Esophageal webs are thin mucosal membranes that project into the esophageal lumen, causing constriction. They more commonly occur in the cervical esophagus near the cricopharyngeus muscle. Associations include Plummer-Vinson syndrome, graft-versus-host disease, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. On barium swallows, esophageal webs appear as smooth tapered concentric narrowing in the cervical esophagus.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can be seen on a barium swallow exam. It describes abnormalities of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, including cricopharyngeal achalasia. It also discusses esophageal peristalsis abnormalities like tertiary contractions and diffuse esophageal spasm. Other topics covered include achalasia, esophageal rings, diverticula, hernias, esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, infectious esophagitis, acute esophageal syndromes, leiomyomas, malignant tumors, varices, foreign bodies, and complications. Images are provided to illustrate many of the pathologies.
This document provides information about a barium swallow procedure. It discusses:
1. A barium swallow examines the esophagus and stomach using barium sulfate as a contrast agent. It can detect conditions like dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, and tumors.
2. The procedure involves giving the patient barium suspensions to swallow in various positions so that constrictions, sphincters, and motility can be evaluated.
3. Findings of common esophageal conditions are described such as webs, rings, hernias, varices and motility disorders. Complications of the test like barium leakage are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of intestinal volvulus including gastric, small bowel, large bowel, and combinations. Gastric volvulus is classified as organoaxial or mesenteroaxial depending on the axis of rotation. Small bowel volvulus often occurs due to midgut malrotation. Large bowel volvulus commonly affects the cecum or sigmoid colon. Sigmoid volvulus is the most common type of large bowel volvulus and presents as an inverted U-shape on imaging. Cecal volvulus results from torsion of the cecum around its own mesentery.
1. Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestine is blocked, which can be caused by adhesions, hernias, tumors, gallstones, or volvulus. It presents with abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation.
2. Prolonged obstruction leads to dilation of the intestine above the blockage. Fluid and gas accumulate, and the intestine may become ischemic if blood flow is compromised. Dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities can develop.
3. Strangulation occurs when the blood supply to the intestine is cut off, which can lead to tissue death. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications from ischemia.
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It defines two types - pharyngeal dysphagia involving coughing or food getting stuck in the mouth, and esophageal dysphagia where food gets stuck lower down. Common causes include GERD, esophageal cancer, foreign bodies, infections, and structural issues. Rare causes involve motility disorders, congenital anomalies, neurological issues, and injuries. Evaluation involves endoscopy, imaging, and functional testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dilation, surgery, or medications.
This document provides an overview of techniques for examining the abdomen through inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Key points covered include assessing the shape and movements of the abdomen, palpating the liver, gallbladder, spleen and kidneys, using percussion to define organ boundaries, and listening for bowel sounds, succussion splash, bruits, venous hum, and friction rubs over the abdomen. The document serves as a guide for medical students to perform a thorough physical examination of the abdomen.
This document discusses various radiological findings related to esophageal lesions and diseases. It describes abnormalities seen in conditions such as achalasia, diverticula, varices, hernias, infections, strictures, tumors, and vascular anomalies. Key findings mentioned include dilated esophagus in candida esophagitis, serpiginous filling defects of esophageal varices, long strictures after corrosive injury, and indentation of the esophagus by vascular anomalies.
This document summarizes various pathologies that can be seen on a barium swallow exam. It describes abnormalities of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, including cricopharyngeal achalasia. It also discusses esophageal peristalsis abnormalities like tertiary contractions and diffuse esophageal spasm. Other topics covered include achalasia, esophageal rings, diverticula, hernias, esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, infectious esophagitis, acute esophageal syndromes, leiomyomas, malignant tumors, varices, foreign bodies, and complications. Images are provided to illustrate many of the pathologies.
This document provides information about a barium swallow procedure. It discusses:
1. A barium swallow examines the esophagus and stomach using barium sulfate as a contrast agent. It can detect conditions like dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, and tumors.
2. The procedure involves giving the patient barium suspensions to swallow in various positions so that constrictions, sphincters, and motility can be evaluated.
3. Findings of common esophageal conditions are described such as webs, rings, hernias, varices and motility disorders. Complications of the test like barium leakage are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of intestinal volvulus including gastric, small bowel, large bowel, and combinations. Gastric volvulus is classified as organoaxial or mesenteroaxial depending on the axis of rotation. Small bowel volvulus often occurs due to midgut malrotation. Large bowel volvulus commonly affects the cecum or sigmoid colon. Sigmoid volvulus is the most common type of large bowel volvulus and presents as an inverted U-shape on imaging. Cecal volvulus results from torsion of the cecum around its own mesentery.
1. Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestine is blocked, which can be caused by adhesions, hernias, tumors, gallstones, or volvulus. It presents with abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation.
2. Prolonged obstruction leads to dilation of the intestine above the blockage. Fluid and gas accumulate, and the intestine may become ischemic if blood flow is compromised. Dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities can develop.
3. Strangulation occurs when the blood supply to the intestine is cut off, which can lead to tissue death. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications from ischemia.
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It defines two types - pharyngeal dysphagia involving coughing or food getting stuck in the mouth, and esophageal dysphagia where food gets stuck lower down. Common causes include GERD, esophageal cancer, foreign bodies, infections, and structural issues. Rare causes involve motility disorders, congenital anomalies, neurological issues, and injuries. Evaluation involves endoscopy, imaging, and functional testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dilation, surgery, or medications.
This document provides an overview of techniques for examining the abdomen through inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Key points covered include assessing the shape and movements of the abdomen, palpating the liver, gallbladder, spleen and kidneys, using percussion to define organ boundaries, and listening for bowel sounds, succussion splash, bruits, venous hum, and friction rubs over the abdomen. The document serves as a guide for medical students to perform a thorough physical examination of the abdomen.
This document discusses various radiological findings related to esophageal lesions and diseases. It describes abnormalities seen in conditions such as achalasia, diverticula, varices, hernias, infections, strictures, tumors, and vascular anomalies. Key findings mentioned include dilated esophagus in candida esophagitis, serpiginous filling defects of esophageal varices, long strictures after corrosive injury, and indentation of the esophagus by vascular anomalies.
Volvulus is the twisting of a segment of bowel around its mesenteric axis, which can cause partial or complete bowel obstruction. Sigmoid volvulus is the most common type, where the redundant sigmoid colon twists upon itself, cutting off blood flow. It typically affects middle-aged or elderly individuals with chronic constipation or psychiatric/neurological conditions. Clinically, it presents with severe abdominal cramping and distension. Diagnosis is usually made through x-ray showing a distended loop in the left lower abdomen. Treatment involves passing a rectal tube via sigmoidoscopy to decompress the bowel. Surgery is needed if signs of strangulation are present.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of esophageal lesions.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the radiological imaging features of various esophageal lesions and conditions. It provides over 40 images showing examples of esophageal rings, achalasia, diverticula, varices, hernias, infections, strictures, tumors, vascular anomalies and other esophageal pathologies. For each condition, it describes the typical radiographic findings and appearances seen on imaging studies like barium swallows.
Presentation main surgery 123456nhnhnhnahkoHardikSiwach1
1. The document describes various abnormalities or anomalies of the oesophagus known as "bizarre oesophagus". These include conditions like esophageal webs, rings, diverticula, achalasia, and Barrett's esophagus.
2. Esophageal webs are thin membranes in the esophagus that cause narrowing and difficulty swallowing. Achalasia is a condition where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly, causing difficulty swallowing and food regurgitation.
3. The document provides details on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these different conditions of the bizarre oesophagus.
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its definition, types, causes, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Intestinal obstruction can be dynamic, caused by mechanical blockage, or adynamic, where peristalsis is absent. Common causes include adhesions, tumors, hernias, and fecal impaction. Clinical exam and imaging help evaluate for mechanical obstruction or paralytic ileus. Treatment involves relieving the obstruction through surgery if needed, along with supportive measures like IV fluids and nasogastric decompression.
This document provides information on barium studies used to examine the gastrointestinal tract, including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of esophageal constriction. It discusses indications, contraindications, and techniques for various barium studies and how they are used to diagnose conditions like esophageal webs, Achalasia, hiatal hernia, gastric ulcer, and colorectal cancer. Radiographic images demonstrate abnormalities seen on barium exams.
Gastric outlet obstruction has various causes, both benign and malignant. Benign causes include peptic ulcer disease and gastric polyps, while pancreatic cancer is the most common malignant cause. Patients present with non-bilious vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. Diagnosis involves imaging studies and endoscopy. Treatment involves rehydration, nutritional support, and surgery if medical management fails or for malignant obstructions. Surgical options include vagotomy with gastrojejunostomy. Complications can include perforation from endoscopic procedures or anastomotic leak from surgery due to patient malnutrition.
The document discusses various pathologies that can affect the pharynx and esophagus. It describes several types of pharyngeal and esophageal diverticula caused by impaired cricopharyngeus relaxation or weakness in the pharyngeal wall. It also discusses esophageal motility disorders like achalasia characterized by the absence of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Other topics covered include esophagitis, strictures, rings, tumors and the diagnostic findings associated with these conditions on imaging studies like barium swallow.
various congenital gastrointestinal diseases manifesting in childhood or even in adults, their radiographic findings on various imaging modalities such as radiograph, barium, ultrasound etc.
Presentation1, radiological imaging of barium studies.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various radiographic procedures used to examine the esophagus and surrounding structures, including barium swallows, upper GI series, and barium enemas. It provides details on normal esophageal anatomy and appearances, as well as many pathological conditions that can affect the esophagus such as achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and hiatal hernias. Images demonstrate examples of normal esophagus examinations along with abnormalities.
This document discusses various gastrointestinal conditions seen in neonates and infants that may require imaging evaluation. It describes the clinical presentations and key radiographic findings of conditions such as esophageal atresia, pyloric stenosis, intestinal atresias and obstructions, malrotation, intussusception, and Meckel's diverticulum. Imaging modalities discussed include radiography, upper GI studies, ultrasound, CT, and nuclear medicine scans. The document provides an overview of the imaging approach and features that help characterize many common neonatal gastrointestinal pathologies.
This document discusses intestinal malrotation, which occurs due to abnormal intestinal rotation and fixation during development. It describes the normal stages of intestinal rotation and fixation. Rotational disorders include nonrotation, incomplete rotation, and reverse rotation. Clinical manifestations include acute midgut volvulus in infants and chronic symptoms in older children. Radiologic imaging plays a key role in diagnosis. Treatment involves reducing recurrence of volvulus through the Ladd's procedure to divide abnormal bands and fix the intestine in normal positions.
The document provides information about barium meal examinations, including indications, contraindications, preparation, techniques, and findings. It describes single contrast and double contrast barium meal studies. Key points include:
- Barium meal examines the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum through oral administration of barium contrast.
- Indications include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, and suspected masses or malignancies.
- Contraindications include suspected perforation and recent biopsies.
- Single contrast visually assesses anatomy while double contrast enhances mucosal details through added gas contrast.
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities like ulcers,
This document discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It describes GERD as occurring when reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms or complications. The pathogenesis of GERD involves an imbalance between defensive factors that protect the esophagus and aggressive factors like gastric acid that reflux from the stomach. Defensive factors include the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal motility, the diaphragm, and stomach function. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are a major mechanism for acid reflux. Symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, laryngeal and pulmonary issues. Tests to diagnose GERD include questionnaires
Esophageal diseases .pdf by university of kufa college of medicinezahraa934924
This document provides information on various esophageal diseases. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and function of the esophagus. It then discusses specific conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infectious esophagitis, corrosive esophagitis, pills esophagitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm. For each condition, it provides details on pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and complications. The document also includes tables of contents and section headings to organize the various topics.
The document discusses hiatal hernia, which occurs when part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm. It outlines the causes, symptoms, diagnosis through imaging and endoscopy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options including medication, surgery to repair the diaphragm and prevent reflux, and post-operative care. The prognosis is generally good if the hernia is repaired and complications like aspiration pneumonia are managed.
Barium meal ppt presentation is very important for radiology resident , radiologist and radiographers. this slide contents lots of barium image and technique, position, indication and modification and lots of information. this presentation help alot thanks .
Group 4 dysphagia 2016 version 3.1 validatedDennis Lee
This document discusses dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) including its anatomy, physiology, causes, investigation, and management. It covers the anatomy of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The physiology section describes the three phases of swallowing - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Common causes of dysphagia include presbyphagia, laryngopharyngeal reflux, xerostomia, tonsillitis, epiglottitis, oropharyngeal/hypopharyngeal malignancies, and pharyngeal pouches. Investigations include endoscopy, barium swallow, and manometry. Management is tailored based on the cause and resource availability,
Intestinal obstruction can occur in the small or large intestine from mechanical or paralytic causes. Diagnosis is suspected clinically based on abdominal pain, distension, nausea, vomiting, and constipation and is confirmed with imaging which can also determine the cause and level of obstruction. Plain radiography can show bowel dilation and air-fluid levels to confirm obstruction. Further tests may indicate complications like strangulation requiring urgent surgery.
This presentation explains in detail the definition, pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, management, and prognosis of intestinal obstruction, ileus, and volvulus.
1. The document summarizes radiological findings related to the gastrointestinal system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and biliary system.
2. Key abnormalities that can be identified on imaging of the esophagus include strictures, filling defects, dilatation, varices, webs, and diverticula. Common stomach abnormalities seen on barium meal include ulcers, filling defects, narrowing, thick folds, and outlet obstruction.
3. The small intestine and large intestine can demonstrate abnormalities such as Crohn's disease, tumors, obstruction, and inflammation. Imaging of the liver reveals masses, cirrhosis, fatty changes, and abnormalities of the biliary
The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. A typical vertebra has a vertebral body and arch enclosing the vertebral foramen through which the spinal cord passes. The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves and is composed of gray and white matter. It transmits sensory information up the posterior columns and motor commands down tracts like the corticospinal tract. Injuries can cause syndromes like complete transection with bilateral deficits or Brown-Sequard with unilateral deficits depending on the location and extent of damage.
The document describes the various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled spaces, or cisterns, within the subarachnoid space. It details both supra-tentorial and infra-tentorial cisterns, providing their locations, contents such as vessels and cranial nerves, and anatomical relationships. Key cisterns mentioned include the cistern of the lamina terminalis, chiasmatic cistern, interpeduncular cistern, prepontine cistern, cisterna magna, and cerebellopontine angle cistern. The cisterns form a interconnected network facilitating CSF circulation within the subarachnoid space.
Volvulus is the twisting of a segment of bowel around its mesenteric axis, which can cause partial or complete bowel obstruction. Sigmoid volvulus is the most common type, where the redundant sigmoid colon twists upon itself, cutting off blood flow. It typically affects middle-aged or elderly individuals with chronic constipation or psychiatric/neurological conditions. Clinically, it presents with severe abdominal cramping and distension. Diagnosis is usually made through x-ray showing a distended loop in the left lower abdomen. Treatment involves passing a rectal tube via sigmoidoscopy to decompress the bowel. Surgery is needed if signs of strangulation are present.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of esophageal lesions.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the radiological imaging features of various esophageal lesions and conditions. It provides over 40 images showing examples of esophageal rings, achalasia, diverticula, varices, hernias, infections, strictures, tumors, vascular anomalies and other esophageal pathologies. For each condition, it describes the typical radiographic findings and appearances seen on imaging studies like barium swallows.
Presentation main surgery 123456nhnhnhnahkoHardikSiwach1
1. The document describes various abnormalities or anomalies of the oesophagus known as "bizarre oesophagus". These include conditions like esophageal webs, rings, diverticula, achalasia, and Barrett's esophagus.
2. Esophageal webs are thin membranes in the esophagus that cause narrowing and difficulty swallowing. Achalasia is a condition where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly, causing difficulty swallowing and food regurgitation.
3. The document provides details on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these different conditions of the bizarre oesophagus.
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its definition, types, causes, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Intestinal obstruction can be dynamic, caused by mechanical blockage, or adynamic, where peristalsis is absent. Common causes include adhesions, tumors, hernias, and fecal impaction. Clinical exam and imaging help evaluate for mechanical obstruction or paralytic ileus. Treatment involves relieving the obstruction through surgery if needed, along with supportive measures like IV fluids and nasogastric decompression.
This document provides information on barium studies used to examine the gastrointestinal tract, including barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow through, and barium enema. It describes the anatomy of the esophagus and locations of esophageal constriction. It discusses indications, contraindications, and techniques for various barium studies and how they are used to diagnose conditions like esophageal webs, Achalasia, hiatal hernia, gastric ulcer, and colorectal cancer. Radiographic images demonstrate abnormalities seen on barium exams.
Gastric outlet obstruction has various causes, both benign and malignant. Benign causes include peptic ulcer disease and gastric polyps, while pancreatic cancer is the most common malignant cause. Patients present with non-bilious vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. Diagnosis involves imaging studies and endoscopy. Treatment involves rehydration, nutritional support, and surgery if medical management fails or for malignant obstructions. Surgical options include vagotomy with gastrojejunostomy. Complications can include perforation from endoscopic procedures or anastomotic leak from surgery due to patient malnutrition.
The document discusses various pathologies that can affect the pharynx and esophagus. It describes several types of pharyngeal and esophageal diverticula caused by impaired cricopharyngeus relaxation or weakness in the pharyngeal wall. It also discusses esophageal motility disorders like achalasia characterized by the absence of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Other topics covered include esophagitis, strictures, rings, tumors and the diagnostic findings associated with these conditions on imaging studies like barium swallow.
various congenital gastrointestinal diseases manifesting in childhood or even in adults, their radiographic findings on various imaging modalities such as radiograph, barium, ultrasound etc.
Presentation1, radiological imaging of barium studies.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various radiographic procedures used to examine the esophagus and surrounding structures, including barium swallows, upper GI series, and barium enemas. It provides details on normal esophageal anatomy and appearances, as well as many pathological conditions that can affect the esophagus such as achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and hiatal hernias. Images demonstrate examples of normal esophagus examinations along with abnormalities.
This document discusses various gastrointestinal conditions seen in neonates and infants that may require imaging evaluation. It describes the clinical presentations and key radiographic findings of conditions such as esophageal atresia, pyloric stenosis, intestinal atresias and obstructions, malrotation, intussusception, and Meckel's diverticulum. Imaging modalities discussed include radiography, upper GI studies, ultrasound, CT, and nuclear medicine scans. The document provides an overview of the imaging approach and features that help characterize many common neonatal gastrointestinal pathologies.
This document discusses intestinal malrotation, which occurs due to abnormal intestinal rotation and fixation during development. It describes the normal stages of intestinal rotation and fixation. Rotational disorders include nonrotation, incomplete rotation, and reverse rotation. Clinical manifestations include acute midgut volvulus in infants and chronic symptoms in older children. Radiologic imaging plays a key role in diagnosis. Treatment involves reducing recurrence of volvulus through the Ladd's procedure to divide abnormal bands and fix the intestine in normal positions.
The document provides information about barium meal examinations, including indications, contraindications, preparation, techniques, and findings. It describes single contrast and double contrast barium meal studies. Key points include:
- Barium meal examines the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum through oral administration of barium contrast.
- Indications include abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, anemia, and suspected masses or malignancies.
- Contraindications include suspected perforation and recent biopsies.
- Single contrast visually assesses anatomy while double contrast enhances mucosal details through added gas contrast.
- Findings are evaluated for abnormalities like ulcers,
This document discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It describes GERD as occurring when reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms or complications. The pathogenesis of GERD involves an imbalance between defensive factors that protect the esophagus and aggressive factors like gastric acid that reflux from the stomach. Defensive factors include the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal motility, the diaphragm, and stomach function. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are a major mechanism for acid reflux. Symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, laryngeal and pulmonary issues. Tests to diagnose GERD include questionnaires
Esophageal diseases .pdf by university of kufa college of medicinezahraa934924
This document provides information on various esophageal diseases. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and function of the esophagus. It then discusses specific conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infectious esophagitis, corrosive esophagitis, pills esophagitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm. For each condition, it provides details on pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and complications. The document also includes tables of contents and section headings to organize the various topics.
The document discusses hiatal hernia, which occurs when part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm. It outlines the causes, symptoms, diagnosis through imaging and endoscopy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options including medication, surgery to repair the diaphragm and prevent reflux, and post-operative care. The prognosis is generally good if the hernia is repaired and complications like aspiration pneumonia are managed.
Barium meal ppt presentation is very important for radiology resident , radiologist and radiographers. this slide contents lots of barium image and technique, position, indication and modification and lots of information. this presentation help alot thanks .
Group 4 dysphagia 2016 version 3.1 validatedDennis Lee
This document discusses dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) including its anatomy, physiology, causes, investigation, and management. It covers the anatomy of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The physiology section describes the three phases of swallowing - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Common causes of dysphagia include presbyphagia, laryngopharyngeal reflux, xerostomia, tonsillitis, epiglottitis, oropharyngeal/hypopharyngeal malignancies, and pharyngeal pouches. Investigations include endoscopy, barium swallow, and manometry. Management is tailored based on the cause and resource availability,
Intestinal obstruction can occur in the small or large intestine from mechanical or paralytic causes. Diagnosis is suspected clinically based on abdominal pain, distension, nausea, vomiting, and constipation and is confirmed with imaging which can also determine the cause and level of obstruction. Plain radiography can show bowel dilation and air-fluid levels to confirm obstruction. Further tests may indicate complications like strangulation requiring urgent surgery.
This presentation explains in detail the definition, pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, management, and prognosis of intestinal obstruction, ileus, and volvulus.
1. The document summarizes radiological findings related to the gastrointestinal system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and biliary system.
2. Key abnormalities that can be identified on imaging of the esophagus include strictures, filling defects, dilatation, varices, webs, and diverticula. Common stomach abnormalities seen on barium meal include ulcers, filling defects, narrowing, thick folds, and outlet obstruction.
3. The small intestine and large intestine can demonstrate abnormalities such as Crohn's disease, tumors, obstruction, and inflammation. Imaging of the liver reveals masses, cirrhosis, fatty changes, and abnormalities of the biliary
The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. A typical vertebra has a vertebral body and arch enclosing the vertebral foramen through which the spinal cord passes. The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves and is composed of gray and white matter. It transmits sensory information up the posterior columns and motor commands down tracts like the corticospinal tract. Injuries can cause syndromes like complete transection with bilateral deficits or Brown-Sequard with unilateral deficits depending on the location and extent of damage.
The document describes the various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled spaces, or cisterns, within the subarachnoid space. It details both supra-tentorial and infra-tentorial cisterns, providing their locations, contents such as vessels and cranial nerves, and anatomical relationships. Key cisterns mentioned include the cistern of the lamina terminalis, chiasmatic cistern, interpeduncular cistern, prepontine cistern, cisterna magna, and cerebellopontine angle cistern. The cisterns form a interconnected network facilitating CSF circulation within the subarachnoid space.
This document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the brain as seen on MR imaging. It describes the central sulcus, ventricular system, limbic system, and white matter. It then details the axial, sagittal, and coronal views of the brain and lists over 100 structures and their 3D localization within the brain.
The document discusses various congenital anomalies of the pancreas including annular pancreas, pancreas divisum, ectopic pancreatic tissue, horseshoe pancreas, and variations in pancreatic ductal anatomy. It describes the embryological development of the pancreas and defines important anatomical structures such as the pancreatic ducts. Imaging features of different pancreatic anomalies on modalities like CT, MRI, ERCP, and ultrasound are provided.
CT guided FNAC is a simple and minimally invasive technique for obtaining tissue samples from complex lung lesions for diagnosis. A study of 28 patients found CT guided FNAC to have a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100% for diagnosing malignancy. Complications occurred in 3 patients (12.5%) and were minor and self-resolving. CT guided FNAC is shown to be an effective and safe outpatient procedure for evaluating pulmonary nodules and masses.
CT guided FNAC is a simple and effective technique for diagnosing complex pulmonary lesions. In a study of 28 patients, CT guided FNAC had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100% for diagnosing malignancy. CT scanning alone had sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 83.3% for malignancy. Complications occurred in 3 patients (12.5%) and were minor and resolved with conservative treatment. The study concluded that CT guided FNAC is a highly sensitive and specific technique for characterizing pulmonary lesions.
The document discusses various presacral lesions that can be seen on imaging. It describes the anatomy of the presacral space and then covers conditions with osteochondral origin like giant cell tumor and Ewing sarcoma. Neurogenic conditions such as neurofibromas, schwannomas, and perineural cysts are also discussed. Other lesions mentioned include dural ectasia and anterior myelomeningoceles. For each condition, the document provides details on clinical features, imaging appearance on modalities like CT and MRI, and examples of imaging findings.
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by non-caseating granulomas. It most commonly affects the lungs, presenting radiographically as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in 50% of cases and pulmonary nodules in 30-50% of cases. Other involved organs include the eyes, skin, and heart. On CT, it demonstrates enlarged lymph nodes and pulmonary nodules distributed along the bronchovascular bundles. Late stage disease can develop pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis can also involve bones, presenting as cystic lesions in the hands. Neurosarcoidosis manifests as leptomeningeal enhancement or intracranial masses.
The document describes various signs seen on imaging of the respiratory system. It defines signs such as the signet ring sign seen on CT scans of the lungs, the finger-in-glove appearance seen in allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis, and the continuous diaphragm sign seen in pneumomediastinum where air outlines the entire diaphragm. It also provides details on other signs like the halo sign associated with hemorrhagic nodules, the reversed halo sign, and tree-in-bud appearance seen in conditions like tuberculosis.
1. The document defines and describes solitary pulmonary nodules, providing details on measurements, characteristics, and imaging features that help determine if a nodule is benign or malignant.
2. Malignant nodules are more likely to be larger in size, irregular or spiculated in shape, located in the upper lobes, and demonstrate rapid growth. Benign nodules often have fat, calcification, or show long-term stability.
3. Guidelines are provided for follow-up of solid versus subsolid nodules based on size, with smaller or stable nodules requiring less frequent follow-up, and suspicious nodules warranting further evaluation including PET scans or biopsy.
The parathyroid glands are located posterior to the thyroid gland in the neck. Parathyroid adenomas, the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, enhance vividly on arterial phase CT then wash out rapidly on delayed phase with low attenuation on non-contrast images. Localizing the adenoma precisely with 4D CT guides focused surgical treatment through a small incision. The characteristic enhancement pattern and morphology help identify ectopic adenomas located during fetal development in the mediastinum.
This document provides an overview of brain anatomy including:
1. It describes the MRI appearance of different brain tissues and structures including white matter, fat, CSF, and gray matter on different sequences.
2. It then covers the sulcal and gyral anatomy of the brain, describing the lobes, major sulci like the central sulcus and sylvian fissure, and how they can be identified.
3. The anatomy of each lobe is then covered in more detail including the surfaces and sulci that make up the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone that is usually caused by bacteria entering through the bloodstream or direct inoculation via injury. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Common symptoms include fever, pain, and swelling near the infected bone. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays, MRI, and bone scans, and bone/blood cultures. Treatment consists of antibiotics tailored to the identified bacteria as well as possible surgical drainage of abscesses.
This document discusses primary retroperitoneal neoplasms, which arise outside of major retroperitoneal organs. It notes that 70-80% of retroperitoneal masses are malignant in nature. The document then categorizes and describes several specific types of solid neoplastic masses that can occur in the retroperitoneum, including mesodermal neoplasms (such as liposarcomas and leiomyosarcomas), neurogenic tumors, and others. For each type of mass, it provides details on prevalence, appearance on CT and MRI scans, characteristics, associated syndromes, and other relevant clinical information.
1. The goals of first trimester ultrasound include visualization of the gestational sac, identification of embryonic demise, determination of gestational age, and early diagnosis of fetal anomalies.
2. A normal intrauterine gestation will demonstrate a gestational sac, yolk sac, embryo, amnion, and cardiac activity on ultrasound. Measurement of the mean sac diameter, crown-rump length, and biometric measurements can be used to estimate gestational age.
3. Absence of cardiac activity along with signs of bleeding have a high probability of embryonic demise. Criteria such as large sac size without visualizing fetal structures indicate a poor pregnancy outcome.
This document discusses Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, which is avascular necrosis of the femoral head that occurs in children. It begins by describing the etiology as an ischemic episode affecting the capital femoral epiphysis, though the exact cause is unknown. The stages of the disease are then outlined based on radiographic appearance, from initial avascular necrosis to revascularization and bone remodeling. Complications including deformities of the femoral head and neck are also summarized. The document provides detailed information on the radiographic signs and classifications systems used to evaluate the progression and prognosis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.
X-ray grids are devices used to remove scattered radiation from radiographic images. They consist of alternating strips of lead and transparent material. Grids work by absorbing most of the multidirectional scattered radiation while allowing the directional primary radiation to pass through. Grid performance is evaluated based on primary transmission, Bucky factor, and contrast improvement factor. Proper grid selection and positioning are important to avoid grid cutoff and increased patient radiation dose. Moving grids eliminate grid line artifacts but have some disadvantages.
This document discusses fluoroscopy, including conventional fluoroscopy units and modern fluoroscopic units. It describes the key components of a fluoroscopic unit, including the image intensifier, vidicon camera, and TV monitor. It also discusses factors that influence fluoroscopic image quality such as radiation dose rates, image resolution both vertically and horizontally, and techniques to reduce image noise like frame averaging.
A fluoroscope uses x-rays and a fluorescent screen to enable direct observation of internal organs. It consists of an x-ray tube, table, and image intensifier. The image intensifier converts x-rays into visible light images and amplifies them for viewing. It works by accelerating photoelectrons emitted from a photocathode onto a phosphor screen, producing light photons and gaining brightness. Newer generations of image intensifiers use additional electron multiplication for higher sensitivity. Fluoroscopy provides real-time moving images for procedures while fluorography captures still diagnostic images.
Diffusion MRI measures the random thermal motion of water molecules in tissues. It provides unique contrast based on differences in water diffusion between normal and abnormal tissues. Diffusion is restricted in cellular tissues and areas of restricted diffusion appear bright on diffusion-weighted images and dark on apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Diffusion MRI is useful for early detection of cerebral ischemia, differentiating between cystic and solid lesions, and evaluating white matter abnormalities and tumors. It has numerous clinical applications including stroke evaluation and characterization of brain lesions.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
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I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
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collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. •More commonly occur in the cervical oesophagus near cricopharyngeus muscle than in the
thoracic oesophagus. They
•typically arise from the anterior wall and never from the posterior wall; they can also be
circumferential.
• Associations
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome
• GvHD
• GORD/GERD (especially a distal oesophagus web)
• external beam radiation.
• Esophageal webs refer to an esophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into
the lumen.
oesophageal web
3. • More commonly occur in the cervical esophagus near
cricopharyngeus muscle than in the thoracic esophagus. They
typically arise from the anterior wall and never from the posterior
wall; they can also be circumferential 4. Occasionally, multiple webs
are visualized during maximal distension.
• Associations
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome
• graft-versus-host disease
• gastro-esophageal reflux disease (especially a distal esophagus web) 7
• external beam radiation
4. Multiple smooth tapered concentric narrowing of the cervical esophagus in keeping with esophageal webs.
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome
with jet effect
5. • To detect the level of obstruction in case of radiolucent foreign body in esophagus,marsh mellow coated
with barium is swallowed
• Passage of marsh mellow will be
hindered
• at the level of obstruction
• Barium swallow shows irregular areas
of narrowing and dilatation ----“Shish
kebab”
Foreign Body Impaction
6. Diffuse oesophageal spasm
• “corkscrew” “rosary bead" esophagus The esophageal muscle is hypertrophied, but histologically normal
7.
8. CA ESOPHAGUS
• Preferably high viscosity with normal density barium is used.
• Classical finding in carcinoma-rat tail appearance
9. ACHALASIA CARDIA
• Barium swallow showing dilatation of the esophageal body
• With short segment stricture.
• A “bird- peak " like tapering of the esophagus at the GE junction.
• Achalasia (primary achalasia) is a failure of organized esophageal peristalsis causing impaired relaxation of
the lower esophageal sphincter, and resulting in food stasis and often marked dilatation of the esophagus.
• Obstruction of the distal esophagus from other non-functional etiologies, notably malignancy, may have a
similar presentation and has been termed "secondary achalasia" or "pseudoachalasia".
• The lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax, either partially or completely, with elevated pressures
demonstrated manometrically 4. This appears to be due to loss/destruction of neurons in
the Auerbach/myenteric plexus. Early in the course of achalasia, the lower esophageal sphincter tone may
be normal or changes may be subtle.
• Peristalsis in the distal smooth muscle segment of the esophagus is eventually lost due to a combination of
damage to the Auerbach plexus and vagus nerve (possibly partly due to damage at the dorsal motor nucleus
of the vagus nerve).
10.
11.
12. HIATUS HERNIA
• High abdominal pressure is required to demonstrate.
• Pt has to strain.
• Lie down,straighten legs & then raise them up.
• Manual compression of abdomen.
• Pt stands upright,ask him to bend downward with leg straight.
• Stomach should be distended to demonstrate HH.
• Barium meal in Trendlenberg position. Displacement of the cardio-esophageal junction above the
esophageal hiatus . Part of the stomach is present in the chest
• Reflux of barium into the esophagus
16. ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
• Varices are best demonstrated in mucosal relief study after using Buscopan/ valsalva maneuver.
• Mild dilatation of the esophagus with multiple persistent filling defects in the lower third of the
esophagus and/or longitudinal furrows.
20. Air-contrast esophagram shows thick esophageal mucosal
folds (arrows) and an ulcer (arrowhead) due to GERD.
Single contrast esophagram shows stricture (arrow) and
sliding hiatus hernia
21. Gastro esophageal reflux
• SIPHON TEST
• Fill the stomach with 50% barium(150-200ml)
• Follow this 1-2 mouthful of water to remove traces of barium in esophagus
• Pt in supine with left side raised 15% up
• Keep one mouthful of water in pt mouth
• Ask pt to swallow water-a jet of barium will shoot into water column as it enter GO junction
• Alternatively with full stomach,ask pt to roll side to side • Reflux will be seen
• The water siphon test may be performed as part of a barium swallow to assess for gastro-esophageal
reflux. It is performed in the supine RPO position with the patient drinking water continuously. The test is
said to be positive if there is visible barium reflux in the esophagus, and is more sensitive for gastro-
esophageal reflux than observation spontaneous reflux
22. Oesophageal reflux
• reflux oesophagitis with a deep ulcer (straight arrow). There is also asymmetric
narrowing of the distal esophagus with the distal esophagus with a relatively abrupt
cutoff (curved arrow) at the proximal border of the narrowed segment
23. INFECTIOUS ESOPHAGITIS
•Increasingly common because of the use of steroid and cytotoxic drugs, disseminated
malignancy,
•and increasing incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• CANDIDA ESOPHAGITIS
24. CANDIDA ESOPHAGITIS
• Radiographic findings include
1. Abnormql esophageal motility ( dilated, atonic esophagus ) is often an early stage
2. Irregular, nodular, plaque-like mucosal pattern ( arrow), irregular folds(arrowhead) with
marginal serrations ( shaggy appearance )
3. Multiple ulcerations of various sizes
4. Frequently involve the entire thoracic esophagus
28. Candida esophagitis
• Shaggy esophagus associated with Candida infection , image "A" depicts the longitudinally oriented
plaque-like lesions visible in Candida esophagitis , image "B" depicts the granular appearance of
the esophageal mucosa secondary to edema and inflammation
29. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
• Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in a patient with AIDS
• Double contrast esophagram shows a large flat ulcer in profile (large arrows) in the midesophagus
with a cluster of small satellite ulcers (small arrows)
•
31. CORROSIVE ESOPHAGITIS.
• Most severe corrosive injuries are caused by alkalis Barium study is unnecessary during
acute phase.
• Radiographic findings
• Diffuse superficial or deep ulceration involving long portion of the distal esophaguS
1. Abnormal motility
2. Fibrotic healing results in a long esophageal stricture ( arrow) that extends down to the
cardioesophageal junction.
• Note : barium was aspirated into left main bronchus(green arrow)
35. Barrett’s oesophagus
• The reticular mucosa is characteristic of Barrett's columnar metaplasia, especially with the associated web
like (arrow) stricture.
39. KILLIAN JAMIESON DIVERTICULUM
• Killian-Jamieson diverticulum is a pulsion diverticulum, that protrudes through a lateral anatomic
weak site of the cervical esophagus below the cricopharyngeus muscle. AP view shows
diverticulum (arrow) originating laterally.
• Lateral view confirms diverticulum does not originate posteriorly as a Zenkers diverticulum would.
41. THORACIC DIVERTICULUM
•Arises in the distal of the esophagus, just above diaphragm
••Pulsion diverticulum (arrow) that probably related to incoordination of esophageal
peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
42. Feline Oesophagus
• The appearance is almost always associated with active gastro-
esophageal reflux 2,3 and is thought to be due to contraction of the
muscularis mucosae with resultant shortening of the esophagus and
'bunching up' of the mucosa in the lumen 2.
• Feline esophagus also known as esophageal shiver, refers to the
transient transverse bands seen in the mid and lower esophagus on a
double-contrast barium swallow.
• Transient horizontal ridges throughout the esophagus (they disappear
with a subsequent swallow).
• These features are typical of the so-called feline esophagus.
43. Schatzki rings
• A Schatzki ring, also called a Schatzki-Gary ring, is a symptomatic, narrow esophageal B-
ring occurring in the distal esophagus and usually associated with a hiatus hernia.
• The pathogenesis of the Schatzki ring is unclear with conflicting hypotheses that include
redundant pleats of mucosa, congenital abnormalities and modified peptic strictures.
Interestingly, there is a reduced incidence of Barrett esophagus in patients with a Schatzki ring.
• Depending on its luminal diameter, an esophageal B-ring may be symptomatic or asymptomatic 4:
• <13 mm: almost always symptomatic
• 13-20 mm: sometimes symptomatic
• >20 mm: rarely symptomatic
• When it is symptomatic, it is termed a "Schatzki ring" ref.
44.
45.
46. Boerhaave syndrome:
Boerhaave's syndrome is rupture of the esophageal wall. It is
most often caused by excessive vomiting in eating disorders
such as bulimia although it may rarely occur in extremely
forceful coughing or other situations, such as obstruction by
food.
Boerhaave's syndrome is a transmural or full-thickness
perforation of the esophagus, distinct from MalloryWeiss
syndrome, a non-transmural esophageal tear also associated
with vomiting.
These syndromes are distinct from iatrogenic perforation,
which accounts for 85-90% of cases of esophageal rupture,
typically as a complication of an endoscopic procedure,
feeding tube, or unrelated surgery.
47.
48. Mallory-Weiss tear
A Mallory-Weiss tear results from prolonged and forceful
vomiting, coughing or convulsions. Typically the mucous
membrane at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach
develops lacerations which bleed, evident by bright red blood
in vomitus, or bloody stools.
It may occur as a result of excessive alcohol ingestion.
This is an acute condition which usually resolves within 10
days without special treatment.
49.
50. Esophageal hematoma:
These unusual lesions have been associated with increased
esophageal intraluminal pressure, most often vomiting,
instrumentation, and anticoagulation or bleeding disorders.
Some are spontaneous.
Blunt trauma is a rare cause.
Hematomas are self-limited and almost never progress to
perforation.
Most esophageal hematomas resolve in 1-2 weeks with
conservative treatment.
53. Dysphagia lusoria
• The oesophagus may be compressed by a congenitally aberrant right subclavian artery.
• If this is symptomatic a diagnosis of dysphagia lusoria is made
• Here it is seen as oblique tubular extrinsic compression in upper oesophagus.
54.
55. Leiomyomas
Leiomyomas are the most common benign esophageal
neoplasm and are often large yet nonobstructive.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are least common in
the esophagus.
56. A calcified esophageal mass is almost always a leiomyoma.
On the left a patient with a calcified esophageal lesion
(arrows) protrudes into azygoesophageal recess on
radiograph.
62. • A 4 cm segmental narrowing with an irregular margin and shouldering
appearance at the distal half of the esophagus suggests tumoral
infiltration.
• Evidence of prior sternotomy is noted.
63. Gastric cardia cancer invading the distal esophagus
(barium swallow)
• Severe stricture with shouldering appearance is present at the distal
portion of the esophagus and gastric cardia that causes pre-stricture
dilatation and contrast media stasis compatible with esophageal
pseudoachalasia.
69. Cricopharyngeal bar
• Cricopharyngeal bar refers to the radiographic appearance of a
prominent cricopharyngeus muscle contour on barium swallow.
• Causes include 1,2:
• idiopathic (i.e. normal variant)
• cricopharyngeal muscle spasm/achalasia (i.e. failed relaxation)
• cricopharyngeus muscle hypertrophy and/or fibrosis
There is smooth and prominent
impression of the cricopharyngeus
muscle at the level of C5-C6 results
in a stenosis.
71. • ASPIRATION
• Difficulty in swallowing, long history of GERD and recent unintentional loss of weight.
• During the rapid-drinking phase, the patient accidentally aspirated a small amount of barium (without any
elicited cough reflex). Contrast outlines the trachea and right main bronchus and smaller amount reached
bronchioles.
• Barium aspiration is an indication to terminate a study, and we sent the patient to be under close
observation in the hospital for 24 hours.