This document contains information about cancer from various sources. It discusses the highest causes of cancer mortality being lung cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. It also discusses treatments for oligometastatic cancer, including stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases, surgery or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for limited lung metastases, and surgery for isolated liver or other organ metastases. The document suggests that an aggressive approach to treating oligometastatic disease may provide a path toward cure for some cancer patients.
advancements in the diagnostics help detect states like oligometastasis ,which can lead to selection of patients for local and MDT and prolong the time to adjuvant therapy, at present There is no consensus on the treatment of oligometastatic cancer and clinical trials can help in evidence formation.
advancements in the diagnostics help detect states like oligometastasis ,which can lead to selection of patients for local and MDT and prolong the time to adjuvant therapy, at present There is no consensus on the treatment of oligometastatic cancer and clinical trials can help in evidence formation.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
The entire content of this file is merely produced for academic
purposes in teaching clinical oncology
The entire content of this file may help to understand basics and advances
of knowledge on cancer
The entire content is protected and all copy rights belong to the author
The content is not covering all implications of clinical oncology. These
are ideas that may induce impulses for further thinking and research
2. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Personalized adaptive
Radiotherapy
(PART )
3. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
The dialectics of cure and palliation
4. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cancer with oligometastases
5. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Facts
Theory
History
6. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
28 % 26 %
Male Female
Lung
9% 15%
Lung
BreastProstate
8% 9%
7% 7%Pancreas Pancreas
5% 5% OvarLiver, gallbladder
Cancer Statistics 2015, Siegel & Jemal CA Cancer
Survival
ColorectalColorectal
7. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +Cancer Statistics 2015, Siegel & Jemal CA Cancer
Lung cancer
Breast cancer
Colorectal cancer
8. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cancer Statistics 2015, Siegel & Jemal CA Cancer
Lung cancer
Prostate cancer
Colorectal cancer
9. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cancer Statistics 2015, Siegel & Jemal CA Cancer
Cancer
Cancer
Accidents
Heart
40-59
60-79
> 80
Accidents
Mortality
10. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Highest mortality in 40-80 y individuals is caused by cancer
Cancer Statistics 2015, Siegel & Jemal CA Cancer
Mortality
24. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Study Infection Lung Liver Brain Bleeding HyperCa n
Hagemeister
1980, MCA 24 % 26 % 14 % 9 % 9 % 3 % 166
Cho
1980, MCA 24 % - - - 9 % - 144
Dvoretsky 1988,
Ovar 17 % 21 % - - - - 100
25. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Volumen of Metastasen = Tumor burden
26. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
1-cm
increase risk of progression 4.5%
increase risk of death
5%
n= 124
Tumor burden:
independent prognostic
factor in metas. renal cell
carcinoma
Lacovelli 2012
ResultsStudy
27. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
MTV is significantly associated
with
OS
HR for 1-unit increase of
ln(MTV(WB)) of 1.40/1.32 (P = .
004/.039)
n=104
Prognostic value of
metabolic tumor burden
from FDG PET in
surgical patients with
NSCLC.
Zhang 2013
ResultsStudy
28. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Median OS: 48.9 m
5-year OS: 45.4%.
Number of pulmonary mets.
was the most important
important factor affecting the
outcome
The role of hepatic metastases
and pulmonary tumor burden
in predicting survival after
complete pulmonary resection
for colorectal cancer.
Scalafani 2013
Study Results
29. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Quantified pathologic response
is a predictor of RFS in patients
with rectal adenocarcinoma
after
chemoradiotherapy
n=251
Pathol. response in patients
with rectal cancer
Agarwal 2013
Study Results
30. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cure Palliation ?
Metastases
31. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
OligometastasesConcept
32. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
OligometastasesConcept
Cancer comprises a biologic
spectrum extending from a
disease that remains
localized to one that is
systemic when first detectable
but with many
intermediate states.
Oligometastases is
not just a stochastic
oddity, but a
state of limited
metastatic capacity
33. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
State of
Oligometastases
Dialectic synthesis
Systemic disease
Contiguous growth
1894
1980
1995
34. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cure Palliation
Transitional zone
Aggressive treatment
of oligometastases
36. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Mehta N, Mauer AM, Hellman S, et al:
Analysis of further disease progression in metastatic
non-small cell lung cancer: Implications for locoregional
treatment. 2004
Stage IV NSCLC :
74% mets in one to two organs
50% had three metastatic sites lung primary tumor.
Torok J, Kelsey CR, Salama JK:
Patterns of distant metastases in surgically managed early
stage NSCLC. 2013
n=1700
Stage I-II NSCLC with later progression
33% solitary mets
19% limited to two to three mets
Singh D, Yi WS, Brasacchio RA, et al: Is there
a favorable subset of patients with prostate cancer
who develop oligometastases? 2004
Prostate cancer with later Recently reported phase II and III
studies of modern systemic therapies including more than 2,500
Albanien 2008
Bergh 2012
Tawfik 2013
Hurvitz 2013 Breast cancer studies
Gianni 2013
Modern systemic therapies n=2,500 pats
43% to 77% had disease limited to two metastases
37. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Colorectal cancer (mCRC)
38% limited to one metastatic site
55% to 85% had disease limited to two sites
Hutwitz 2004 NEJM
Douillard 2010 JCO
Van Cutsem 2011 JCO
Max Mustermann Lancet 2016 ?
38. Unknown photographer/artist - National Cancer Institute via Stanford University, image number AV-5700-3472
Gordon Isaac
with
Retinoblastoma
1957
Stanford, CA, USA
39. Technology and Innovationen
High resolution IGRTMultileaf collimator
First Linac
3D CT planning
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
IMRT
dose-painting
Standard
collimator
Cerrobend
blocks
Shaped
electron fields
Image
Fusion
Robot Stereotactic
Radiotherapy
Particle
Therapy
Courtesy Gillies McKenna
Concept and Innovationen
40. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Aggressive treatment
for oligometastases
„Stage IV“ is not
helpful
Tumor volume
Number of metastases
Palliative treatment for
all metastases
Stage IV is a
„natural law“
Therapeutic nihilism
Just RCT
Cancer is always systemic
?
41. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
KonzeptWan 2013, Nature
Fidler 2003, Nature Rev.
47. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment
of single metastases to the brain.
N= 48
Local control: 80 % (vs 48%)
OS: median 40 m (vs 15 m)
Practice
Patchel 1990, NEJM
OP+ WBRT
WBRT
vs
1 metastasis in ZNS
48. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Postoperative radiotherapy in
the treatment of single metastases to the brain:
a randomized trial.
N= 95
Med FU= 48 w
Local control: 90% vs 54%
Patchell 1998, JAMA
OP+ WBRT*
vs
OP
1 metastasis in ZNS Practice
49. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Rades 2009
Matched pair analysis.
N= 104
Local control: 82 % vs 66 %
OS: median 56 m vs 47 m
< 5 metastases in CNS
OP+ WBRT
SRS+ WBRT
vs
Practice
50. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
SRS
SRS+WBRT
vs
Aoyama 2006, 2015
n=132
Kombination war besser
——————————-
EORTC 22952, Kocher 2011
n=359
Kombination war besser
Practice< 5 metastases in CNS
51. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Lee 2008
Rades 2008*
Rades 2007
Kocher 2004
Wang 2002
LC at 1 y: 66 % (vs 19%) 0.04
OS at 1 y: 40 % (vs 17%) 0.001
WBRT
SRS
vs
Practice
52. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
SRS
Unsere Gruppe, Rad Onc 2015
n= 90
med FU= 14 m
ZNS Mets des Lungenkarzinoms
OS: 51 % after 6 months and 29.9 % after 12
months.
Histology (adeno)
Higher Karnofsky
The presence of extracranial metastases
Practice< 5 kleine Metastasen im ZNS
53. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
In oligometastatic state (< small lesions)
in brain the prognosis improves by
local treatment
54. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Lung lesions
55. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
The International Registry of Lung
Metastases.
_ ab 1991
18 Institutionen
N= 5206
5y OS: 36%
Metastases in the lung
* J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Jan;113(1):37-49.
OP
Practice
56. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Nine studies with 796 patients
VATS: higher odds of 1, 3 and 5 year survival with OR of 1.53, 1.69 and 1.41
respectively.
VATS: higher odds of 1, 3 and 5 year recurrence free survival with OR
of 1.29, 1.54 and 1.54 respectively.
Overall pulmonary recurrence had lower odds in the VATS group with an OR
of 0.55
57. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
24 studies with 2925 patients
Multiple mets. were associated with an increased risk of death (HR 2.04, 95 % CI 1.72–2.41).
58. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
HarunBadakhshi ++ move ideas
OS @ 5 y: 36 %
Surgery
60. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Lung
Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy
SABR
61. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
n= 121
Breast cancer
2 y OS: 74%, 6y: 47%
2 y FFDM: 52%, 6y: 36%
2 y LC: 87 %, 6 y 87%
Milano 2012
SABR
Metastases in the lung Practice
62. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Empirie *
*Milano 2012
SABR
63. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
n=110
Med FU= 43 m
2 y LC
SABR: 94%, OP: 90%
3 y OS: SABR: 60%, OP: 62%
5 y OS: SABR: 49%, OP: 41 %
Widder 2013
SABR
oder
OP
Metastases in the lung Practice
64. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
n=76
Med FU= 20 m
Local control
1 y 95%,
2 y 95%,
3 y 89%
OS
1 y 84.1%
2 y 84.1%
3 y 73 %
Navarria, 2014
SABR
< 5 metastases in the lung Practice
65. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
2010
n= 334 with SABR
2-year local control: 77.9%.
2-year overall survival: 53.7%
66. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
move ideas
OS @ 5 y: 48 %
SABR for the lung
71. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Association Francaise de
Chirurgie _ ab 1987
85 Institutionen
N= 1568 / 1955
1350:1-3 lesions (86%)
183: 4 lesions
2 y OS: 64%
5 y OS: 28 %
Metastases in the liver
*Nordlinger 1996
OP
Practice
72. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
North Hampshire Hospital
ab 1987
N= 1005
1-3 lesions (66%)
5 y OS: 36%
Sloan-Kettering NYC
ab 1985
N=1001
5 y OS for 1 lesion (n=517): 44 %
5 y OS for 2-3 lesion (n=330): 32 %
*Rees 2008, Fong 1999
OP
Metastases in the liver Practice
73. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
26 % @ 3 J.,Leporrier 2006
Systematic Review
Spelt 2012,
16 Analysen
Prospektive Analysen
Konopke 2009 (n=201)
Rees 2008 (N=1005)
Mingawa 2007 (n=369)
Malik 2007 (N=687)
Volume
Number
Metastases in the liver Practice
74. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Retrospektive Analysen
Nordlinger 1996 (n=1568)
Fong 1999 (n=1001)
Zakaria 2007 (n=662)
Yamagushi 2008 (n=380)
Iwatsuki 1999 (n=305)
Practice
Volume
Number
Metastases in the liver
75. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
HarunBadakhshi ++ move ideas
OS @ 5 y: 45 %
LiverSurgery
76. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
In oligometastatic state (< small lesions)
in the liver prognosis improves by
local treatment
77. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cure Palliation
Metastases
79. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cure ? Palliation
Oligometastasized
1-5 lesions
< 3 cm, each
Poly-metastasized
> 5 lesions
80. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
1-4 lesions
< 3 cm, each
Karnofsky Index > 60 %
Inclusion criteria
Synchronous:
Treatable primary tumor +
Metastases in less that three sites
Metachronous:
Stable primary tumor
(local control: no tumor
or no progress)
81. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
HarunBadakhshi ++ move ideas
Lung < 4 lesions
< 3 cm (each)
VATS-surgery
Radiosurgery 3 x 20 Gy
4 x 12 Gy
8 x 7,5 Gy
Bone < 4 leasions
Radiosurgery 3 x 15 Gy
Surgery
Kyphoplasty
Leber < 4 Läsionen
Surgery
Radiosurgery 3 x 20 Gy
4 x 12 Gy
8 x 7,5 Gy
Brain < 4 lesions
< 3 cm (each)
Radiosurgery 1 x 25 Gy
5 x 7 Gy
+/- WBRT
Surgery
Biologicals
Targeted
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Time?
83. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Practice
Empiric actions *
Abstraction
Action **
Concept
*Neccessary ** Study u. standards
84. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Practice
Empiric action
Abstraction
Action
Concept
Episteme*
Data**
Obstructions***
*Foucault ** Kuhn *** Bachelard
89. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Medizin 500VC bis 1700 NC
90. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Practice
local treatment
breast tumor
Concept
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
980-1037
1030 ad
91. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Practice
omnis cellula e cellula
Concept
Rudolph Virchow (1902)
Klassifikation
Diagnostik
92. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
PracticeConcept
New York Times_1902
93. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Stephen Paget (1921)
Seed and Soil
Concept Practice
94. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Seed and Soil
95. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cancer spread is orderly,
extending in a contiguous
fashion from the primary
tumor through the lymphatics
to the lymph nodes and then
to distant sites.
William
Halsted
(1921)
Concept Practice
96. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
1882 first surgery
1894-1914 consolidation
1992 NIH-declaration *
Radical mastectomy
*NIH Development Conference on the treatment
of early-stage breast cancer, Bethesda, MD, June
18-21, 1990. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr . 1992;11:1-187.
Contiguous growth
100 years of …
Cancer’s
„local“ hypothesis
97. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Kontinuitätstheorie
Small tumors:
Early cancer manifestation
From 1920
Lumpectomy + radiation
Geoffrey Keynes (1982)
PracticeContiguous growth
98. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cancer’s
„systemic“ hypothesis
Cancer is a systemic disease . . .
and that variations in effective
local regional treatment are
unlikely to affect survival
substantially
Bernard Fisher
Concept
99. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
OligometastasesConcept
Samuel Helmann
100. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Cancer comprises a biologic
spectrum extending from a
disease that remains
localized to one that is
systemic when first detectable
but with many
intermediate states.
Oligometastases is
not just a stochastic
oddity, but a
state of limited
metastatic capacity
Concept Cancer’s
„spectrum“ hypothesis
101. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
The clinical implication of this
hypothesis is that
localized forms of cancer
treatment may be effective
Concept Cancer’s
„spectrum“ hypothesis
102. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
OligometastasesConcept
Cancer comprises a biologic
spectrum extending from a
disease that remains
localized to one that is
systemic when first detectable
but with many
intermediate states.
Oligometastases is
not just a stochastic
oddity, but a
state of limited
metastatic capacity
103. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
State of
Oligometastases
Dialectic synthesis
Systemic disease
Contiguous growth
1894
1980
1995
105. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Take home
Selection (Tumor’s variables, patient’s variables)
Predictors (genetic, epigenetic, serologic)
106. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Take home
Local therapy can be curative in
metastasized cancer
107. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
Personalisierte adaptive
Radiotherapie
(PART )
108. H a r u n . B a d a k h s h i + +
The entire content of this file is merely produced for academic
purposes in teaching clinical oncology
The entire content of this file may help to understand basics and advances
of knowledge on cancer
The entire content is protected and all copy rights belong to the author
The content is not covering all implications of clinical oncology. These
are ideas that may induce impulses for further thinking and research