Surveys were used to conduct this study, administered to 442 home based workers, of which 367
were from Faisalabad and 75 from Jhang, covering all the four work sectors in the sample focus. To
execute the study, two main types of survey instruments were used; a semi structured questionnaire
to interview the workers and an informal discussion to get their point of view on different issues and
challenges they face.
The study findings are vital that they shed light on the disempowerment and helplessness of women
workers, and governmental ignorance of their plight, which has served to worsen their situation. The
findings drawn from the data show that;
• A large majority of women engaged in home based work are quite young, aged between 20
and 40. Over 52% were either illiterate or had had 5 years of schooling. 63% of the respon-
dents did not even possess ID Cards.
• The home based working women who were surveyed whether married or unmarried were
quite clear that they were not working for ‘pin money’ - they were engaged in this work
because they needed the money for day to day living and household expenses. The women
surveyed lacked basic facilities, such as electricity, sanitation and safe drinking water etc.
Overall, 89.6% of respondents of the study did not save their income. They were aware of the
advantages of savings, but due to their limited incomes and high expenses of the family basic
needs, they could not do so.
• There was an extremely high dependence on middle men or contractors (85%). In terms of
bargaining with the employers for work, the survey revealed that 78.5% respondents never
negotiated with their employer/middleman for fear of losing their employment, 21.5% HBWs
who attempted negotiations, were mostly unsuccessful in achieving the desired result.
It was also found that for 67% of the respondents, work was irregular and their volume of
work varied on a seasonal basis, At times, no work would be available for 3 months or even
more at a time. In such situations, they looked for alternative jobs.
• The most common method of payment for outwork was by the item or piece completed. For
example, a certain amount would be paid per item. On the whole, their wages were low and
inconsistent with the wages of piece rate workers are much lower than account workers.
Women often engage family members to aid in completing their work for (on average) 9 hours
a day. While in theory, the ‘payment by results’ system meant that employers could pay once
the work was completed, this actually meant that the contractor could also regulate the
intensity of the work without directly supervising the worker with a large order and pay much
later once satisfaction and other such matters were assured, the wages were still delayed. In
some cases, the amount of payment resulted from direct ‘negotiation’ between the worker
and the supplier of the work. It was clear that HBW did not hold the power to negotiate with
08

their employers over working conditions such as rates of wages. HBW in reality had very little
negotiating power, and so use of the word ‘negotiate’ is perhaps not even appropriate to their
situation.
• They do not have access to the raw material in their vicinity therefore they rely on middle men
or travelled long distances which incurs additional costs for them.
• No female participants were mobilized or organized in any formal or informal body / forum
and were facing severe issues in attaining employment.
• They all suffered from minor and sometimes major health problems. Barely 4% HBWs had
received benefits from the District Social Welfare Department through its health, marriage
grants and one-time cash support schemes, while the remaining 96% were not supported by
any department.
Hence, these underprivileged women, despite of making the same efforts as that of the formal labour
are not getting the same benefits, social and legal protections, because they are not recognized by
the government and their contribution to the economy is also not considered. After the government
of Pakistan recognizes them, and finalizes and implements the draft policy, it can be hoped that the
condition of these invisible contributors would improve and they will also feel safe and protected and
be able to grow and expand their work.
09
Based on the above mentioned findings the following conclusions have been drawn:
• Ratification of ILO convention 177 on HBWWs is imperative.
• The need for approval and endorsement of provincial policy for HBWW’s in Punjab is crucial.
• HBWWs must be organized to enable them to voice their challenges together, and lobby for
collective bargaining.
• It is necessary to provide legal recognition and protection to the organizations/lobbying
groups for HBWWs, alongside giving them opportunities to represent themselves in the
government.
• Liaisons of the Ministry of Woman Development (MoWD) and lobbies of HBWWs with other
concerned/relevant ministries are needed to expand this sector and introduce innovations in
methods of production/distribution.
• A need assessment must be conducted to allow for their training and capacity building relat-
ed to the work of their choice so that customized capacity building programs can be devel-
oped.
• Trainings must be arranged not only covering work related technical skills but also on man-
agement, marketing and life skill development.
• It is vital to create awareness and sensitize the family members of the HBWWs so that they
can prove to be more supportive of them and provide them with a conducive environment
to work in.
• The credit -related organizations and institutions should ease out their procedures so that
these women can benefit from them and expand their work.
• The government and NADRA must expedite the process of issuing CNIC to them so that
they can formalize their work and get access to social benefits.
• The government needs to make arrangements to provide non-formal, formal and distance
learning to help them increase their knowledge and bring positive changes in their work.
• Markets/depots need to be developed in the vicinity to give them access to raw material at
nominal rates.
• Frequent exhibitions, competitions and expos must be organized to market their products
in domestic and international markets and also to improve the quality of work and bring in
innovations and open new avenues.
Conclusions

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Chapter-I: Context
1.1 Situation of Home Based Women Workers in Pakistan
The informal sector has acquired great signiﬁcance over the years as a source of employment and
livelihoods for an increasing number of people, especially women, in developing world. It is estimated
that there are over 100 million home-based workers in the world and more than half of them are in
South Asia – of whom around 80 percent are women. Over 8 million women workers in Pakistan are
presently busy in producing various products.
HBWWs in Pakistan are engaged in textile, garment, hosiery, bangle-making, shoe stitching, embroi-
dery, carpet weaving, jewelry making, leather products, steel scissors, mobile covers, preparing dry
fruit and shelling prawns. Much of their work is tedious, but their embroidery reveals their capacity for
creativity.
The involvement of large numbers of women in the 'informal sector' is a result of their low socioeco-
nomic status and the denial of opportunities in the formal sphere of employment. Women's low status
is evidenced by their subordinate roles, both at home and at the workplace. Not acknowledged as
workers, HBWWs are the poorest and the most unprotected segment of society. Their work is unregu-
lated and they generally suffer from substandard wages, poor working conditions, and exposure to
occupational health and safety hazards, as well as lack of social security. Outside of work as well,
these women face a number of social issues including lack of access to social services, acute housing
shortages, environmental degradation and gender-based violence. They usually have very limited
knowledge about the market. Often they do not even know the name of the company they are produc-
ing for. This leaves them at the mercy of contractors, sub-contractors and middle men. They are
dependent on these contractors because a home-based business is usually conducted through
personal contacts. Such women, when they have to perform the dual job earning a livelihood in harsh
and hostile working conditions as well as housework, face a multitude of problems that need to be
heard.
Out of the total $160 billion economy of Pakistan, more than $32 billion is produced by the informal
sector, which is mainly contributed by HBWWs. On an individual basis, these women earn a meager
amount of Rs. 10-50 – less than one dollar a day - after putting in 12-16 hours of work. They are left
with this far from sufﬁcient sum to meet their day-to-day needs. The unjust treatment these women
face is due to a lack of recognition or acknowledgment in legislature, stemming from the government’s
perspective that development in informal sector will reinforce tax evasion. This has meant that the
government has never recognized HBWWs or devised laws for their social and economic security.
3
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C03%5C08%5Cstory_8-3-2011_pg7_26
4
http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/3292

11
The overall objective of the study is to provide an overview of the existing situation of HBWWs in select-
ed areas of the two districts of the Punjab. The objectives underlying the study are as follows:
• To understand the socio-economic conditions of the HBWWs in the targeted locations
• To understand the working conditions and environment, work practices, wage system and
product-line of the HBWWs in the project locations
• To highlight the work challenges of home based women workers in the focused sectors (textile,
garments, hosiery and needlecraft)
• To identify the special focused needs of HBWWs regarding organizing collectives/associations,
skill trainings, social protection and marketing facilities;
• To access their awareness of existing labour laws, policies and social protection mechanisms.
The Baseline Assessment investigated the conditions of Home based Women Workers in two selected
districts of Punjab namely Jhang and Faisalabad. A brief description of the two districts is as follows:
While the city is expanding; it is rapidly being characterized by large un-serviced and under-serviced
areas (slums andkatchiabadis). These urban slums serve as a hub of “informal workforce” in the
district. Common to the majority of slums are poor living conditions often characterized by poor house-
holds, poor or nonexistent basic sanitation, limited access to drinking water, poor reproductive health
and quality education, and urban transport system. These slums also have a signiﬁcant number of
small and medium sized industrial units producing domestic textile, garments and hosiery goods,
where women are engaged in home-based production under the ‘Sub Contract’ system.
District Faisalabad
Faisalabad district has an area of 5,856 sq km and the
district lies from 30-35 to 31-47°C North latitude and
72-01 to 73 – 40°C east longitudes with a population of
6,786,717 (with 57% living in rural areas and 43% in
urban areas).
Faisalabad plays an important role in the economy of the
country and the city is known for the production of textile
products. About 60% of the total textile exports of Paki-
stan are from Faisalabad. The city has gradually become
more industrialized and has attracted a massive supply of
skilled and unskilled labour from all over the country.
District Jhang
Jhang District is spread over an area of 1.525 million
Acres and is one of the marginalized districts in the
Punjab. The rural and urban distribution of the district is
77% and 23% respectively. The estimated population
growth rate is 2.2%. District Jhang is also famous for its
specialized needlecraft work (hand embroidery and
crochet work). The crafts sector in the district employs
80% women informal workforce. Women are among the
poorest of the poor in the district. They suffer discrimina-
tion because of their gender and are trapped in a web of
dependency and subordination due to their low social,
economic status at household level.
1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Baseline Study
1.3 Proﬁle Target Districts

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Chapter-2: Methodology
2.1 Sampling
A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods and procedures was applied to explore perti-
nent information for this study. Followings are the methods used for conducting the study:
The sample was selected randomly from the selected locations of the district Faisalabad and Jhang.
Because most of the surveys in the past have not focused on informal employment, selecting a sample
was a challenge. The respondents for informal discussion were gathered with the help of local active
persons. These local activists were helpful at every stage of data collection.
2.2 Target Areas and Area Wise Sample Distribution
2.3 Data Collection Instruments
Area Wise Sample Distribution
A significant number of home based workers in Punjab are found in district Faisalabad and Jhang.
These home based workers are particularly involved in the sectors of home textile, hosiery product,
needlecraft and garment industry.
Taking these findings into account five localities from Jhang and four areas from district Faisalabad was
selected respectively. The quantitative survey with 442 home based women workers (HBWWs) was
carried out. Total 367 targeted respondents were selected from district Faisalabad whereas 75 respon-
dents were selected from district Jhang. Interviewees were selected based on their availability, with the
aim of collecting data from women involved in a peace rate or subcontract work. Details of target
locale and area wise sample break up are given below.
The research project was designed in November 2012, and field research was conducted from 15th
November 2011 to 15th December, 2011 in two districts of Punjab. To conduct the research, three
survey methods were used: questionnaires, focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews. In total,
442 home based women workers participated in the survey. Total 4 informal discussions (one per
sector) were held in target areas (4 in Faisalabad whereas 1 informal discussion was held at district
Jhang). 24 home based women workers were present in the focus group discussions.
FAISALABAD
GHULAM MUHAMMADABAD RAZA ABAD ISLAMNAGAR ALLAMA IQBAL COLONY Total
174 69 26 98 367
JHANG
MARZIPURA BASTI SHANI WALI RUSOOL PURA CHAMBLI MARKET KATRA BARI WALA
37 7 12 13 6 75

13
Before conducting quantitative survey with target group three pre test interviews in each area were
carried out. The purpose of doing pilot interviews was to check:
• The flow of questions
• Comprehension level of the questions
After getting feedback from field team, changes were incorporated in the questionnaire and the final
draft was prepared to be used in the field.
After completion of field work all collected data including filled questionnaires and transcriptions of
informal discussions were gathered at office for further processing and compilation. Considering the
understanding level of respondents, the interviews and informal discussions were carried out in local
language. After gathering data at office, Urdu transcripts of informal discussions were translated into
English for analysis.
2.4 Pilot Interviews
2.5 Data Compilation and Processing
After compilation process, quantitative data was entered in to MS. Excel sheets while MS word was
used to keep electronic record of qualitative data for further analysis. The entered data was checked
twice in order to eliminate any chance of error in analysis.
2.6 Data Entry
Picture-1: Focus Group Discussion with HBWWs in Islam Naghar, district
Faisalabad
Picture-2: Interview Conducted with women hosiery Worker

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Chapter-3: Data Analysis
3.1 Respondents Age
3.2 Marital Status
On the basis of the thorough analysis of the data and studying its graphical representation, following
findings have been drawn:
Majority of the productive human capital related to
HBWWs is youth and making their contribution in the
country economy.
According to the survey maximum number of
HBWWs in both the districts (214 out of total 442)
lies under the age bracket of 20 to 30 year, covering
48% of the total respondents. The second largest
majority (125 out of 442) belongs to 30-40 years of
age and constitutes 28% of the total respondents.
The data reveals that in both districts mostly young
women are involved in home based works.
The data shows that there is no significant difference
between the number of married and unmarried work-
ers majority of whom are at a very young age and
actively participating in their home based work and
earning for day to day expenses of their families.
The figures show that 243 out of total 442 HBWWs
were unmarried which constitutes about 55% of the
total respondents and 40.7% women (180 out of
total 442) were unmarried while 1.8% was divorced
/separated and 2.5% respondents were windows.
3.3 Education
Quite amazingly, a large segment of the HBWWs is educated, though not highly qualified, which is
quite encouraging and also provides a good basis for their capacity building and enhancing their abili-
ties to work efficiently and produce good quality products.
55%
40.7%
1.8% 2.5%
Un-Married
Married
Divorced/Sepa
rated
Widow
13%
48%
28%
11%
less then
20 years
20 to 30
years
30 to 40
years
above 40
years

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Data shows that only 22.4% respondents were illiter-
ate whereas education of all other respondents was
primary or above. The data reveals that 31.9% of
respondents have minimum primary education, 20.6
% of respondents have secondary school level edu-
cation, 17.6% have higher secondary education and
5.4% have intermediate education. The study also
reveals that the HBWWs in district Faisalabad are
much more educated than Jhang district mainly
because of the difference in their set up that also
reflects the general trends of difference in rural and
urban areas of the country.
3.4 Possession of National Identity Card
National Identity Card is the pre requisite to exercise
the right to vote and is also a basic document to avail
government facilitation including loan applications,
registration and transfer of land and acquiring social,
economic and health benefits through government
schemes. The study reveals that the CNIC coverage
was very low among the HBWWWs. The figure
shows that only 143 out of total 442 (37.1 %)
HBWWs had CNIC while 62.9% respondents did not
possessed ID Cards in the study areas. During the
informal discussions, HBWWs shared that lack of
awareness of the importance of CNIC and lengthy
and difficult procedures of obtaining the Cards kept
women workers unable to apply and get their cards.
“We know the importance of CNIC but we don’t
know where to go and how to get this card”, said a
HBWWs in Jhang.
Figure-3.1: Education Level (Distt. Faisalabad) Figure- 3.2: Education Level (Distt. Jhang)
Figure-3: Over all Education Level
22.4%
31.90%20.6%
17.6%
5.4% 2%
Illiterate
Primary
Middle
Metric
Inter
Others
23.2%
33.8%
19.3%
15.5%
5.7% 2.5%
Illiterate
Primary
Middle
Matric
Inter
Others
18.7%
22.7%
26.7%
28%
4%
Illiterate
Primary
Middle
Matric
Inter
Others
37.1%
62.9%
YES
NO

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The study reveals that almost all the HBWWs are
from poor and very low income families living or even
less than 1$ a day. A fairly big majority of HBWWs
(48%) was earning a monthly family income of 10,000
or more and 26.2% respondents were having a
monthly family income of less than 6000 while 26.2%
had a monthly family income 7000-10,000.
If we follow the standard definition of less than US$1
per capita/day income of a person for poverty and
apply it on taking 5 members per family where every-
one is working even then 50% of the data here shows
3.6 Overall Monthly Family Income
3.7 Living Conditions
3.3 Type of Family and Size
workers living below poverty line. However, in reality it is not always that all members in a family are
working because of family compositions including children or elderly and sick that are not able to work
and contribute to family’s income. Such a situation is quite alarming for policy makers and government
officials responsible for planning and development and need to address their issues accordingly.
A big majority of the HBWWs (53.6%) interviewed live in a nuclear family while42.7% have joint family
structure and only 3.6% were having extended family structures. The study shows that most of the
HBWWs’ (222 out of 442) families composed of 7-9 members while 52 HBWWs were of 2-3 family
members and remaining 168 HBWWs families consisted of 4-6 members.
The study showed a positive of family ownership of houses in majority of the respondents. Such an
ownership of property reflects sustainable condition of the family. However, a significant number of
workers not live in family owned houses and hence a tendency to migrate to a different place. The
study reveals that 61.5% respondents had their own houses, 8.8% were living in rented houses while
29.6% percent were living with relatives as shared status (more than one family).
Figure-5: Type of Family Figure-5.1: Family Size
53.60%42.80%
3.6%
Nuclear
Joint
Extended
50.25%
11.75%
38%
7 TO 9 members
2-3 members
4-6 members
26.20%
26.20%
47.50%
Rs: 4000-
7000
Rs: 7001-
10000
above
Rs:10001

17
Figure- 6: Types of Housing Figure-6.1 Size of Housing
Figure- 6.2 No. of Rooms
Most of them live in urban slums and the size of houses is small. 59.5% HBWWs were living in 2-4
marla houses, 24.8% lives in less than 2 marlas and only 15.6% respondents were residing in 4 marla
houses with an average of 8 to 6 persons. It was found that almost all the houses had small room
(s) with no arrangement for ventilation particularly in the slums. The data above has already showed
that majority of the families have 7-10 members in the family and it is easy to imagine the overall living
standard of these poor families in these small 2-4 marla houses out of which many are having an
income below poverty level.
Proper housing and working space with minimum basic facilities such as electricity, drinking water, gas
and sewerage and provision for solid waste management system etc. are the physical factors that
were found scarce in the study area. Although nearly all the HBWWs have access to electricity but its
disrupted provision and high electricity rates hampers their productivity as well efﬁciency. The average
power cut out/ load shedding is 10-12 hours per day in Faisalabad and 12-16 hours per day in Jhang.
Home based worker use alternative energy (candles and emergency light) for their works which is
expensive too. HBWWs told that sometimes they failed to deliver orders on time to their clients due to
load shedding and this causes a negative impression leading to risk for future orders from the contrac-
tors.
The study shows that the HBWWs live in a con-
gested environment due to lack of required
number of rooms and space in their small house.
It was found that 15.6% had three small room house,
176 HBWs (39.8%) out of 442 live in a two room
house with husband, children and sometimes with
parents and 34.4% women have only one room to
live. Only 10.2% percent respondents said that they
have more than three rooms to live with their families,
mostly in district Faisalabad.
3.8 Access to Water, Electricity, Gas and Sewerage
61.5
8.8
29.6
Owend
Rented
Shared
24.9
59.5
15.6 less then 2
marla
2 to 4 marla
above 4 marla
34.4
39.8
15.6
10.2 1 room
2 rooms
3 rooms
above 3
rooms

18
3.9 Work Place Conditions and satisfaction
During the informal discussions HBWWs also described the difficulties faced in working at homes
because they do not have a specific working area. The key problems shared in this regard include: 1)
temperature inside the room because there is no proper ventilation. 2) Inadequate light arrangements
and 3) small room size insufficient to store raw material.
“Space is a big issue that we face in our work particularly in winters because we can use our rooms
either to store the raw material and products or for sleeping at night. In summer it is easier to manage
because we sleep out in the compound”, said a hosiery worker.
During the informal discussion with the workers, the home based women workers shared issues
resulting from migration (resulting from changing rented houses) and mobility restrictions. It was men-
tioned that it either puts them in a situation to stop working or even to change the work or work place.
Some of the girls also expressed challenges related to permission from the family to go out and work.
However, many of them showed interest in working at a factory instead of working at home, a reflection
Figure-7: Access to Basic Facilities
Figure-8: Availability of Workplace
During the FGD in district Jhang, it was reported that
there is water supply system provided by the district
government in almost every household that supplies
water twice a week. However the water is contami-
nated and HBWWs purchase water from the private
sources for drinking.
It is found from the study that out of 442 respon-
dents, 95.7% had gas facilities for cooking while,
unlike water, electricity and gas, 62% of home-based
workers did not have a proper drainage and sewer-
age system in their area. “How can we work efficiently
in summers when it is very hot? Without electricity it
becomes nearly impossible to breath. It feels like a
torture to us but we have no other way out because
our life depends on the work we do,” a frustrated
woman worker shared with a sad face.
A little less than 50% of the total working women had
separate space for working at homes while a big
majority lacks such a place to work or store raw
materials, mainly because of having houses and tiny
rooms.
The data gathered from the current survey reveals
that only 64.7 % HBWWs have separate rooms for
their works, while 16.5 % of the HBWWs are working
in verandah and 15.3 % of them work in open places
(streets or neighborhood). Regarding level of satisfac-
tion of their work place, almost 370 (83.7%) HBWWs
haves expressed dis-satisfaction with their working
places whereas only 16.2% respondents are satis-
fied.
100%
100%
95.70%
62% Electricity
Drinking
water
Sui gas
Sewerage
64.70%
16.50%
15.30% Having rooms
Verandha
Open
air/neighbour

19
Figure-8.1 Improving Workplace
Based on the four selected sectors of home based work the data shows that out of total 442 respon-
dents, 190 are engaged in producing hosiery products, 36 in home textile,130 in needlecraft, 59 in
garment sector and 27 of them are engaged in packaging, tailoring, handicraft work.
The study reveals that the glove making work is followed more in Ghulam Muhammad Abad (Faisala-
bad district) as compared to the other areas under study. Stitching, folding and packing of gloves are
the three main activities performed by most of the HBWWs engaged with gloves making.
“Packing is considered an easy job. However, it requires assistance of all family members including
children were involved to complete the task”, stated by a respondent.
Out of the 190 respondents from the glove making sector, 165 were involved in stitching of gloves, 25
in their packing and only 1 was engaged in stitching of under garments and two were doing other relat-
ed stuff.
While in district Jhang, Adda Work (Zari/Ari work) workers and hand embroidery workers were in
majority.
The third important and potential sector of HBWWs is production of home based textile products in
Allam aIqbal (Yahseena Abad ) area, where large number of HBWWs are engaged in stitching home
based textile (quilts, curtains, bed covers, bed sheets, cushions etc) products.
In Razaabad, majority of the HBWWs are engaged in garment sector. Out of total 59 HBWWs of this
sector 33 were engaged in stitching boutique dresses, 8 in making of kid’s garments and 18 were
involved in tailoring.
of their tendency towards working in a group and
organizing themselves.
“Since our houses are small and the environment at
home is also not favorable for working therefore it
would be great if we can work in a nearby factory.
Being the part of a factory we will feel more responsi-
ble and will deliver uninterruptedly”, shared a young
worker.
The second largest sector being covered by the
HBWWs in both targeted districts is needlecraft
(categorized as hand embroidery mainly related to
Adda Work (Ari Work), Crochet and Lace making). 91
out of total 130 respondents were engaged in Adda
Work (Zari/Ari work), 36 in hand embroidery and 3
were engaged in Lace making. Among those, the
Ada Work (Zari/Ari work) workers were concentrated
in Allama Iqbal Colony (F block) and in Islama Naghar.
3.10 Types of Sectors (Work) and their locality
0% 0%
85.5%
14.4%
YES
NO
8.1
43
29.4
13.3
6.1
Home Texile
Hosiery
Needlecrat
Garments sitching
Any other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 12 : HBW's Percentages engaged sector/work

20
Figure-10: Reasons of Doing Work
Figure-11 Type of work
Figure-12 Experience of Work
5
Piece-rate workers: Those working for an employer or intermediary and
Own-account workers: Those who do their own marketing and it is important to distinguish between them, both conceptually and
statistically. While all those who carry out market work at home or in adjacent grounds or premises, whether as self-employed or as
paid workers, are home workers of the piece-rate variety; those home-based workers who carry out paid work for firms/businesses
or their intermediaries, typically on a piece-rate basis, constitute piece-rate workers (http://www.ance.org.pk/index.php?op-
tion=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=85 )
3.11 Reasons of Doing Work
The study reflects that almost all the HBWWs, being
interviewed, are engaged in the home based work for
addressing their family needs. 80.2 % women work
due to poverty and for 10.9% it was the only source
of income. While 8.9% were doing it as their family
business. The data clearly shows that a significant
majority of the women are working to meet their
family needs and coping with the poverty that was
also shared by the women in the informal discussion.
The women highlighted that they are working to
generate income and to bear the education expens-
es of their children, doctor’s fee and backing up the
family expenditure in times of needs.
3.12 Composition or Type of Work
3.13 Duration of experience in Work
Regarding the composition of work, it is divided into
two categories i) Own-account workers and ii) piece
rate basis workers . The analysis of the data shows
that out of 442 HBWWs interviewed, piece rate work-
ers were 83.5% and own-account workers were
16.5%. Most of the own account HBWWs were
found in Adda Work (Zari/Ari work) and garment
sector in district Faisalabad, while all of the hosiery,
hand embroidery and home textile sectors workers
belonged to piece rate category.
The duration of work experience of these workers is
amazingly short because 62% HBWWs of the total
respondents had only 4 years of experience, 15%
have less than 2 years and 6% of interviewed work-
ers have 1 year of work experiences. Such short time
experiences may be due to the fact that a vast major-
ity of the workers is young and might not be working
since long. However, such a trend of having only few
years’ experience needs to be explored in future
researches.
80.20%
10.90%
8.90%
Due to poverty
Just a source
of income
Faimly
business
16.5%
83.5%
Own
account
Contract
6%
15%
17%62%
less then 01
year
01 to 02 years
02-04 years
above 04 years

21
Figure-13 Working Hours
Figure-14.1 Satisfaction with Wages Figure-: 14 Monthly Wages of HBWWs
The workings hours followed by the home based workers are not the same as that of formal workers.
They do not have a start or the ending time because it all depends on the amount of work they are
assigned or they have committed to. This is one of the reasons that these women workers involve their
family workers to meet their targets in time. Usually their wages also are not comparable to the time
they consume in completing their work.
The monthly earning of home-based workers is very low and does not fully compensate the amount of
time, efforts and sometimes even expenditure. The study shows that 83% home based workers earn
less than 4,000, while 13.5% respondents earn 4,000 to 6,000 rupees per month and 3.4% earn
6,000-8,000 rupees per month. Regarding the level of satisfaction about their wages, 301 out of 442
(79.6%) of HBWWs were not satisﬁed with current wages while only 20.4 percent were satisﬁed. The
situation is alarming because majority of them (more than 90%) are getting wages less than the mini-
mum wage (PKR 7000/month) decided by the government of Pakistan; a serious issue that needs to
be noticed and brought in knowledge of the law makers and monitoring departments.
3.14 Average Working hours
3.15 Wages
The HBWWs work for long hours every day either as
a piece rate workers or own-account .Out of the total
workers, 57.80 % respondents were working on an
average of 9 hours a day, 36% for 6 to 8 hours a day
and only 14.30 % for less than 5 hours a day.
“Usually, we have to complete and deliver the work
on daily basis, particularly if the payments are made
on daily basis. We have no choice but to work extra
hours to complete the work in order to get the
payment at the end of the day. At times, the amount
of work is so much that we cannot complete it by
ourselves and have to involve some of our family
members to get it done”, told a homebase woman worker.
Women engaged in gloves making and textile sectors are working for longer hours as compared to
Adda Work. During the informal discussions HBWWs shared that their payment/wages are low in
comparison to with their efforts and time involved.
14.30%
36.00%
57.80%
less then 5
hours
6-8 hours
above 9
hours
22%
78%
YES
NO
83.00%
13.50%
3.4%
less then Rs:4000
Rs: 4000 to 6000
Rs: 6000 to 8000
above Rs:8000

22
During the study it was observed that the wages of the piece rate workers are much lower than
that of the own account workers. The FGD participants engaged in gloves making told that
they were engaged in very laborious job but their wages were too low to have two meals a day.
They told that by stitching gloves they hardly earn 4000 to 5000 rupees in a month. One of the workers
shared that she earns only 40 to 50 rupees in a day (i.e.1200-1500 per month) for folding of the gloves,
with support from her children.
“Our wages are too low even to cover the cost of electricity and other utilities and the contractor does
not pay separately for these”, said the piece rate.
HBWWs engaged with textile sector mentioned a decline in their wages over time. “If we get the work
directly from the factory or big shops, we would get higher price. However, we do not have the
linkages and personal security to get such work”, said a textile worker.
The wages of workers involved in needlecraft sector (Ada work) are comparatively better than other
work categories. Mostly, they earn 8000 -12000 per month. HBWWs involved in Adda Work charge
1300-1500 for shirt, 1500 to 3000 for frocks and 3000 to 4000 for traditional bridal dresses such as
lehnga and pishwaz because making of one bridal Lehnga or pishwaz takes 7 to 15 days. As making
of fancy bridal dress takes too much time therefore during that one month they do not take any other
work order and rely on the earning from that single work only. These kinds of situation that while decid-
ing on the wages, the factory owners or the boutiques deliberately or un deliberately neglect the
work-time ratio to save their money. The workers either might not be aware of this fact or are reluctant
to highlight it because of the fear of loosing the work. It shows that the trainings they get must address
such issues and make them aware of considering these aspects while negotiating wages/ rates.
3.16 Mode of Payments
Figure-14.1: Satisfaction with Wages
Various payment schedules are being followed in
different work sectors of target areas (including daily,
weekly and monthly basis). A signiﬁcant number of
HBWWs receive payments on monthly basis,
followed by weekly and then daily basis payments.
The data shows that 58.6% respondents get their
wages on monthly basis, 24.8% are paid weekly
while only 16.5 % works are on daily wages. The
practice of daily wages is more common in district
Jhang as compared to Faisalabad.
Figure-14: Monthly Wages of HBWWs
83.00%
13.50%
3.4%
less then Rs:4000
Rs: 4000 to 6000
Rs: 6000 to 8000
above Rs:8000
22%
78%
YES
NO
Figure -15: Schedule of payment/wages
58.60%
24.90%
6.30%
Monthly
Weekly
Daily

23
that they did not have work for more than 3 months. In such situations, they look for alternative jobs.
Own-account women worker( engaged in garment and textile sectors), on the other hand, have to
produce bring them to sell at the market by themselves irrespective of the fact they get orders or not.
67.2 % of respondents said their work was irregular and that the volume of work varied on seasonal
basis while 32.2% were having regular work orders.
Upon the question of continuity of similar nature of work throughout the year, 70.5% respondents
replied afﬁrmatively while the remaining 29.4% reported seasonal change in nature of work. Mostly, the
respondents involved in hosiery and home textile sectors switch to other kind of work during summer
due to less demand of quilts, gloves and other seasonal products. Whereas, HBWWS related to
garment and craft sector change their work during Islamic months of Muharam and Safar (Since the
two Months are considered as mourning months on religious basis and usually people avoid buying
new dresses. These factors compel the HBWWs to switch to other work sectors to maintain their regu-
lar earnings.
3.17 Source and Flow of work
The high dependence on middle man or contractor is
another disadvantage faced by home based women
workers. 85% respondents told that they get work
orders from middle men and contractors while only
9.3% have direct contacts with the factory owners,
shops and boutique and 5.6% get orders through
individual clients and relatives.
During the study it was observed that HBWWs
engaged in gloves making and embroidery work do
not have regular work, especially the piece rate work-
ers. Their work depends upon orders they receive
and the work is seasonal. Some of them even told
Figure-16: work sources
Figure-16 work sources Figure-18 Continuity of Work
9.30%
85.00%
5.70%
Factory
owner/shopke
eper
Contractor/mi
ddleman
Others
32.80%
67.20%
YES
NO
70.60%
29.40% YES
NO

24
Saving is difficult for the HBWWs because of low
incomes. The study findings also reflect that a majori-
ty of HBWWs are living on meager incomes and
hence unable to save money. Only 10.4% of the
respondents were able to save money while 89.6%
respondents have never saved money. It was also
observed that most of the respondents were aware
of advantages of money saving but due to limited
income they could only fulfill basic needs of their
family.
Figure -19 Saving
Figure-20: % of Responded Received Loan
Figure-21 Need Loan
have never taken loan for work purpose. During the informal discussions, participants told that
although they want to borrow money from MFIs to purchase raw materials, tools and equipment but
the complicated procedures, requirement of guarantees and very high markup rates keeps them from
applying for loans. Similarly, considering the limited earnings of family they avoid borrowing money
from any other source for the fear of not being able to pay the installments in time.
Occupational health problems are very common among the HBWWs in every sector. It is found from
the study that almost all the respondents in target areas suffer from minor and sometimes with major
health problems. Among them 27% had had muscular pain while 20% had high blood pressure, 18 %
had backache, 16% had eye infections, 7% faced allergy problem and 5% had respiratory problems.
3.18 Saving
The study reveals that most of the respondents
shared the need for financial assistance, especially
the interest free loans, to expand their work. About
63.1% respondents mentioned that they needed
small loans while 36.9% said they will opt for the loan.
Further, many of them said that they had approached
for small loans from microfinance institutions (MFIs)
working in their areas, but only a small number of
respondents have availed financial assistance for
work. Only 6.1% respondents reported that they
have ever received loan for expending or starting
work whereas 93.9% respondents informed that they
The study reveals that most of the respondents
needed financial assistance especially the interest
free loans to expand their work. About 63.1%
respondents mentioned that they needed small loans
while 36.9% said they will opt for the loan. For their
livelihood engagements many of them said that they
approached for small loans from microfinance institu-
tions (MFIs) working in their areas, but a small
number of respondents have availed financial assis-
tance for work.
3.19 Access to financing and Need
3.20 Occupational safety and health Issues
89.60%
10.40%
NO
YES
6.10%
93.90%
YES
NO
63.10%
36.90%
YES
NO

25
Figure-22: Major Health Problems
Figure-23: Availability of Health Care Facilities
Figure 24: Membership with Organizations
Remaining 7% had T.B, Arthritis and Asthma problems. The respondents having said other prob-
lems mentioned that they had pain in the whole body and joints.
During the informal group discussions participants of different clusters told that they had to suffer
from various diseases and health problems. The HBWWs engaged in gloves sewing and folding,
stitching and cutting garments products said that they have to focus for a long time without intervals
resulting in stress, headache and backbone pain. They also expressed that long working hours, poor
working condition, working in a single posture for longer hours, and restlessness due to heavy loads
results in health related issues and diseases.
Occupational health problems are very common
among the HBWWs in every sector. It is found from
the study that almost all the respondents in target
areas suffer from minor and sometimes with major
health problems. Among them 27% had had muscu-
lar pain while 20% had high blood pressure, 18 %
had backache, 16% had eye infections, 7% faced
allergy problem and 5% had respiratory problems.
Remaining 7% had T.B, Arthritis and Asthma prob-
lems. The respondents having said other prob-
lems mentioned that they had pain in the whole
body and joints.
The respondents engaged in hand embroidery and
Adda work/Zari work have much more serious health
problems than others which include: eye infections,
wrist pain, and headache due to their long sitting
hours and uneasy postures for long hours. During the
collection of data it was observed that in many cases
the working environment was not comfortable. The
health care facilities for the HBWs are scarce in all the
study areas. The study reveals that only 10.6%
respondents had health care facilities in their localities
at low cost while an overwhelming majority of 89.4%
was deprived of the same.
It is found from the study that majority of the
respondents (84.6 %) were unorganized in the proj-
ect targeted areas covered in the study. They do
not belong to any of the organizations present in the
community where they reside. Only 15.4 % respon-
dents said that they had membership. 6.1 % are
members of micro-ﬁnance institutions/organizations
that provided them ﬁnancial assistance through
loans. 4% are members of local NGOs/CBOs operat-
ing in their area and 5.5% are members of different
political parties.
Networking and Membership with Different Organizations
27.00%
20.00%
18.00%
16.00%
7.00%
5.00%
7.00%
Muscular pain
Blood pressure
Backache
Eye infecion
Allergy
Respiratory
TB,arthriis & Asthma
10.60%
89.40%
YES
NO
15.40%
84.60%
YES
NO

26
Figure-26: Bargaining or Negotiation
Figure -27: Support from family members
in completion of work
The study reveals that the majority of HBWWs do not receive any benefits including medical care, cash
benefits, marriage grants, education for children and EOBI scheme. Only 18 out of 442 4% HBBWS
get benefits through district Social Welfare Department through its health, marriage grants and
one-time cash support schemes while the remaining 96% were not supported either by social
welfare department, social security departments or workers welfare board.
don’t work. They told that they had to work with their parents in order to add to their family income
since the earning of their parents alone would be inadequate to support their educational expendi-
ture.
Domestic violence not only effects the overall environment of a family and the household, it also under-
mines the productivity of HBWWs. The local women did not feel comfortable talking about their prob-
lems; only a small percentage (17.8%) of respondents shared incidences of violence while 82.2%
respondents informed that they have never faced domestic violence. During the study it was observed
that family is considered to be a strong support to an individual in such incidences in the project area.
56.3% victims of domestic violence shared that they contacted elderly family members for the solution
The high dependence on middle man or contractor is
another disadvantage faced by home based women
workers. Most of the HBWWs get work orders
through middle man or contractor. With regard to
bargaining with the employers for the work, the
survey reveals that 78.5% (442 out of total 347)
respondents never negotiate with their employ-
er/middleman due to the fear of losing the work
whereas 21.5% of HBWWs have shown some
degree of negotiation ability but it was not adequate.
During the study, it was also observed that involve-
ment of middle man decreases their bargaining
power for increase in their wages or change in
payment schedules.
Family support plays a significant role in the progress
of individual and development of any society. The
HBWWs need continuous support from their family
particularly in project target areas where they
(HBWWs) face a lot of challenges in terms of work
place, energy resources and socio-psychological
pressures. The study reveals that 52% of target
HBWWs receive assistance from family members in
order to deliver work in time while 48% responded
that theyused to take assistance from the laborers,
relatives and others. It is worth mentioning that
many children were seen working along with their
parents . Some of the children told the research
team that their education would be stopped if they
3.21 Access to Social Protection Benefits
3.22 Bargaining or Negotiation
3.23 Support from Family Members in completion of Work Orders
3.24 Domestic Violence
21.50%
78.50%
YES
NO
52%48%
YES
NO

27
Figure-28: Experience of Domestic Violence
Figure 29: Skills Learnt
Figure 30: Respondents desired to get formal tanning
while 21.9% respondents kept silent, 15.6% went to
the friends for help whereas 6.3% reported to Gov-
ernment institutions such as police and Union Coun-
cil. The women who shared the occurrence of
violence also pointed out that at times they fail to
complete their work, thereby directly affects their
entire family and income.
Despite the fact that all the respondent women are
actively engaged in the skill based work, a vast
majority of them is deprived of formal training. In the
study area alone 95.2% have received no formal
training and have acquired their skills form family
members or neighbors. Only 4.8% of the HBWWs
learnt professional skills from some formal training
institutes. During the FGDs, participants told that
they had no training on the work they were engaged
in. In particular, the embroidery/ Adda workers,
Garment workers, and textile stitching workers have
never undergone any training. The HBWs having
skills in sewing, stitching, embroidery, Ari work, etc
were also among those who were never trained
formally.
On asking if they would take part in any formal train-
ing 84.2% showed their consent while the rest
refused due to mobility issues. The women home
based workers engaged in embroidery/Adda work,
textile and garments also recommended certain
training courses including fashion designing, cutting
and stitching patrons, design development and mar-
keting while women engaged with hosiery sector
(gloves making) shared the need to attend alternative
vocational training courses for their sustainable liveli-
hood.
3.26 Issues and Needs of Trainings
17.80%
82.20%
YES
NO
95.2%
4.8%
YES
NO
84.2%
15.8%
NO
YES

28
Low earning and uncertainty and inconsistency in work
Legal and Social Protection Status
Despite the fact these women working for more than 9 hours a day and also engaging other family
members, majority of HBWWs earn a meager amount of less than 10,000 per month. This is not only
less than a dollar a day (below poverty standard of 1$ a day), but also the minimum wage standard
decided by the Government of Pakistan. Since these women workers are not recognized and regis-
tered, they fall out of the social protection schemes and labor rights. The study has reflects that most
wage-earning home based women workers suffer from inequality of power with the middlemen and
contracting units etc. They have no provisions for medical benefits, paid maternity leave, social securi-
ty, or employee provident fund contributions.
Majority of women (85%) get their work form middle men. The wages and rates for their work are not
decent and do not compensate their time and efforts put in to complete the work. The fear of losing
the work and damaging working relations with the middle men also stops these women to bargain.
A large majority of workers (43%) is involved in the work related to hosiery items (mainly glove making),
a seasonal product. Therefore these women have to look for alternate sources of income when their
work is of less demand.
Such an uncertainly, due to seasonal work nature and dealings with the middle men, affects a sustain-
able monthly income. Such issues badly hamper the household management of these women, who
work solely to contribute to families’ income.
The HBWWs are not protected under any laws since they lack to be acknowledged as workers or
employees under any law. There are no standard rates for the wages they get from the factories and
the middle men. Because of lack of registration anywhere in the government system, they are com-
pelled to work in circumstances where either the middle man or the factory owners exploits them by
giving the amount of work they like and within a wage that they decide, which sometimes becomes
difficult for these poor women to manage. Such a situation compels them to involve other family mem-
bers, even children, to complete their work. Almost 50% of women earn less than 10,000 rupees per
month as a family income where other family members also contribute.
Absence of National Identity Card (NIC) with 60% women is another indicator of their status as
non-registered workers. Lack of CNIC puts them under no regulations unlike the registered employees
who enjoy all the benefits under labour laws of the country. Unregistered status also hinders them from
applying for a loan to a microfinance organization or a bank. The difficult loan application procedures,
complicated process of references and high mark ups also make it difficult for the women to apply for
credit in order to establish their business.
Chapter-4: Major FindingsBased on the data analysis, following are the key findings from the survery:

29
Poor Living Conditions and Workplace Environment
Lack of organization and collective bargaining
Skill development and trainings related realities
In the absence of any health and safety related facilities provided by the factory owners or the govern-
ment or any civil society organization, these women are prone to health hazards. The risk is specifically
higher not because of long hour working (of > 9 hours) hours but also because of poor hygienic condi-
tions and wrong body postures while working. Already, 27% of the interviewed women complained of
muscular pain, 20% of high blood pressure, 18 % backache, 16% eye infections, 7% allergy, 5% respi-
ratory problems and remaining 7% were suffering from T.B, Arthritis and Asthma problems.
The home based working women are not organized in any kind of formal body or structure. Rather,
these women work in small family groups or as an individual. Even if they have some sector based
groups, they are not formally registered anywhere.
Such an unorganized group of highly productive people gets exploited when it comes to getting work
and negotiating or bargaining on wages and time for getting the work done. In case of any violation
against their rights they have no forum to register their complaints or get a legal support that makes
them highly vulnerable in their working environment. This shows that they need to be more organized
and united to fight against discriminatory wage rates and to make their voice heard properly at different
levels starting right from their own home to local government and to the policy making body of the
government as well as to employers and sub-contractors from whom they get works.
Due to lack of significant savings, they prefer working on contract basis instead of having their own
account work and go for collective bargaining.
Although a huge population of young women is involved in this field but 95% of them have not
received any formal training. Usually they learn the required skills for available work from their elders or
the neighbors and lack the modern trends and approaches.
It indicates towards the fact that due to lack of other training opportunities, these women are left with
the only option of learning the same family or community skills and do the same work.
These women live under worst living conditions.
Their houses, that are mostly their workplace,
have limited and all space with only 1 or 2 tiny
rooms with poor ventilation arrangements as
well as inconsistent supply of electricity and fuel
gas due to load shedding. The same house is
used for the family affairs and for the production
and storage of raw materials which is quite
difficult for the family to manage. The situation
becomes even grave particularly in a situation
where almost 50% workers have family struc-
tures with an average of 7-9 family members
living in a 2-3 marla house with tiny rooms. Poor
sewerage, water supply and solid waste man-
agement also make the overall environment
unhygienic and unhealthy for the workers and
their families.
Picture-3: Living Conditions of HBWWs in district Jhang

30
Challenges in accessing raw material and Equipment
Lack of formal training in the given field not only deprives them of the chance to produce modern
designs and bring innovations, they also do not learn the of efficiently producing more within the given
time.
Lack of training and capacity building for developing their management and marketing skills cripples
them from managing their work cycles round the year, managing their budgets, bargain for their work
and also market it effectively to get the appropriate profit margins.
Many of the women have identified the issues of lack of access and unavailability of the markets. This
not only makes it difficult for them to get the desired raw material but also makes it costly for them
when they are to travel a long distance for their purchase. These women require some local places for
raw material purchase within their own vicinity.

31
Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to examine the existing situation of Home based Women Workers
(HBWWs) in the selected areas of the two districts (Faisalabad and Jhang) of Punjab. The research
findings contributed a wealth of information on and insight into the issues and problems of this informal
workforce of the national economy. It also provides an to the available legal and social protection
support structure for HBWWs and their unmet needs at local level.
Based on the findings as mentioned above, it can be concluded that the majority of the home-based
workers encounter all kinds of problems around their livelihood, organization, housing, working envi-
ronment, health and health care, schooling of their children, equipment and tools, insufficient income
and wages, the price of electricity and inflation and irregularity of work. Socioeconomic factors in the
home, community attitudes towards home-based work, and the exploitation of women at home and
society are significant obstacles that must be addressed.
The creation of an enabling legal, social and economic environment is of utmost importance for
empowering these home based women workers in the project area. These could only be possible if
there are responsive policies and laws that will make their working environment facilitative and condu-
cive to the realization of their rights. Through the establishing and strengthening of HBWWs own asso-
ciations and cooperatives, home based workers have more chances of realizing their economic, and
social rights; the improvement of their working and living conditions; the enjoyment of income and
employment security including social protection; and participation in local decision making process.
They need to pay attention to building market links, and promoting economic organizing and commu-
nity based cooperation among poor women.
The study indicates that there is no legal status in informal sector of home-based workers in general
and the HBWWs in particular. Likewise, there has been no translation of the principles of policies as
stated under article 37 and 38 of the Constitution, which provide for social security by compulsory
group life insurance, maternity benefits for women in employment, promotion with special care, educa-
tional and economic interests, training and industrial development in labour policies. Similarly, the
policy research identified a large gap between formal and informal sector in terms of coverage and
actual enforcement of labour laws.
Similarly, in order to ensure decent work standards and benefits for these home based women work-
ers, advocacy campaign should be initiated at local and provincial level to advocate for better laws and
policies to protect workers in informal sector (including their occupational health and safety, social
safety nets for informal workers, issuance of labour laws, and the ratification on ILO’s Home Work Con-
vention- C177etc.).
Chapter-5:
Conclusion & Recommendations

32
As a first step, there is need for a joint strategy among the like-minded organizations working for
home-based workers at the policy making and implementation level in order to advocate and lobby
with the concerned provincial government departments as Labor and Manpower is a provincial subject
(after the passage of 18th Amendment) to ratify the ILO convention 177 and the Katmandu Declaration
to take needed legal measures for providing constitutional protection to the rights of Home based
workers. The Punjab government without further delay must initiate the process of giving necessary
approval to the draft provincial policy for home based workers already submitted by the provincial
Ministry of Labour. Recognition from a provincial government entity will pave the way to hold sessions
for building the momentum with other respective provincial entities so that the imposition and imple-
mentation of the legal protection for the HBWs is on the similar pattern throughout the country.
Giving legal recognition and protection to the women organizations/lobbying groups for home based
workers and giving them opportunities to represent in the government. It will help this highly effective
community to not only represent their efforts and contribution and voice their issues and challenges
but will also help the concerned ministries to pave their ways in this sector with their suggestions and
recommendations to ensure participatory and integrated development in this area.
It should be the responsibility of the Ministry of Women Development (MoWD) to liaise with other
relevant/concerned ministries to escalate and timely address the issues and bring relevant changes in
legislative and administrative laws/action of HBWWs. It can effectively address their need for improving
their education, social status, business expansion and reaching out to domestic and international
market and will also help support to go beyond the traditional industries related to hosiery, textile,
needlework, etc and enter into new arenas.
The government should also make arrangements in this sector for regular researches and present it at
national and international forums to develop an inbuilt system of consistent improvement in this sector
and brining in innovations. One such innovation can be the introduction and setting up of new small
industries that can provide these workers with an option to make choices of their work and it will also
help make the country self-sufficient in small industry products that are being purchased from china
and other neighboring countries to meet the market needs.
The ratification and a legal protection at the higher echelons of decision-making will facilitate to make
inroads in convincing the concerned middlemen, agents and factory owners to enforce the implemen-
tation of policies at their respective ends to enforce safety measures to minimize health hazards, mini-
mum wages and insurance. For providing a conducive environment, there is a need to provide assis-
tance and relief to the HBWWs. The factory owners can play a leading role under the social corporate
responsibility as the provision of access to basic educational needs will also provide a waiver in certain
tax exemptions. For this to materialize, civil society organizations working with the HBWWs need to
sensitize the HBWWs on the importance of building an association that would help them to register
their needs and rights as a collective voice as an organized group.
This can be achieved through a social mobilization drive by the awareness raising and social mobiliza-
tion. The social mobilization drive will act as a stimulus amongst the HBWWs to form a Cooperative
and member based organizations. The cooperative will provide a forum where issues of common
concern can be discussed and a line of action could be drawn with a mutual consensus as people of
At the Policy making level
Setting of Cooperatives of HBWWs for Raising an Organized & Collective Voice
Recommendations

33
the same profession can easily reflect the needs and rights with the concerned. It will also help to circu-
late their products and help them have regular job with regular income.
Moreover, a cooperative will help HBWWs for self-analysis for improvement in skill and other related
matters that could lead to a justified increase in wages and other benefits.
It was observed during the baseline study that most of the HBWWs faced credit constrains. A few of
the HBWs had undertaken micro-credits from the available options of micro-finance institutions. Most
of the HBWs stated that the fulfillment of conditionality to qualify for having access to credit facility
required the submission of CNIC. Most of the HBWWs were not having CNICs. Moreover, the availabili-
ty of credit also required to submit ownership details of a land/ house and many others which were
beyond the reach of HBWWs. Therefore, a mechanism needs to be developed that could link the
HBWs to micro-credit.
Moreover, a comparative analysis of the available micro-credit packages of the micro finance organiza-
tions reflected that there is need for tailor-made packages that are worker friendly. There is a need for
One of the findings of the Baseline study is absence of realization of the importance of skill enhance-
ment. A focused attention through the formation of cooperatives will help promote the importance of
skill enhancement. As a collective entity, the HBWWs will be able to bargain for subsidized rates for
improving their skill level. It is of pivotal importance that a local organization provides their technical
support in undertaking a need assessment for enhancing skill level. As a follow up to the need assess-
ment, the members of the Cooperatives may assemble and discuss with the support of the local orga-
nization as what steps need to be undertaken. The transmission of this message could be done
through interactive theatre performances within the HBWs some of whom may have amateur skill and
a passion of acting. This will provide a source of entertainment and a delivery of message that would
register deep within their hearts. Through the baseline findings, it was identified that the retention of an
employment opportunity does not remain constant with the HBWs. This was attributed to the
mismatch between the employment opportunity and the skill level. Therefore, a local non-governmen-
tal organization needs to operate at many levels. One, at conducting the need assessment, sensitiza-
tion and arousing the desire of improving the skill level as well as provision of skill enhancement oppor-
tunities in the form of mentoring, support on support through conducting sessions, trainings and expo-
sure visit to the market for the HBWWs to ascertain the market demands that could lead to a willing-
ness and a desire for improving the skill level.
Introduction of new opportunities and new sectors and fields would not only provide these workers
with an opportunity to make choices of work of their own interest instead of being compelled for doing
what the family does, but will also result in cutting the monopoly of the local factories and contractors.
It would, in return, provide the government and the industries to expand their business sectors and its
avenues for trade expansion and increasing GDP with cutting down the import of small items and
instead starting their export.
Mainly the fields where these women will need trainings/capacity building workshops/awareness
sessions would be their technical skills related to the work of their interest, management and marketing
skills and the life skills related to their business and also their day to day life, health & hygiene and man-
aging family with an integrated work.
Skill Enhancement
Credit Linkages

34
organizations working for the HBWWs to hold meetings with micro-finance institutions and the Paki-
stan Micro-Finance Network to develop micro-credit packages as per the specific needs of a client
group.
It was seen that a sizeable number of HBWWs of marriageable age group are primary graduates.
During an informal discussion in the context of Baseline Study, a desire was expressed to improve the
level of education but there are many issues to overcome. One is that of the male members of the
household who do not find any value to help improve the educational qualifications. It was also
observed that HBWWs also faced domestic violence as it was customary to demand from their men
folk to be responsible from cooking, washing, taking care of the children and the elderly as well as
attending to day to day family occasions. Often, the HBWWs were found to choose to earn or to
attend to household chores. At times, earning was given preference that also resulted in domestic
violence as the men in their household do not value the meager economic contribution. Therefore,
there is a need to link these HBWWs with a number of organizations that could provide avenues,
opportunities and choices for bringing improvement in their lives and a support in the transformation
of mind set of other household members. It is proposed that counseling sessions, trainings on basic
health and preventive measures to overcome health hazards, distance learning sources, vocational
and technical organizations (for instance: TEVTA), NADRA (for provision of CNIC), women rights orga-
nization and access to market information will bring in the needed quality improvements.
To address their challenges related to their access to raw material the government needs to make
arrangements for establishing depots or markets for providing raw material at nominal rates. Such
arrangements would become even easier after these women are organized because after that they
themselves can make collective efforts to establish such markets and help their community in provid-
ing raw material that is within their reach by all respects.
To market their products in domestic and international markets frequent exhibitions, healthy competi-
tions and expos should be organized that will not only positively affect the quality of the products but
will also being in the traders, exporters, designers, boutiques and people from other relevant fields.
Improved business, export and the quality of products would be its immediate outcomes but gradually
it will enhance the quality of the products, confidence and the skill level of the workers.
Improvement in Status of HBWWs and Sensitizing of Families
for Increased Support
Providing Easy Access to Raw Material and Providing Opportunities
for marketing their Products

35
The current study has revealed that there is a lot of room to explore the life, working conditions and the
overall community of the Home based Women Workers. The data and the ﬁndings emphasize the
need to conduct further researches and studies related to
• the identiﬁcation of issues related to the inconsistency and sustainability of these women’s
work and their suggestions to improvement
• Study of the condition of women after the Provincial Policy of HBWWs is approved and imple-
mented
• Reason of why the entire family and the community is involved in a single work and what they
perceive about having its alternatives because many of them are literate and can do other
kinds of work also
• A dedicated discussion with the workers on how they perceive they can improve their working
environment and income within their own community
• None of the workers are having an experience of more than 4 years that shows a trend of their
leaving this work after a short time. A study can be designed to now its reasons because it may
be because they get tired and cannot continue or there may be temporary reasons that compel
them to work.
Chapter-6:
Areas of Future Research

36
Noreen Akhtar, a young lady of 25 and living in
a small rented house with her husband and his
ﬁve family members has sparkling dreams to
make her life comfortable and enjoy its com-
forts like any other woman. However, she is
not that fortunate to have a supportive envi-
ronment where she can get her efforts cashed
because as a home based worker for needle
work she earns not more than a tiny amount
that hardly meets her day to day needs. Mar-
ried to an unemployed man in a very poor
family she had to use her needle craft/Adda
work skills, she once learned in her teen age
from her mother, to meet the expenses. How-
ever, her skills never could help her earn a
decent income that can meet all her basic needs because initially worked in a stitching school and
used to earn only Rs. 2500 per month but she was bound work outside home from 9 am to 6 pm.
Later due to shifting of house she couldn’t continue her work and worked in a school that could only
pay her Rs. 1000 per month and despite of remaining out of her home and working all the day round
she was even unable to pay the house rent. It compelled her to leave her schools job and work at
home using her earlier learned skill of needle work. By getting some work through some reference she
now is creating beautiful pieces of needle work paying her 400-500 per piece and sometimes a single
piece takes a week long time. Although she is not happy with this rate but she is bound because of
the middle men with whom she can’t bargain for having fear of losing her work. She knows that these
beautiful dresses she prepares especially the bridal ones are sold between 8000 to 15000 per piece
and her skills are being exploited but she has no way out and continues with what is available.
Noreen is one of the millions of HBWWs who know that they are being exploited, who know that that
skills worth more than what they are being paid with but still they have to bear with it for having no other
choices and no forum to complain and hope for their support and protection.
Chapter-7: Case Studies
Masterpieces and Miseries
Case Study -1

37
Reactions to the socio-economic constraints
are handled in a varied manner from individual
to individual. Ms. Rukshana Farooq is one
such unsung hero who was in the grip of
poverty but faced the situation with a focused
attention to lessen the impact of low income of
her father since the age of 12. She was living
in a slum area of Karachi with 5 brothers and 2
sisters. To help her father, Ms. Rukshana was
able to contribute Rs. 1500 for embroidery on
a shirt (filling on neckline and sleeves) and a
dupatta through the application of Balochi and
Sindhi embroidery stitches (that is labor inten-
sive and needs eye and hand concentration
for very long hours). This was her pattern of life
to receive orders and support her father to shoulder the household needs.
At the age of 21, Ms. Rukshana was married. She did not intend to work. The life after marriage soon
compelled her to find work. Her husband was able to earn Rs. 5000 and that too was not on regular
basis. Two things had changed in her life after marriage. Ms. Rukshana was living at Islam Nagar,
district Faisalabad in a rented house. She could not keep a blind eye to the needs of her family of two
daughters and a son. Ms. Rukshana was not familiar with the available opportunities nor acquainted
with anyone to find Ada work for earning. In the pursuit of finding a decent living on a regular basis, she
came across a woman who gave her 50% in advance and promised to hand over the remaining
amount upon completion of the work. The order got completed and she was hoping to receive the
remaining 50 % of the amount.
To her despair, Ms. Rukshana soon found out that the initial order of work upon exchanging informa-
tion with other women in the neighborhood made her realize that it will be in vain despite a follow up
on the contact number of the woman giving her the initial work. Ms. Rukshana was disappointed but
she was not in a situation to remain without work for long. Therefore, she started exploring and inquir-
ing from other women form the neighborhood about the options available to find work on regular
wages. To which, Ms. Rukshana got the options of working of making fancy dresses and needlework
on shirts. She readily took the two options to make both ends meet.
Ms. Rukshana is able to earn Rs. 1500-2000 per dress and for the needlework on a shirt; she is able
to earn Rs. 150-200. The raw material in the making of the fancy dresses and the shirt had to taken
care of by Rukshana which consumes lot of her time. For purchasing the raw material, she had to visit
the local Anarkali market from Islam Nagar .Though, Ms. Rukshana is not happy with the piece wage
but she had no other alternative option to fall back upon. At times, the flow of work is not on regular
basis which puts a lot of strain as to how will Ms. Rukshana be able to cope in meeting the needs of
her family and to add to her husband's meager and irregular income.
Ms. Rukhsana Farooq, HBWW, ADA WORK
Case Study - 2

38
At the age of 36, Shahida Perveen is working
to meet the household expenses for the last
five years in the hosiery sector. She has four
daughters and a son. Her husband is a daily
wager who is able to earn Rs. 7000 per
month. This made her to look around her
vicinity to find work within her reach. Shahida,
like other needy women of Salmania Colony,
GM Abad Faisalabad found through the
services of a middle man a machine to deliver
orders in glove making. To accomplish the
glove making (stitching and holding), orders,
Shahida is supported by her 70 year old moth-
er-in-law and one of her school going daugh-
ter. She is operating through her one room
which is shared by all family members with a small verandah.
Though, Shahida does not enjoy good health but her family need compels her to work at an average
of 10-15 hours a day. As a result of 10-15 hours work, she is able to complete 50 dozens of glove
stitching and folding. The middleman pays her Rs. 5 per dozen. On average, Shahida contributes Rs.
5000-6000 per month to her family income. On timely delivery of the order, the middleman contributes
Rs. 200 as the electricity bill. This is not always the norm. As. Shahida has a rented machine which is
at times out of order. In order to repair, she has to pay from her meager resources which make it difficult
to deliver the order on time. This further aggravates her situation as she has to pay for the electricity
bill of Rs. 200. Shahida had brought the matter to the middleman to help her find a machine in a better
working condition. Instead of facilitation, the middleman threatens her that she will not be provided
with further orders. In such a context, Shahida Perveen is bearing with the situation so that the given
opportunity at hand is not seized. Shahida believes in the dignity of work and the embedded benefit of
having access to social security (health and education) for the members of her household.
Ms.Shahida (Hosiery Sector- Gloves Making)
Case Study - 3

39
Situation Analysis of HBWWs in Faisalabad & Jhang Districts-Pakistan
Baseline Assessment
Respondent Code:
Questionnaire Form
Name Father’s Name/
Husband’s
Name
D.o.B / Age Marital Status  Un-Married
 Married
 Divorced/Separated
 Widow
Address Phone No.
Cell No.
UC No.
/Name &
Town
What is
monthly
income of your
family?
 4000-7000
 7001-10,000
 10,001-above
Qualification
:
 Illiterate
 Primary
 Middle
 Metric
 Inter
 Others_______________
Family
Structure
 Nuclear
 Joint
 Extended
Total No. of
Family
Members
Male_____________
Female___________
No. of
Children and
their ages
Boy_____
 <5
 5-10
 10-15
 >15
Girl_______
 <5
 5-10
 10-15
 >15
No. of school
going children
Boy_____
 <5
 5-10
 10-15
 >15
Girl_______
 <5
 5-10
 10-15
 >15
Do you Have CNIC.
 Yes
 No
House type  Owned
 Rented (Rent/month):______
 Shared
Total area of
House in
marlas
________________________
____
________________________
____
Total No. of
rooms
available at
home
 1
 2
 3
 >3
Where do you
usually work
in your Home
District:

40
Are you
satisfied
with your
working
place?
 Yes
 No
(If No),
Why_______________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Do you want
to improve
your working
place?
 Yes
 No
(If No),
why__________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Do you have
the basic
domestic
facilities at
your home
 Electricity
 Drinking water
 Gas
 Sewerage
What Type of work do you do for earning?
Work
categories?
 Home Textile
 Hosiery Products
 Needle Crafts
 Garment stitching
 Woolen weaving Articles
 Any other_______________
Nature of
Work in
Home
Textile
sector
Cutting;
 Quilts
 Curtains
 Bed covers
 Bed sheets
 Napkins
 Kitchen wares
 Cushions
 Any
other_____________
Stitching;
 Quilts
 Curtains
 Bed covers
 Bed sheets
 Napkins
 Kitchen wares
 Cushions
 Any
other___________
Packing;
 Quilts
 Curtains
 Bed covers
 Bed sheets
 Napkins
 Kitchen wares
 Cushions
 Any
other_______
Nature of
Work in
Hosiery
Products
Cutting;
 Socks
 gloves
 vest
 Under-garments
 Shirts/Trouser
 Any other___________
Stitching;
 Socks
 gloves
 vest
 Under-garments
 Shirts/Trouser
 Any
other___________
Packing;
 Socks
 gloves
 vest
 Under-
garments
 Shirts/Trouser
 Any
other_______
Nature of
work in Craft
industry
 Needle craft
 Hand Embroidery
 Adda work
 Lace making
 Any other_______________
Nature of work
in Garment
sector
 Boutique work
 Kids Garments
 Sewing clothes
 Any other____________
Nature of
work in
Woolen
weaving
Articles
 Carpet
 Darria
 Khase
 Baan
 Any other________________
Any other ________________________
________________________
________________________

41
Are you
satisfied
with your
work?
 Yes
 No
(If No),
Why_______________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Who gives you
work order?
 Factory owner
 Contractor/ Middle
person/ shopkeeper
 Any
other_____________
Name___________________
Contact
Detail:________________
Do you get
work
regularly
and easily?
 Yes
 No
(If No), Why___________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Do you have
same work
throughout
the year/or
change
according to
the season?
 Yes
 No
What is your
average
income?
 Daily Rs.____________
 Weekly Rs. __________
 Monthly Rs. _________
 Any other______________
What is the
schedule of
payment of
wages
 Daily
 Weekly
 Monthly
 Any
other_____________
Do you get
wages in
time?
 Yes
 No
(If No),reasons_________________
_____________________________
Do you
usually
bargain with
sub-
contractor/
middle person
/ factory
owner for
increased
wages?
 Yes
 No
(If Yes), to whom you talked?
________________________
(If No), why didn’t you ask?
________________________
________________________
Are you
satisfied
with the
current
wages?
 Yes
 No
(If No), Why___________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Have your
earnings
brought some
changes in
your
household?
 Yes
 No
(If Yes), what are those
changes?
________________________
________________________
Do you save
some
money?
 Yes
 No
(If Yes), how much you save?
__________
What were the
reasons to
start up a
business?
________________________
_______
________________________
_______
________________________
_______
Does your
husband
commit
violence to
you
 Yes
 No
(If yes) How ___________
Do you
report?
 None
 Family member
 Friends
 UC office
 Police station
 Any
other___________

42
Are you registered with any organization?
 Yes
 No
(if Yes), name and address
_________________________
_________________________
(If No), are you interested to register some one?
__________________________
Did you get abovementioned facilities?
 Social security
 Employed old age benefits institute-EOBI
 Health card
 Any other___________
Do you
know the
detail of the
Govt.
programs
for the poor
 Yes
 No
(if Yes),Where you get this information
______________________________
Did you get
any facilitation
from these
programmes?
 Yes
 No
(if Yes),Please mentioned the
Name
Did you
ever took
loan for
Work? Tell
the details
of
The loan?
 Yes
 No
(If Yes), Where and how much?
____________________________
____________________________
What were the
problems you
faced during
loaning
 Financial collateral
 Guarantee
 Complicated and
delay loaning
procedure
 Any other__________
If you have
not taken
any loan, do
you like to
apply for a
loan?
 Yes
 No
(If Yes), how much loan will help you?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Do you have any of the following diseases
 None
 T.B
 Skin allergy
 Asthma
 Respiratory problems
 Arthritis
 Muscular pain
 Eye infection
 Blood pressure
 Back boon pain
 Muscular pain
 Diabetes
 Any other_________________

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