American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Eliminating Violence Against Women. Forms, Strategies and ToolsDaniel Dufourt
Workshop
Eliminating Violence Against Women: Forms, Strategies and Tools
On the occasion of the Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Commission On Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Vienna, 14 April 2008, 104 pages
This document provides an overview of gender-based violence and the roles of international organizations and states in addressing it. It discusses how (1) the UN and WHO have categorized and raised awareness about gender-based violence through various declarations, conferences, and studies; (2) states have responded by enacting legislation against practices like honor killings, dowry violence, and workplace harassment in Pakistan; and (3) both state and non-state actors must collaborate through legal reforms, public awareness campaigns, and victim support services to promote women's rights and prevent gender-based violence.
IN DEFENSE OF WOMEN AGAINST FEMICIDE IN BRAZIL AND THE WORLDFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to defend women against femicide in Brazil and in the world, presenting the necessary measures to overcome this problem. The word femicide refers to the murder of women for gender reasons, that is, due to the contempt or discrimination against the female condition. It is a hate crime, in which the motivation for death must be related to the fact that the victim is female.
This document provides background information on the Syrian refugee crisis. It discusses how protests in Syria in 2011 against President Assad's government led to a civil war. Over 3.5 million Syrians have fled the country and become refugees, with Turkey hosting the largest number at over 4 million. The document outlines the difficult conditions refugees face, particularly for women and children who make up the majority. It aims to highlight issues Syrian refugee women living outside camps in Turkey experience regarding security, basic needs, and gender-based abuses.
Prevention of and response to Sexual and Gender Based Violence in a fragile c...terre des hommes schweiz
The document summarizes a psychosocial program in the Great Lakes Region of Africa that addresses sexual and gender-based violence. The program operates in Rwanda, Burundi, and parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, working through local partners to provide medical care, legal support, and community programs to over 14,000 women and 2,000 men. It takes a holistic approach addressing the root causes of violence as well as its consequences. Key lessons highlighted include the importance of professional care for victims, a systemic approach working at multiple levels of society, and the need for long-term engagement to create sustainable change.
Gender based violence refers to violence directed at women that results in harm. It is perpetuated by unequal gender norms and roles in society. Types of gender based violence include intimate partner violence, sexual coercion, sexual abuse, rape, trafficking, and harmful traditional practices. Violence can be physical, sexual, or psychological in nature. Gender based violence has serious health impacts and is a public health issue. Case studies show examples of intimate partner violence, dowry deaths, harmful traditional practices against young girls, and efforts by NGOs and government to address gender based violence through counseling centers, women's police stations, and by establishing violence against women as a crime.
Violence contre les Femmes et Filles en Haiti dfid report 2013Stanley Lucas
There are various cultural, political and economic drivers of violence against women and girls in Haiti. They include the following. Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women: Researchers stress that the incidence of violence in the post-earthquake period should be understood in the context of the longer-term social exclusion, and cultural and legal discrimination against women. Women’s economic dependency: There is some evidence that women who are economically dependent on men are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Poverty, displacement and poor conditions in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) camps: Studies indicate significant correlations between limited access to adequate food, water and sanitation, and women and girls’ vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps. Legacy of state-led violence: Politically motivated violence has been used by some regimes in Haiti. Culture of impunity and weak capacity in the state justice system: An acute lack of resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system makes it difficult for the state to prosecute and punish perpetrators, and deters victims from seeking redress.
The Lancet Series on Violence Against Women and GirlsTheLancetWeb
Every day, millions of women and girls worldwide experience violence. This abuse takes many forms, including intimate physical and sexual partner violence, female genital mutilation, child and forced marriage, sex trafficking, and rape. The Lancet Series on Violence against women and girls shows that such abuse is preventable. Five papers cover the evidence base for interventions, discuss the vital role of the health sector in care and prevention, show the need for men and women to be involved in effective programmes, provide practical lessons from experience in countries, and present a call for action with five key recommendations and indicators to track progress.
View Series on TheLancet.com: http://www.thelancet.com/series/violence-against-women-and-girls
Eliminating Violence Against Women. Forms, Strategies and ToolsDaniel Dufourt
Workshop
Eliminating Violence Against Women: Forms, Strategies and Tools
On the occasion of the Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Commission On Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Vienna, 14 April 2008, 104 pages
This document provides an overview of gender-based violence and the roles of international organizations and states in addressing it. It discusses how (1) the UN and WHO have categorized and raised awareness about gender-based violence through various declarations, conferences, and studies; (2) states have responded by enacting legislation against practices like honor killings, dowry violence, and workplace harassment in Pakistan; and (3) both state and non-state actors must collaborate through legal reforms, public awareness campaigns, and victim support services to promote women's rights and prevent gender-based violence.
IN DEFENSE OF WOMEN AGAINST FEMICIDE IN BRAZIL AND THE WORLDFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to defend women against femicide in Brazil and in the world, presenting the necessary measures to overcome this problem. The word femicide refers to the murder of women for gender reasons, that is, due to the contempt or discrimination against the female condition. It is a hate crime, in which the motivation for death must be related to the fact that the victim is female.
This document provides background information on the Syrian refugee crisis. It discusses how protests in Syria in 2011 against President Assad's government led to a civil war. Over 3.5 million Syrians have fled the country and become refugees, with Turkey hosting the largest number at over 4 million. The document outlines the difficult conditions refugees face, particularly for women and children who make up the majority. It aims to highlight issues Syrian refugee women living outside camps in Turkey experience regarding security, basic needs, and gender-based abuses.
Prevention of and response to Sexual and Gender Based Violence in a fragile c...terre des hommes schweiz
The document summarizes a psychosocial program in the Great Lakes Region of Africa that addresses sexual and gender-based violence. The program operates in Rwanda, Burundi, and parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, working through local partners to provide medical care, legal support, and community programs to over 14,000 women and 2,000 men. It takes a holistic approach addressing the root causes of violence as well as its consequences. Key lessons highlighted include the importance of professional care for victims, a systemic approach working at multiple levels of society, and the need for long-term engagement to create sustainable change.
Gender based violence refers to violence directed at women that results in harm. It is perpetuated by unequal gender norms and roles in society. Types of gender based violence include intimate partner violence, sexual coercion, sexual abuse, rape, trafficking, and harmful traditional practices. Violence can be physical, sexual, or psychological in nature. Gender based violence has serious health impacts and is a public health issue. Case studies show examples of intimate partner violence, dowry deaths, harmful traditional practices against young girls, and efforts by NGOs and government to address gender based violence through counseling centers, women's police stations, and by establishing violence against women as a crime.
Violence contre les Femmes et Filles en Haiti dfid report 2013Stanley Lucas
There are various cultural, political and economic drivers of violence against women and girls in Haiti. They include the following. Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women: Researchers stress that the incidence of violence in the post-earthquake period should be understood in the context of the longer-term social exclusion, and cultural and legal discrimination against women. Women’s economic dependency: There is some evidence that women who are economically dependent on men are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Poverty, displacement and poor conditions in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) camps: Studies indicate significant correlations between limited access to adequate food, water and sanitation, and women and girls’ vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps. Legacy of state-led violence: Politically motivated violence has been used by some regimes in Haiti. Culture of impunity and weak capacity in the state justice system: An acute lack of resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system makes it difficult for the state to prosecute and punish perpetrators, and deters victims from seeking redress.
The Lancet Series on Violence Against Women and GirlsTheLancetWeb
Every day, millions of women and girls worldwide experience violence. This abuse takes many forms, including intimate physical and sexual partner violence, female genital mutilation, child and forced marriage, sex trafficking, and rape. The Lancet Series on Violence against women and girls shows that such abuse is preventable. Five papers cover the evidence base for interventions, discuss the vital role of the health sector in care and prevention, show the need for men and women to be involved in effective programmes, provide practical lessons from experience in countries, and present a call for action with five key recommendations and indicators to track progress.
View Series on TheLancet.com: http://www.thelancet.com/series/violence-against-women-and-girls
Socio cultural context of violence against women in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-cultural context of violence against women in Pakistan. The study interviewed 813 married couples across 4 districts. It found that deeply rooted cultural and traditional practices perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan. Gender roles expect women to be subservient and deny them rights. Violence is often considered normal and justified. Common forms of violence include sexual violence, domestic violence, acid attacks, dowry crimes, honor killings, and forced marriages. The study recommends social reforms to address how cultural practices and gender norms contribute to women's vulnerability to violence in Pakistan.
North Korea has widespread human rights violations affecting its population. The document outlines violations including violence against children and women, basic human rights violations like lack of access to water and sanitation leading to malnutrition in 19% of children, and slavery through forced labor where people are not free to choose their jobs. These conditions have led to mental health impacts for North Koreans including high rates of PTSD around 22.5% on average, and high rates of anxiety and depression around 56.3% and 60.1% respectively among refugees. The trauma of conditions in North Korea also contributes to suppression of emotions and high rates of suicidal ideation and attempts among the population.
I with a deeper instinct choose a man who compels my strength, who makes enormous demand on me, who does not doubt my courage, or my toughness, who does not behave me naive or innocent, who has courage to treat me like a women…
This document summarizes four studies that examined existing records related to domestic violence in India. The studies analyzed records from hospitals, non-governmental organizations, police stations, and courts. The hospital records study from Thane District, Maharashtra looked at how domestic violence is defined and reconstructed specific incidents. The NGO records study from Bangalore explored domestic violence as a human rights issue. The police records study from Mumbai analyzed how the language used in documenting cases influences investigations and resolutions. Finally, the court records study from Bangalore examined judicial interpretations of laws related to domestic violence and identified gaps in investigative procedures that lead to non-conviction. Together, the studies provide insights into domestic violence from various sectors responding to the issue.
It is an outcome of state of art systematic review of literature. It provides insights about the cause, consequences and future concerns of violence against women in India
This document discusses violence against women in India. It provides statistics showing that 1 in 5 women experience domestic violence and crimes against women have increased by 12.5% from 2006-2007. Several laws exist to protect women, such as those against dowry deaths and cruelty by husbands or in-laws, but enforcement remains a challenge. Non-profits like JAGORI conduct campaigns and workshops to promote gender equality and prevent violence. Overall, while some progress has been made in women's rights and representation, cultural attitudes still tolerate discrimination and violence against women in many parts of India.
The document discusses violence against women in India. It defines gender-based violence and outlines various forms such as domestic, sexual, physical, cultural, religious, and socio-economic violence. It also examines the situation of violence against women in India, including gender discrimination, caste discrimination, and impacts of economic policies. The document analyzes the effects of family violence on women's lives and children. It provides statistics on violence against women in India from sources like NFHS and NCRB. It discusses laws and initiatives to protect women from domestic violence.
This guide provides practical examples and case studies. It provides methods of addressing the issues and how to respond to the issues. It is against the backdrop of the understanding that religious leaders and traditional leaders are two of the closest institutions to the citizenry. They are central to decision making in various families and also by individuals.
The primary challenge facing the twenty-first century is to eliminate violence against women. At minimum, 1 in 3 women face violence that suppresses their political and civic participation. Until it is confronted, we will not be able to tackle peace holistically or sustainably, and our development dollars are not being used effectively. Like polio, Rotarians are key to meeting this challenge!
The document discusses violence against women as a global issue. It provides statistics showing high numbers of cases of violence against women in the United States and Philippines. Different types of violence are outlined, including physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and spiritual violence. The document also discusses laws and programs that have been implemented to address violence against women, but notes that many cases still occur annually.
The Psychosocial Drivers of Gender Based Violence in Matabeleland South: Zimb...iosrjce
As documented by Ndamba, Lunga and Musarurwa, (2013) gender based violence (GBV) is one of
the key drivers of HIV, high mortality rate, crime and other non-conforming behaviours. The purpose of the
study was to investigate the psychosocial drivers of GBV in Matabeleland South. The study employed both
quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative aspects included questionnaires that were
administered to women of child bearing age, whilst the qualitative aspect involved secondary data review,
interviews of key informants and focus group discussions. The population of man, women, and youths was used
to make reasonable inferences on the issues fuelling GBV in Matabeleland South. Purposive and random
sampling techniques were used to identify the ideal participants for the survey. The key findings were that:
Cases of GBV were actually understated by documented statistics, so were their causes and outcomes. The term
Gender Based Violence was noted a value-laden word and as a result, different stakeholders had their
operational definitions, with some associating it with Feminism. Recommendations made include - development
of strategies that ensure maximum freedom and entitlements; policies that ensure attainment of human rights
including the basic living rights by communities; strategic and systematic rehabilitation of victims of abuse;
revival of recreational centres; and enforcement of some laws that involve human rights so as to ensure that the
communities (as bio-psychosocial beings) leave peacefully with each other.
- Violence against women is a widespread problem globally and in India. According to UN definitions, it includes physical, sexual, and psychological harm inflicted upon women.
- In Tamil Nadu, India, domestic violence is common. A WHO survey found 60% of executives said domestic violence limits women's participation in the workplace. Other forms of violence prevalent in Tamil Nadu include sexual violence, dowry-related murders, female genital mutilation, and early/child marriage.
- Several case studies provide examples of specific instances of domestic violence, rape, dowry-related deaths, harmful traditional practices, and child marriages in Tamil Nadu. Addressing violence against women requires legal reforms and changes to social attitudes
This document provides an overview of gender-based violence (GBV). It defines gender and GBV, describes the types and consequences of GBV. GBV affects women's physical and mental health, as well as communities. Contributing factors include poverty, alcohol, and history of abuse. The cycle of abuse involves tension building, a violent episode, and calm. Prevention requires changing social norms, health care provider training, and legal/policy reforms. Comprehensive prevention addresses issues before, during and after violence occurs.
Domestic violence against women (1).ppt fourth semestersultanas25
The document discusses domestic violence against women in Toronto. It provides definitions of domestic violence from the UN and notes it can include physical, sexual, emotional or psychological harm. Gender inequality is cited as a core factor. The YWCA in Toronto supports women and children experiencing domestic violence through emergency shelter, housing, counseling and advocacy. The authors interviewed a YWCA social worker and volunteered at the women's shelter to learn about their services and support for domestic violence victims.
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence SurveyDr Lendy Spires
Sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence are major public health problems in the United States. Many survivors of these forms of violence can experience physical injury, mental health consequences such as depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, and suicide attempts, and other health consequences such as gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and gynecological or pregnancy complications. These consequences can lead to hospitalization, disability, or death. Our understanding of these forms of violence has grown substantially over the years. However, timely, ongoing, and comparable national and state-level data are lacking. Less is also known about how these forms of violence impact specific populations in the United States or the extent to which rape, stalking, or violence by a romantic or sexual partner are experienced in childhood and adolescence. CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control launched the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey in 2010 with the support of the National Institute of Justice and the Department of Defense to address these gaps. The primary objectives of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey are to describe: • The prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence • Who is most likely to experience these forms of violence • The patterns and impact of the violence experienced by specific perpetrators • The health consequences of these forms of violence The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey is an ongoing, nationally representative random digit dial (RDD) telephone survey that collects information about experiences of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence among non-institutionalized English and/ or Spanish-speaking women and men aged 18 or older in the United States.
Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005ijtsrd
The document discusses violence against women, specifically domestic violence. It provides definitions of violence against women and domestic violence. It examines causes such as gender socialization and women's economic dependence on men. Consequences discussed include physical, sexual, emotional and economic harms to victims as well as effects on society such as reduced productivity. The document also notes loopholes in implementing domestic violence laws in India, such as lack of awareness among victims about their legal rights and protections.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A ready-made presentation on Violation of Women's rights giving a detailed account of the violence on women globally and in India. Includes historical events that are important in the context of women's rights. This PPT talks about how women's rights are violated on daily basis, globally and in India along with providing measures to ensure our women's safety and well being. Talks about women's rights in India as well.
This document discusses domestic violence against women and girls. It provides an overview of the scope and magnitude of the problem globally. Some key points include:
- Domestic violence is perpetrated by intimate partners and family members and includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
- Estimates suggest 20-50% of women worldwide experience physical violence from intimate partners.
- Violence against women occurs throughout their lives, from sex-selective abortions and infanticide of baby girls to abuse as children and adults within their homes and families.
- In addition to the physical and mental health consequences for women and children, domestic violence has significant social and economic costs.
- A coordinated, multi-sectoral approach is needed
Socio cultural context of violence against women in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-cultural context of violence against women in Pakistan. The study interviewed 813 married couples across 4 districts. It found that deeply rooted cultural and traditional practices perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan. Gender roles expect women to be subservient and deny them rights. Violence is often considered normal and justified. Common forms of violence include sexual violence, domestic violence, acid attacks, dowry crimes, honor killings, and forced marriages. The study recommends social reforms to address how cultural practices and gender norms contribute to women's vulnerability to violence in Pakistan.
North Korea has widespread human rights violations affecting its population. The document outlines violations including violence against children and women, basic human rights violations like lack of access to water and sanitation leading to malnutrition in 19% of children, and slavery through forced labor where people are not free to choose their jobs. These conditions have led to mental health impacts for North Koreans including high rates of PTSD around 22.5% on average, and high rates of anxiety and depression around 56.3% and 60.1% respectively among refugees. The trauma of conditions in North Korea also contributes to suppression of emotions and high rates of suicidal ideation and attempts among the population.
I with a deeper instinct choose a man who compels my strength, who makes enormous demand on me, who does not doubt my courage, or my toughness, who does not behave me naive or innocent, who has courage to treat me like a women…
This document summarizes four studies that examined existing records related to domestic violence in India. The studies analyzed records from hospitals, non-governmental organizations, police stations, and courts. The hospital records study from Thane District, Maharashtra looked at how domestic violence is defined and reconstructed specific incidents. The NGO records study from Bangalore explored domestic violence as a human rights issue. The police records study from Mumbai analyzed how the language used in documenting cases influences investigations and resolutions. Finally, the court records study from Bangalore examined judicial interpretations of laws related to domestic violence and identified gaps in investigative procedures that lead to non-conviction. Together, the studies provide insights into domestic violence from various sectors responding to the issue.
It is an outcome of state of art systematic review of literature. It provides insights about the cause, consequences and future concerns of violence against women in India
This document discusses violence against women in India. It provides statistics showing that 1 in 5 women experience domestic violence and crimes against women have increased by 12.5% from 2006-2007. Several laws exist to protect women, such as those against dowry deaths and cruelty by husbands or in-laws, but enforcement remains a challenge. Non-profits like JAGORI conduct campaigns and workshops to promote gender equality and prevent violence. Overall, while some progress has been made in women's rights and representation, cultural attitudes still tolerate discrimination and violence against women in many parts of India.
The document discusses violence against women in India. It defines gender-based violence and outlines various forms such as domestic, sexual, physical, cultural, religious, and socio-economic violence. It also examines the situation of violence against women in India, including gender discrimination, caste discrimination, and impacts of economic policies. The document analyzes the effects of family violence on women's lives and children. It provides statistics on violence against women in India from sources like NFHS and NCRB. It discusses laws and initiatives to protect women from domestic violence.
This guide provides practical examples and case studies. It provides methods of addressing the issues and how to respond to the issues. It is against the backdrop of the understanding that religious leaders and traditional leaders are two of the closest institutions to the citizenry. They are central to decision making in various families and also by individuals.
The primary challenge facing the twenty-first century is to eliminate violence against women. At minimum, 1 in 3 women face violence that suppresses their political and civic participation. Until it is confronted, we will not be able to tackle peace holistically or sustainably, and our development dollars are not being used effectively. Like polio, Rotarians are key to meeting this challenge!
The document discusses violence against women as a global issue. It provides statistics showing high numbers of cases of violence against women in the United States and Philippines. Different types of violence are outlined, including physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and spiritual violence. The document also discusses laws and programs that have been implemented to address violence against women, but notes that many cases still occur annually.
The Psychosocial Drivers of Gender Based Violence in Matabeleland South: Zimb...iosrjce
As documented by Ndamba, Lunga and Musarurwa, (2013) gender based violence (GBV) is one of
the key drivers of HIV, high mortality rate, crime and other non-conforming behaviours. The purpose of the
study was to investigate the psychosocial drivers of GBV in Matabeleland South. The study employed both
quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative aspects included questionnaires that were
administered to women of child bearing age, whilst the qualitative aspect involved secondary data review,
interviews of key informants and focus group discussions. The population of man, women, and youths was used
to make reasonable inferences on the issues fuelling GBV in Matabeleland South. Purposive and random
sampling techniques were used to identify the ideal participants for the survey. The key findings were that:
Cases of GBV were actually understated by documented statistics, so were their causes and outcomes. The term
Gender Based Violence was noted a value-laden word and as a result, different stakeholders had their
operational definitions, with some associating it with Feminism. Recommendations made include - development
of strategies that ensure maximum freedom and entitlements; policies that ensure attainment of human rights
including the basic living rights by communities; strategic and systematic rehabilitation of victims of abuse;
revival of recreational centres; and enforcement of some laws that involve human rights so as to ensure that the
communities (as bio-psychosocial beings) leave peacefully with each other.
- Violence against women is a widespread problem globally and in India. According to UN definitions, it includes physical, sexual, and psychological harm inflicted upon women.
- In Tamil Nadu, India, domestic violence is common. A WHO survey found 60% of executives said domestic violence limits women's participation in the workplace. Other forms of violence prevalent in Tamil Nadu include sexual violence, dowry-related murders, female genital mutilation, and early/child marriage.
- Several case studies provide examples of specific instances of domestic violence, rape, dowry-related deaths, harmful traditional practices, and child marriages in Tamil Nadu. Addressing violence against women requires legal reforms and changes to social attitudes
This document provides an overview of gender-based violence (GBV). It defines gender and GBV, describes the types and consequences of GBV. GBV affects women's physical and mental health, as well as communities. Contributing factors include poverty, alcohol, and history of abuse. The cycle of abuse involves tension building, a violent episode, and calm. Prevention requires changing social norms, health care provider training, and legal/policy reforms. Comprehensive prevention addresses issues before, during and after violence occurs.
Domestic violence against women (1).ppt fourth semestersultanas25
The document discusses domestic violence against women in Toronto. It provides definitions of domestic violence from the UN and notes it can include physical, sexual, emotional or psychological harm. Gender inequality is cited as a core factor. The YWCA in Toronto supports women and children experiencing domestic violence through emergency shelter, housing, counseling and advocacy. The authors interviewed a YWCA social worker and volunteered at the women's shelter to learn about their services and support for domestic violence victims.
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence SurveyDr Lendy Spires
Sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence are major public health problems in the United States. Many survivors of these forms of violence can experience physical injury, mental health consequences such as depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, and suicide attempts, and other health consequences such as gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and gynecological or pregnancy complications. These consequences can lead to hospitalization, disability, or death. Our understanding of these forms of violence has grown substantially over the years. However, timely, ongoing, and comparable national and state-level data are lacking. Less is also known about how these forms of violence impact specific populations in the United States or the extent to which rape, stalking, or violence by a romantic or sexual partner are experienced in childhood and adolescence. CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control launched the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey in 2010 with the support of the National Institute of Justice and the Department of Defense to address these gaps. The primary objectives of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey are to describe: • The prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence • Who is most likely to experience these forms of violence • The patterns and impact of the violence experienced by specific perpetrators • The health consequences of these forms of violence The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey is an ongoing, nationally representative random digit dial (RDD) telephone survey that collects information about experiences of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence among non-institutionalized English and/ or Spanish-speaking women and men aged 18 or older in the United States.
Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005ijtsrd
The document discusses violence against women, specifically domestic violence. It provides definitions of violence against women and domestic violence. It examines causes such as gender socialization and women's economic dependence on men. Consequences discussed include physical, sexual, emotional and economic harms to victims as well as effects on society such as reduced productivity. The document also notes loopholes in implementing domestic violence laws in India, such as lack of awareness among victims about their legal rights and protections.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A ready-made presentation on Violation of Women's rights giving a detailed account of the violence on women globally and in India. Includes historical events that are important in the context of women's rights. This PPT talks about how women's rights are violated on daily basis, globally and in India along with providing measures to ensure our women's safety and well being. Talks about women's rights in India as well.
This document discusses domestic violence against women and girls. It provides an overview of the scope and magnitude of the problem globally. Some key points include:
- Domestic violence is perpetrated by intimate partners and family members and includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
- Estimates suggest 20-50% of women worldwide experience physical violence from intimate partners.
- Violence against women occurs throughout their lives, from sex-selective abortions and infanticide of baby girls to abuse as children and adults within their homes and families.
- In addition to the physical and mental health consequences for women and children, domestic violence has significant social and economic costs.
- A coordinated, multi-sectoral approach is needed
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docxelinoraudley582231
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool? If so, why, and how could it be beneficial? If not, what were the drawbacks of the assessments?
The Female Sexual Function Index comes out as an assessment tool which mainly focuses on women, therefore, accomplishing its intended purpose. Each of the 19 items tested by the series of questions in the questionnaire touches on the sexual experiences of women prior to, during, or before sexual intercourse making it an appropriate tool to measure the sexual functioning of women. This tool is beneficial for clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction and can be used to identify signs and symptoms of female orgasmic disorder (FOD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women (Metson, 2003).
How? The series of questions focuses on six domains which are; desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Each of the questions is classified under either domain mainly focusing on the female experiences over time. For example, when it comes to desire, there are two questions which ask about the frequency of sexual desire in the past one month as well as the degree of sexual desire over the same time period. Thus, we can argue that each of the domains has been intensively investigated to come up with the most viable result to be used for the relevant clinical purposes. Besides this, the assessment tool is reliable and relevant since it can be used to indicate different variables in each of the tested domains. The different responses for every question have been assigned different scores which are consistent with the kind of feedback which is to be expected.
References
Cindy M. Metson, (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Female Orgasmic Disorder and in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872178/
According to the CDC the HIV/AIDS reports, African-Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS and disparity continues to widen. African Americans represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but they account for approximately 43% of HIV diagnoses. The African-Americans who die of HIV/Aids represents 44% of the deaths in the U.S. The worst hit category are the black women, the youths, gays and bisexual men. Dr. Donna Hubbard McCree (2013) notes that HIV/AIDS epidemics among the blacks results from factors including poverty, lack of awareness of HIV status, stigma that prevent the majority from seeking help, high rate of sexually transmitted infection, sexual networks, lack of access to adequate health care and lack sexual education among the most affected population.
Even though recent reports demonstrate encouraging trends of reducing HIV infections among the black population, new diagnoses still occur among the black gay and bisexual men. Therefore, even with continued intervention, disproportionate trends continue among the black population continue to be re.
Perceptions of the Social Consequences of Rape in EzinihitteMbaise, Imo State...AJHSSR Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined perceptions of the social consequences of rape in Ezinihitte-Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. The study found that 20.3% of respondents viewed stigmatization as a consequence, while 18.6% cited withdrawal from social activities and 25.2% cited delay in marriage. However, the study concluded that stigmatization of victims can further traumatize them and serve as secondary victimization. It recommended sensitization campaigns to discourage stigmatization and reorient perceptions that the effects of rape are permanent.
Human rights violations in India include discrimination and abuse against various groups. Scheduled castes and tribes face social discrimination and economic disadvantages stemming from the caste system. Women experience high rates of domestic violence and other forms of gender-based abuse like acid attacks. Minorities face religious and ethnic discrimination. Transgender and HIV/AIDS patients also experience stigma and lack of rights protections. Prisoners have their basic human rights violated through overcrowding, lack of medical care, torture, and abuse by guards. Slavery and forced labor continue to impact disabled and marginalized groups. During arrests, police often fail to follow constitutional guidelines regarding identification, recording of arrests and injuries, and access to legal counsel. Upholding human rights
Gender Inequality as a Worldwide Social IssueJames O'Banion
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The document summarizes research on various forms of sexual violence and exploitation such as rape, war rape, female genital mutilation, sexual assault, prostitution, human trafficking, and sex tourism. It provides definitions and statistics on the prevalence and impacts of these issues. Specifically, it discusses how rape is used as a weapon of war, the exploitation of over 200,000 "comfort women" by the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII, and the physical and psychological harms of female genital mutilation practices.
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Geographies of domestic violence in rural spaces: Case of rural Nepali commun...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recognition that past research on domestic violence largely concentrated on urban areas has
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attention to the problems of resourcing and delivering services in support of families and individuals living with
and escaping violence. A key direction of research has been the interrogation of rates of domestic violence in
the comparison of urban, suburban and rural areas. Some studies have extended this comparative approach in
highlighting the prevalence of different forms of violence across types of community. This focus on the rural has
been a welcomed response to academic criticisms of the lack of work on the rationality of space and violence
and to associated calls by geographers to foreground the centrality of space in work on both the experience and
conceptualization of violence. Three remote villages of Bank district of western Nepal has been selected for the
household survey at 90 households. In addition to that, KII and FGD as well as interactive interview with the
local stake holders have also been conducted. Main finding of this research is women in the rural and remote
areas are more likely than women in urban areas to experience domestic and family violence. Similarly, women
living in the rural and remote areas who experience domestic and family violence face specific issues related to
their geographical location and the cultural and social characteristics of living in small communities.
Geographies of domestic violence in rural spaces: Case of rural Nepali commun...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recognition that past research on domestic violence largely concentrated on urban areas has
helped to generate a body of work focusing specifically on the rural. This work has begun to identify important
characteristics of the experience of intimate partner violence in rural communities and, in particular, to draw
attention to the problems of resourcing and delivering services in support of families and individuals living with
and escaping violence. A key direction of research has been the interrogation of rates of domestic violence in
the comparison of urban, suburban and rural areas. Some studies have extended this comparative approach in
highlighting the prevalence of different forms of violence across types of community. This focus on the rural has
been a welcomed response to academic criticisms of the lack of work on the rationality of space and violence
and to associated calls by geographers to foreground the centrality of space in work on both the experience and
conceptualization of violence. Three remote villages of Bank district of western Nepal has been selected for the
household survey at 90 households. In addition to that, KII and FGD as well as interactive interview with the
local stake holders have also been conducted. Main finding of this research is women in the rural and remote
areas are more likely than women in urban areas to experience domestic and family violence. Similarly, women
living in the rural and remote areas who experience domestic and family violence face specific issues related to
their geographical location and the cultural and social characteristics of living in small communities.
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To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
1. American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS)R) 2019
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American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS)
E-ISSN: 2378-702X
Volume-02, Issue-05, pp-05-09
May-2019
www.arjhss.com
Research Paper Open Access
Analysis of The Way The Genocide Against The Tutsi Affected
Women In Ngororero District
By MANIRARORA Annoncée & MBONIMANA Gamariel, Mugabo David
*Corresponding Author: MANIRARORA Annoncée
ABSTRACT:- The specific objective of this study was to analyse the way the genocide against Tutsi affected
women in Ngororero District.
The researcher used the purposive sampling technique while selecting the respondents. The researcher
selected the respondents based on those who have enough information on the matter of violated women during
the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, local leaders, women survivors of genocide and officials of AVEGA in
Ngororero District and the respondents were chosen based on their willingness to share the information with
researcher. They were reached through field visit and phone calls.
The study found that that 100% of respondents affirmed that the post-traumatic stress reactions were
especially elevated in victims of sexual violence during the Genocide against the Tutsi during 1994 who had
experienced a high number of traumatic events, had poor physical health and were lacking in social integration.
The respondents affirmed that this post-traumatic stress reaction has been overcome where it is on 29.4% today
because of the counseling they got from IBUKA , AVEGA and SEVOTA ,and 100% of respondents added that
they have fear, 79.4% of the respondents live in isolation while 97% affirmed depression and 100% of
respondents talked about hopeless some days after genocide.
After analyzing the findings, the recommendations have been provided to different stakeholders and
women survivors of the Genocide against the Tutsi themselves.
I. STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Women violated during genocide continue to suffer and the different partners are doing nothing to
solve their problems. Apart from that, a lot of data on that situation are always unfound. We cannot believe that
the women will find rescue from their bad situation left by genocide. There are untold stories from the victims
of sexual violence in Ngororero District. When their situations continue to be hidden, unknown, for
consequences they continue to suffer, the government and partners cannot intervene to help those women when
they don’t know the problem to solve for them. To help those women is to help the community. There is need to
identify their problem and advocate for them on to who are concern to help and solve their problems.
II. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Gender based violence
According to the prevention and punishment of GBV law in Rwanda, gender based violence is any act
that results in a bodily, psychological and economic harm to somebody just because they are female or male.
Such act results in the deprivation of freedom and negative consequences. This violence may be exercised
within or outside households them (GoR, 2008).
Genocide
UN (1948) has defined Genocide as follows:" genocide means any of the following acts committed
with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such: a) killing
members of group; b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of group; c) deliberately inflicting on
the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d) imposing
measures intended to prevent births within the Group; e) forcibly transferring children from one group to
another group " .
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Rape
WHO (2002) has defined rape as physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration even if slight of
the vulva or anus, using a penis, other body parts or an object. During genocidal process, there are many crimes
of rape that happen as such as systematic mass rape, forced maternity, rape as a means of murder, and sexual
torture, gang rape, coerced rapes between family members, sexual mutilation, forced prostitution, sexual
slavery, rape in rape camps, women forced to ‘marry’ perpetrators.
Sexual violence
The World Health Organisation which is in charge of health managed , define sexual violence as any
sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise
directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim,
in any setting, including but not limited to home and work (WHO,2002).
Victim
A victim is a natural person who has suffered harm, including physical, mental or emotional harm or
economic loss which was directly caused by a criminal offence (CPS, 2013).
Psychosocial problem
Psychosocial problems include the broad spectrum of everything that is not strictly medical-somatic.
They affect the functioning of the patient in daily life, and concern his environment and/or biography. On the
one hand, it concerns different psychological problems such as: feeling anxious/nervous/tense, (posttraumatic or
acute) stress, depression and feeling depressed, burn out, loneliness, irritability, sleep disorder, sexual problems,
tics, alcohol abuse, tobacco abuse, drug abuse, memory problems, behavior problems, learning difficulties,
phase of life problems, fear of mental illness, psychoses, schizophrenia, anxiety(disorder), somatization
disorder, suicide/suicidality, neurasthenia/surmenage, phobia/obsessive compulsive disorder, personality
disorder or identity problem, hyperkinetic disorder, intellectual disabilities and eating disorders. On the other
hand, it concerns different social problems such as: poverty/financial problems, housing problems, problems
with food/water, social-cultural problems, problems with work or unemployment, school problems, problems
with social security, with health care, legal problems, adjustment problems, loss/death of family/partner and
educational problems(Lena Vannieuwenborg, Jan De Lepeleire & Frank Buntinx, 2016).
III. LITERATURE ON HOW GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI AFFECTED WOMEN
IN NGORORERO DISTRICT
According to Llezlie (2011), the campaign against the Tutsi women preceded the Genocide against the
Tutsi from 1990, gender hate propaganda was the most virulent component of the propaganda campaign anti -
Tutsi. Tutsi women were portrayed as enemies of the state. Through the discourses of propagandists, rape served
to shatter the images of Tutsi women by humiliating, degrading, and ultimately destroying of them. No member
of the military shall marry a Tutsi woman. Women Tutsi were demonized by propagandists. The relationship
between gender – based hate propaganda and sexual violence is clear because propagandists used sexualized
images of Tutsi women to instigate ethnic hate and conflict and the results were the cruelty of death of women
Tutsi based on both ethnic and gender stereotypes fuelled the sexual violence committed against the Tutsi
women.
Tutsi Women were mutilated and humiliated publicly, some of them were stripped and/or slashed and
exposed to public mockery, and others had pieces of trees branches pushed into their vagina, tortured, cutting of
their breasts and buttocks by perpetrators.
Weaver (2010) said that within context of total war, women suffer not merely as collateral damage, but
their bodies have taken on strategic importance. In Rwanda they have served as chamber pot for interahamwe
militias and symbol of conquering military’s honour (and the dishonour of defeat) as well as targets in and of
themselves. Military sexual slavery has continued throughout the twentieth century and systematic or strategic
rape as military policy played an important role in the Genocide against the Tutsi.
Sai (2012) stated that in the objective of ethnic cleansing, Rape was used as a means of stripping Tutsi
women of their dignity and identity. This is part of the tactic to treat Tutsis as subhuman, as cockroaches, which
they were called in the hate propaganda. Mutilation was used as a way to forcibly sterilize Tutsi women to stop
them from having children. Also, in a patriarchy such as Rwanda, any forced pregnancies result in babies who
take the father’s (the perpetrator’s) ethnic identity. Another way in which sexualized violence was used to
ethnically cleanse was through the transmission of HIV. This is explained in the way that many women who
were violated sexually in Ngororero district found themselves with HIV/AIDS that they did not have previously.
The consequence was double including physical harm and historical harm of HIV which is a deadly disease.
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A large number of women became pregnant as a result of rape during the Genocide against the Tutsi.
Pregnancies and childbirth among extremely young girls who were raped have also posed health problems for
these mothers. The "pregnancies of the war" in Rwanda were estimated by the National Population Office to be
between 2,000 and 5,000 (UN WOMEN, 2013) sexual violence against women during the Genocide against the
Tutsi in 1994, for that the concern of this study is to search on it.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study was carried out in Ngororero District. The District hosts 174 women’s genocide survivors
and the ones who were violated during the Genocide included. The researchers have used the purposive
sampling technique while selecting the respondents. The researcher have selected the respondents based on
those who have enough information on the matter of violated women during the 1994 Genocide against the
Tutsi, local leaders, women survivors of genocide and officials of AVEGA and SEVOTA in Ngororero District
and the respondents were chosen based on their willingness to share the information with researchers.They were
reached through field visit and phone calls.
ANALYSIS ON THE WAYS THE GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI AFFECTED WOMEN IN
NGORORERO DISTRICT
This section shows the way the Genocide against the Tutsi affected women in Ngororero District
1. Psychological consequences of women violated during the Genocide against the Tutsi
In the aftermath of 1994, genocide survivors showed high rates of mental health and psychosocial problems due
to the inconceivable, dehumanized brutality that the majority of them had been exposed or witness to. Entire
family systems as well as the general social public that formerly provided support were destroyed due to losses
of family members and growing mistrust and fear following the Genocide against the Tutsi. This part shows the
changes which occurred to genocide survivors after 23 years as they are described below as follow:
Table 1: Psychological consequences of women violated during genocide against the Tutsi
Psychological conditions Some days after genocide Today
Frequency % Frequency %
Post-traumatic stress reactions 68 100 20 29.4
Fear 68 100 12 17.6
Isolation 54 79.4 14 20.6
Depression 66 97 15 22
Hopeless 68 100 10 14.7
Source: Primary Data, December 2017
The table 1 shows that 100% of respondents affirmed that the post-traumatic stress reactions were
especially elevated in victims of sexual violence during the Genocide against the Tutsi during 1994 who had
experienced a high number of traumatic events, had poor physical health and were lacking in social integration.
The respondents affirmed that this post-traumatic stress reaction has been overcome where it is on 29.4% today
because of the counseling they got from IBUKA, SEVOTA and AVEGA and 100% of respondents added that
they have fear, 79.4% of the respondents live in isolation while 97% affirmed depression and 100% of
respondents talked about hopeless some days after the Genocide against the Tutsi. But today these psychological
conditions have changed where fear still ranked at 17.6% of the respondents, isolation on 14% of the
respondents while depression ranked at 22% of the respondents and hopeless at 14.7% of respondents. This
shows that the psychological conditions of in victims of sexual violence during the Genocide against the Tutsi
during 1994 have been improved in this 23years after the Genocide against the Tutsi. Before responding
questions, the researcher explained well psychological conditions mentioned in order to help respondents to
select appropriate answers.
Sexual transmission diseases and chronic diseases
Rape is used as weapon of genocide, to humiliate women and their families especially their spouses
and their children. The women survivors of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Ngororero District majority
of them are personnel leaving with HIV/AIDS. 62 (84.9%) women are infected by HIV and others have chronic
diseases fistula from genital mutilation, genital bleeding and cervix cancer.
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Table 2: Sexual transmission diseases and chronic diseases of women violated during the Genocide
against the Tutsi
Sexual transmission diseases and
chronic diseases
Frequency Percentage
HIV/AIDS 22 32.4%
Fistula 1 1,5%
Cervix Cancer 1 1,5%
Source: Primary data, December 2017
The table 2 shows the way of the Genocide against the Tutsi affected women in Ngororero District, it is
indicated that 22 women, equivalents to 30.1% have got HIV/AIDS from sexual violence during the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi. 1 woman and another 1 have been affected by Fistula and Cervix Cancer
respectively. It is shown that sexual violence during the Genocide against the Tutsi has wrongly affected women
in Ngororero District.
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
The specific objectives of this study was to analyse the way the Genocide against the Tutsi affected
women in Ngororero District address the problems of women survivors of the Genocide against the Tutsi.
The study was carried out in Ngororero District. The District hosts 174 women’s genocide survivors
and the ones who were violated during the Genocide included. The researcher have used the purposive sampling
technique while selecting the respondents. The researcher have selected the respondents based on those who
have enough information on the matter of violated women during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, local
leaders, women survivors of genocide and officials of AVEGA and SEVOTA in Ngororero District and the
respondents were chosen based on their willingness to share the information with researchers.They were reached
through field visit and phone calls.
The table 1 shows that 100% of respondents affirmed that the post-traumatic stress reactions were
especially elevated in victims of sexual violence during the Genocide against the Tutsi during 1994 who had
experienced a high number of traumatic events, had poor physical health and were lacking in social integration.
The respondents affirmed that this post-traumatic stress reaction has been overcome where it is on 29.4% today
because of the counseling they got from IBUKA , AVEGA and SEVOTA ,and 100% of respondents added that
they have fear, 79.4% of the respondents live in isolation while 97% affirmed depression and 100% of
respondents talked about hopeless some days after genocide.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The researcher recommended various institutions to sort out the problems aired out in this research.
For example regarding women survivors of the Genocide against the Tutsi should, AVEGA and SEVOTA, GoR
and other institutions should make sure that they are aware of sexual violence problems affected women during
the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and their effects. Ngororero District officials should organizing community
work to solve women problems related to infrastructure and create a pipeline of people who can give care to the
women especially in terms of counselling and psycho social therapy. Non government organizations and civil
society should go ahead to advocate for the women who were victims of rape during the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi and they should Organizing field visits to the women
VI. CONCLUSION
To stop rape, the kind of thinking needs to change and to develop a positive masculinity, to promote
the rights of all. It starts with boys ,they can taught human rights, respect for women, equality, these children
will grow into young men who think that they are not better than women, and they will not grow into men who
rape women, who will don’t use violence to get their way. They will become non violent men.
Sexual violence can affect the whole system because when is perpetrated against women during ethnic
conflict because women keep the civilian population functioning through their roles as mothers, wives, and
caretakers. So when woman are collapse, is the family and the whole community structure who collapse.
Partners are called to go also in rural areas not only in urbans areas, because the victims of sexual
violence on women during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi are hidden in very far rural areas like in
Ngororero District.
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