- The document discusses a new hypothesis about prehistoric populations on Mars having advanced knowledge of mathematics and astronomy.
- It claims they formulated universal constants like e and pi as rational numbers based on the symmetrical relative positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
- As the universe expanded and the Moon moved farther from its axis, this symmetry was disrupted, causing constants like e and pi to become irrational numbers with endless digits.
- The author speculates prehistoric Martians used a base-3 logarithm system and represented formulas with three dots, relating the positions of celestial bodies to fundamental constants.
Get all the needful things starting from luggage & travel security to travel gadgets & first aid on our Travel Accessories Store online. Visit our website i.e. www.bohotraveller.com or email us at contact@bohotraveller.com.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
Get all the needful things starting from luggage & travel security to travel gadgets & first aid on our Travel Accessories Store online. Visit our website i.e. www.bohotraveller.com or email us at contact@bohotraveller.com.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. Over 70% percent of Earth's surface is covered with wate[ with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice that is the solid ice of the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The planet's interior remains active
Data analysis in geography simply concerns the methodology for collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. It frequently involves the application of statistical techniques useful in several ways ― first, these help summarize the findings of studies (example: total rainfall during a period in a state), second, these help understanding of the phenomenon under study (example: rainfall is more in the southern districts), third, these help forecast the state of variables (example: draught is likely during the next year), fourth, these help evaluate performance of certain activity (example: more rainfall means more rice production), fifth, these help decision making (example: finding out the best location for a H.S. School), sixth, they also help to establish whether relationships between the characteristics of a set of observations are genuine or not, and finally, certainly all these can show that the results of the analysis make a valuable contribution to the body of geographical knowledge.
Statistical techniques and procedures are applied in all fields of academic research; wherever data are collected and summarized or wherever any numerical information is analyzed or research is conducted, statistics are needed for sound analysis and interpretation of results. Geographers primarily use statistics in the following ways: to describe and summarize spatial data, to make generalizations concerning complex spatial patterns, to estimate the probability of outcomes for an event at a given location, to use samples of geographic data to infer characteristics for a larger set of geographic data (population), to determine if the magnitude or frequency of some phenomenon differs from one location to another, and to learn whether an actual spatial pattern matches some expected pattern.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Post processing of SLM Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in accordance with AMS 4928 standardsIJERD Editor
This Research work was done to find out the impact of AMS 4928 standard heat treatment on
Selective Laser Melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 alloy. Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 is an Extra Low Interstitial
version of Ti alloy with lower impurities and is α+β type alloy at room temperature. SLM is one type of method
in Additive Manufacturing based on Powder bed system. Each powder layer of few microns is coated and a laser
beam is scanned to melt the metal powder according to the specification of the part and subsequently moved
downwards layer by layer. The test coupons were first heat treated according to the above mentioned standard.
The tensile testing and the microstructural analysis were done to compare the results with that of mentioned in
the AMS 4928.The yield stress andPercentage elongation in the test coupons achieved are better than the
minimum requirement by AMS 4928 standard. Coarse lamellar grain structures were obtained with no
continuous network of alpha at prior beta grain boundaries.
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...IJERD Editor
Evaporation is one of treatment alternatives of waste water from condensation of vapour in flue gas
or from flue gas scrubber system of an incinerator. The waste water contains tar and heavy metals which are
toxic and must be separated, before discharged to environment or recycled. Due to the relatively low efficiency
of the evaporation process, a combination of the evaporation-absorption process is developed to increase the
efficiency. The aim of this research is to study the separation efficiency of tar from the tar-water mixture from
organic fraction incineration of garbage by evaporation-absorption process, and compared it with the
evaporation process. The evaporation process was performed by evaporating the waste water directly, while the
evaporation-absorption process was carried out by evaporating the waste water before it had been mixed with
palm oil as an absorbent. The results showed that the efficiency to separate the heavy tar of the evaporation
process was 73.27% compared to the combination of evaporation-absorption that was 98.82%. Meanwhile, for
the separation of the light tar, the efficiencies of both process types were almost the same. This system can be
integrated with the incinerator for the treatment of flue gases and waste water generated from the burning of
organic fraction of MSW
Content Based Video Retrieval Using Integrated Feature Extraction and Persona...IJERD Editor
Traditional video retrieval methods fail to meet technical challenges due to large and rapid growth of
multimedia data, demanding effective retrieval systems. In the last decade Content Based Video Retrieval
(CBVR) has become more and more popular. The amount of lecture video data on the Worldwide Web (WWW)
is growing rapidly. Therefore, a more efficient method for video retrieval in WWW or within large lecture video
archives is urgently needed. This paper presents an implementation of automated video indexing and video
search in large videodatabase. First of all, we apply automatic video segmentation and key-frame detection to
extract the frames from video. At next, we extract textual keywords by applying on video i.e. Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) technology on key-frames and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) on audio tracks of that
video. At next, we also extractingcolour, texture and edge detector features from different method. At last, we
integrate all the keywords and features which has extracted from above techniques for searching
purpose.Finallysearch similarity measure is applied to retrieve the best matchingcorresponding videos are
presented as output from database. Additionally we are providing Re-ranking of results as per users interest in
original result.
Content Based Video Retrieval Using Integrated Feature Extraction and Persona...
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 7, Issue 6 (June 2013), PP. 06-15
6
Mars Mathematics
(New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
M.Arulmani1
, V.R.Hema Latha2
,
1
B.E. Author (Engineer)
2
M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil. Co Author (Biologist)
Abstract:- Good News to all the Global population and mathematical scholars! It is focused that the Tamil
based Indians who already lived in Mars Planet in prehistoric time before modern human population started
leaving on Earth Planet. When lived in Mars they were very expert in Astronomical Science and climate control
techniques and effectively controlling the inter planet disorders. They were not only expert in astronomical
science but also expert in advanced mathematics and formulated the characteristics of planets, solar system,
shape of Cosmo universe etc in tiny dot code form. They observe that the expansion of Universe matters and
Physical and Chemical Properties of observable universe have logarithmic behavior. It is speculated that they
adopted the mathematical system called NATURAL LOGARITHM for formulating the behavior of Universe,
with constants such as e, pie(). Further it is speculated that these natural universal constants were of rational
numbers in Prehistoric time.
In the modern time, mathematical scholars focus that these universal constants are not rational
numbers but involved with fractional number. Further the fractional numbers are involved with thousands of
progressive digits without ending. Scientist focused many theories for arriving the value for these constants
with MOST ACCURACY. But still mathematical scholars do not understand what is the reason for the
progressive and endless fractional digits in formulating the behaviour of law of nature.
It is focused by the Author that the prehistoric population while live in MARS already formulated the
relative position of Sun, Earth, Moon forming 3-in-1 integrated Star which Acts as the base of whole Cosmo
Universe. It is speculated that prehistoric scientist and mathematicians might have formulated the behaviour of
nature and various natural objects related to the relative position of Sun, Earth, Moon. As such they might
have formulated universal constants like e, pie. Further it is focused that in prehistoric time the base of cosmo
universe might be SYMMETRY and hence the universal constants also might be always constant and involved
with rational number. But in modern period it is speculated that due to expanding universe the relative position
of Sun, Earth, Moon might become variant which could have lead to ASYMMTRY in the base of universe and
hence the universal constants, e, pie() also might become variant and become irrational numbers to the tune of
thousands of endless digits. Further the prehistory populations were very expert and managing successfully the
inter planet disorder by communication technique. During the course of time all the pre-historic population
might have been become extinct and all the prehistoric mathematical formulation techniques might have been
totally lost. It is speculated by the Author that the prehistoric population might have successfully managed the
inter planet disorder by adopting natural logarithm as a tool for formulating the exact behaviour of universe
and nature.
Keywords:-
a) Logarithm with base 3.
b) Prehistoric Mathematical tool.
c) Mathematical constants e, pie() are rational numbers.
d) e, pie symbol are related to geometric position of Sun, Earth, Moon.
e) Natural logarithm is pure Mathematics.
f) e, Pie become variant due to asymmetry in triangular base universe.
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern scientists and mathematicians are adopting various logarithmic techniques with various
logarithmic base in ascertaining and formulating the behavior of universe. It is speculated by the Author that
prehistoric population when lived in MARS might have adopted mathematical natural logarithm with Base-3 as
the tool for evaluating exact behavior of universe and nature. In fact it is speculated by the Author that
mathematical logarithm with Base-3 shall be called as PURE MATHEMATICS. Further it is focused that
they might have arrived Base-3 in logarithm from the philosophy of relative position of 3 SPACE
ELEMENTS, (I.e.) Sun, Earth & Moon. In modern time, mathematics the natural logarithm is considered as
2. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
7
logarithm with Base-10. It is hypothesized by Author that the natural logarithm with Base-3 shall be considered
as more pure and accurate in mathematical language compared to natural logarithm Base-10 in formulating
the astrophysics, astronomical science with more accuracy.
In Modern time still there is mystery that whether Mathematics is considered as branch of Science or
not. Some scholars speculate that Mathematics is not science. Further in the field of Science there are certain
terminology for which there is no clear definition exist.
i) Mathematics and Pure Mathematics
ii) Science and Natural Science
iii) Logarithm and Natural Logarithm
In the study of Mathematics - is there any field study of impure Mathematics? Science itself is the
study of Nature. Then what is the meaning of natural science? Is there any study field of unnatural science?
What does mean Logarithm and Natural Logarithm?
II. HYPOTHESIS
g) In Prehistoric time the Mathematical formula were represented in code form in three tiny dot called
MARS CODE.
h) The Prehistoric populations adopted Logarithm with base 3 as a Mathematical tool in Astronomy
which shall be called as Natural Logarithm (or) Pure Mathematics.
i) The Prehistoric populations considered the study of Mathematics is also science. The study of
Mathematics shall be considered as integral part of fundament three branch of science (i.e.) Mathematics,
Chemistry, Physics. In Prehistoric time the study of Mathematical, chemical, physical properties of Universe,
Particles, Atoms, Solar system, etc. shall be considered as Natural Science (or) Pure Science. The study of
logarithmic behaviour of matter, space shall also be considered as Pure Science, Pure Mathematics.
j) The standard Mathematical constants e, Pie were rational number as the relative position of Sun,
Earth, Moon was symmetric in Prehistoric time.
The philosophy of Neutrinos, Dark Radiation, Electromagnetic Radiation responsible for evolution of
Matters, the hypothetical shape of Cosmo Universe were published in IJSRP, April issue, 2013 titled as Cosmo
super star and in IJSER May issue, 2013 titled as Super Scientist of climate control. This article Mars
mathematics shall be considered as the extended version of previous published articles with additional
intensive research, case studied related to behaviour of standard Mathematical Constants e, Pie.
III. HYPOTHETICAL NARRATION
k) What is Pure Science?
The prehistoric populations while lived in MARS considered Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics as the
three fundamental Science and formulated with three tiny dot called MARS CODE.
It is focused that right dot shall be considered as Physics responsible for functional part of Universe
and matters, left dot shall be considered as Chemistry responsible for structural part of universe and matter the
centre dot shall be considered as Mathematics responsible for Law part of universe and matter.
In medical term the three fundamental branch of science shall be considered as equivalent as
mentioned below.
a) Mathematics - RNA
b) Chemistry - Hormone
c) Physics - DNA
3. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
8
l) Relative Position of Sun, Earth, Moon in the Solar System:
It is believed that the word star derived from ancient word aster. It is focused by author that the word
aster itself might be derived form prehistoric phonetic word AKKIE. The prehistoric population were experts in
astronomy and formulated the star system considering the relative position of Sun, Earth, Moon in three tiny
dots and in prehistoric time they might have called star as AKKIE. AKKIE shall mean dark energy. STAR
shall mean three-in-one. The etymology of word astronomy shall be considered derived from phonetics
AKKIE. Case study shows that the etymology of word Cairo city means MARS. It is focused that the word
Cairo might be derived from prehistoric Tamil phonetics Kathiri, Kathiravan. Kathiri, Kathiravan shall mean
dark radiation.
m) Prehistoric, Modern time position of Sun, Earth, Moon
It is focused that due to expanding Universe, the relative position of Sun, Earth, Moon becomes
asymmetry compared to prehistoric time. Case study shows that astronomer confirmed that moon is moving
away from its axis 3.8 centimeter per year. It is speculated that the prehistoric MARS population might have
effectively controlled the shift of MOON through advanced electromagnetic digital communication.
In prehistoric time the magnetic axis was perfectly aligned and there is no axial shift of earth on its axis.
During the course of time as the moon is moving away from the axis, there is shift of earth on its axis which
results serious changes in climatic conditions. In prehistoric time the MARS population have well managed the
climatic changes issues and lived for long span of time.
(a)
Prehistoric Position of Star (Sun,
Earth, Moon)
In prehistoric time the Sun, Earth, Moon are
located in fixed position configured as look like
isosceles Triangle as below
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Modern Time Position of Star
In modern time the relative position of Sun, Earth,
Moon is altered due to deviation. Moon going
away from Sun. Which leads to asymmetry in
isosceles Triangle
4. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
9
n) Model Cosmo Universe
The Prehistoric populations when lived in MARS formulated Cosmo Universe as TRIPOD like closed
container having three distinguished regions with Triangular base. The Region III shall be considered as
Material Universe where all matters like planets, Asteroids, Gas Molecules, etc. exist. The Region III Universe
shall also be called as Einstein Region where all Einstein theories and laws are considered obeyed in this
region.
Philosophy of Structure of
“Universe”
(i)
(ii)
o) PHILOSOPHY OF LOGO
The logo shall be referred to the system of symbol, graphic mark, emblem commonly used by
commercial organization to aid and promote public recognition. The etymology of Greek word LOGOS,
LOGIC, LOGISTICS might be derived from the word LOGO. The Greek word LOGOS, LOGISTICS, LOGY
are referred to the meaning such as skilled in calculation, scientific study etc. It is hypothesized by the author
that the prehistoric population when live in MARS are expert in logarithmic function of mathematics and other
scientific studies. It is speculated that the prehistoric population might have adopted three tiny dots as natural
logarithm mathematical symbol with base three.
5. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
10
p) PHILOSOPHY OF PREHISTORIC MATHEMATICAL UNIVERSE CONSTANTS
The definition for mathematical science shall be referred to the formulation of behaviour of Nature and
Universe in most simplified form. Hence various mathematical theories have been evolved in the past linear,
non-linear functional theory, Natural logarithm with base e, Common logarithm with base 10, exponential
theorem etc. While framing so many theories standard universal constants such as e, pi, gravitation constants
(G), Earth gravity constant (g), planks constant (h), Planks constant (h), Magnetic constant (Permeability),
Electric constant (permittivity), Avogadro’s number (A) etc to formulate the characteristics in most close
accuracy.
Case study shows that all the formulated constants are of irrational in number with so many decimals
without any ending digit. For example the constant Pi is considered transcendental in number with decimals
figuring to the range of trillion digits without ending. In mathematics pi is defined as the ratio of a circle
circumference to its diameter. The ratio is empirically found constant irrespective of the size of the circle.
It is hypothesized by the author that the Prehistoric populations while live in MARS were well expert
in Mathematics the behavior of Nature and Universe objects in logarithmic, exponential way and formulated
logic logarithms and Predicted the characteristics of nature in a more accurate way and effectively controlled,
regulated the nature such as Prehistoric Earthquakes, climatic control issues etc.
q) PHILOSOPHY OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS:
It is focused that the prehistoric populations formulated the whole cosmo universe into three regions
and formulated with three tiny dot (MARS CODE). Further they considered Sun, Earth, Moon as the integral
part and forms base of universe.
In modern mathematics various logarithms with different base number such as 2,5,8,10,12,20 & 60 to
suit the need of country and its applications. It is hypothesized that the prehistoric populations considered Sun,
Earth, Moon as the three base objects and formulated the logarithm. In Prehistoric time the logarithm with base
three shall also be called as TRINARY LOGARITHM, NATURAL LOGARITHM.
i.e.
e = 3
Log base 3 = log base e
In conventional mathematics the value of e is considered as 2.71828 with thousands of endless
decimals. What! Anything wrong with Modern Mathematics? It is hypothesized that in prehistoric time the
relative position of Sun, Earth, Moon shall be considered as symmetric and the value of e might have been
worked as 3.0. Subsequently as the Moon is moving away from its base there may be gradual variation in e
constant and the value become 2.71828 from 3.0 in prehistoric time.
It is hypothesized that the symbol e shall be considered as unkown number and in order to know the
relative position of base of universe at any instant of period the logarithmic shift of Moon might have been
formulated as below.
Log3 (e) = a/b
e – Unknown figure
a – distance between Sun and Earth
b – distance between Sun and Moon
From the above equation the unknown value of e shall be worked out with reference to relative
position of Moon and Earth from Sun.
e = 3a/b
It is hypothesized that in prehistoric time a = b. Hence the value of e in prehistoric time shall be
arrived as below.
e = 3(1)
= 3
In Prehistoric time the value of e shall be considered as rational number. Further it is focused by the
author that as per philosophy of prehistoric mathematics the e shall be considered as variable figure and not as
constant. Further it is focused by the Author as the Moon is continuously moving away the value of e also
gradually varies from 3.0 to 2.71828 with decimals to the range of thousands of digits.
Case study showing that so many theories are evolved in modern time to identify the exact value of e to nearest
close accuracy.
In modern time the value of e shall be arrived as below.
e = 3a/b
b = 150,380,000
a = 150,000,000
e = 2.71828 (Approx.)
6. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
11
e shall be considered as universe variable and not universal constant.
- Author
In prehistoric time the value of e might have been formulated with three tiny dot (MARS Code) as below.
e =
r) PHILOSOPHY OF PI CONSTANT ( ):
In modern mathematics the Pi () is considered as a universal constant discovered based on the
circumference of a circle to its diameter. The value of Pi () is considered as irrational and transcendental equal
to the value 3.14 consists of endless decimals to the range of trillion. So many theories are evolved to identify
the value of Pi with closest accuracy. So many modern scientists like Einstein, Archimedes, Newton also
evolved their own theories for close best approximation of value of Pi ().
Case study shows that the concept of Pi () was originated from Greek alphabet associated with
meaning Perimeter. Hence it was understood that the constant Pi () has been adopted as a ratio of
circumference of a circle to its diameter.
It is hypothesized by the author that the concept of Pi () might have been derived by the Prehistoric
populations from the philosophy of relative position of Sun, Earth and Moon. In the symbol Pi () the top line
refers to Sun, left leg refers to Earth and the right leg refers to Moon.
Pi () =
It is focused that the two legs in the symbol Pi () shall be considered as identical which indicates the
position of Earth and Moon at equal distance from Sun in the Prehistoric time. During the course of expanding
universe the Moon travels away from axis. It is hypothesized by the Author that in order to the relative position
of Earth, Moon from the Sun the symbol Pi () might have been considered as Unknown Number with
reference to the prehistoric position of Earth, Moon from Sun. Accordingly the relative position of Earth, Moon
might have been logarithmically formulated with base as three as below.
Log 3 ( ) = b/a
- Unknown figure
a - distance between Earth and Sun
b - distance between Moon and Sun
From the above equation the unknown value of Pi () shall be worked out as below.
Pi ( ) = 3 b/a
It is hypothesized that in prehistoric time a= b. Hence the value of Pi () shall be arrived as below.
Pi () = 3 (1)
= 3
In Prehistoric time the value of Pi () shall be considered as rational number. Further it is focused by
the Author that as per philosophy of prehistoric mathematics the Pi () shall be considered as variable figure
and not as constant. Further it is focused by the Author as the Moon is continuously moving away the value of
Pi () also gradually varies, from 3.0 to 3.14 with endless decimals to the range of trillion digit.
In Modern time the value of Pi () shall be arrived as below.
Pi() = 3 b/a
b = 150,380,000
a = 150,000,000
Pi() = 3.14 (Approx.)
Is e and Pi () are related?
It is hypothesized by the Author that the e and Pi () shall be related as below.
i) Log3 e = a/b
7. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
12
ii) Log3 = b/a
e = 3a/b
= 3b/a
(Log 3 e) (Log 3 ) = 1
It is speculated that the Pi () and e shall be considered as inverse in characteristics and transcendental
variables. It is focused that in the expanding universe the mathematical constant e and pi() shall be considered
as the index of particular status of universe in the particular period. It is further focused that the constant e shall
be considered as countdown to zero point in logarithmic variation from the value 3 to 0. The current status of e
is 2.71828. The Constant Pi() shall also be considered as logarithmic variable. Further the concept of Pi()
might have been derived from the philosophy of spiral characteristic of universe.
s) AVOGADRO NUMBER:
The Avogadro number related to number of particles in one mole of substance is considered as 6.022 x
1023
. In prehistoric time the value might be 6.0 x 1023
(Multiple of Pi()) the value become 6.022 x 1023
from
6.0 x 1023
due to gradual shift of moon.
t) UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT:
It is hypothesized that the Universal gravitation constant in the prehistoric time might be 6.0 x 10-11
and beome varied to 6.673 x 15-11
in modern time due to gradual shift of moon. Similarly the earth gravity
might be varied from 6.0 x 10-11
to 9.81 in modern time due to shift of moon.
u) SPEED OF LIGHT:
It is hypothesized that the speed of light 3 x 108
metre /second in Prehistoric time might become 2.99 x
108
metre / second in modern time due to gradual shift of moon.
v) PLANK’S CONSTANT
It is hypothesized that the plank’s constant in prehistoric time might be 6.0 x 10-34
related to photon
energy level and frequency might become 6.626 x 10-34
in modern time due to gradual shift of moon.
w) LOGARITHMIC LINEAGE OF CHROMOSOME:
It is hypothesized by the author that the increase in chromosome level in various organisms might be
the measure of logarithmic shift and asymmetry level in the base of universe and logarithmic increase in natural
frequency level of Earth. It is hypothesized that in Prehistoric time the chromosome level of first life might be
3.0 just like Pi () value. Subsequently various organisms with varied chromosome level species and sub
species might be evolved logarithmically in the lineage of evolution. The modern human with 46 chromosome
shall be considered as the logarithmic measure of 3 chromosome Prehistoric human. It is focused that the
etymology of word chrome is related to electromagnetic spectrum and the evolution of various chromosome
level of organism shall be logarithmic measure of asymmetry in the base of universe. Case study shows that the
PH value of human is logarithmic measure of Hydrogen ion. It is focused by author that even the growth of
child within mother womb shall be considered as logarithmic measure of time.
P => 100 million years ago (Prokaryotes)
A => 100 million years ago (First human)
B => 90 million years ago (Mushroom)
C => 80 million years ago (Archaea)
8. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
13
D => 70 million years ago (Amoeba).
x) NATURE IS CREATION? OR EVOLUTION?
It is hypothesized by the Author that the prehistoric human formulated the whole cosmo universe with
three tiny dot.
It is focused by the Author that the nature shall be considered as both of creation and evolution. It is
focused that the right dot shall be considered as Dark matter (Mind), the left dot shall be considered as Dark
Energy (Body). The centre dot shall be considered as Dark Law (Heart). It is focused that the centre dot shall
be considered as creation and right, left dot shall be considered as evolution. Further it is focused that
evolution begins with creation. No creation means no evolution. Evolution is just like transition. Creation is
just like Dark Flame in existence.
IV. CONCLUSION
It is focused that the material universe (Region III) shall be considered as symmetric in Prehistoric time
due to effective control of Sun, Earth, Moon and other planets in the Solar System through advanced
electromagnetic radiation techniques. The Prehistoric Mathematical techniques are considered as mysterious
Black Box to the Modern Scientists. Hence it is speculated that the behaviour of planets in the Solar System
could not be controlled effectively which results in unexpected severe earthquakes, volcanic activity, etc.
Quakes occur not only on earth but occurs in other planets also due to misharmony in the solar system.
V. CASE STUDY
y) NATURE:
It is focused by the author the word Nature shall mean Life, material universe. It is further focused that
the Region III of universe shall be considered as NATURE where all planets, asteroids, comets, and all life
matter considered as existing. As far as considered about origin of life it is still poorly understood process. But
the prehistoric populations while lived in MARS have already considered the nature (Region III) is influenced
with three fundamental parameters and formulated with three tiny dot. The three parameters shall be
considered as optic flux, Electric flux and magnetic flux influenced by photon, electron and proton.
The right dot shall be considered as magnetic flex left dot shall be considered as Electric flux and the
centre dot shall be considered as optic flux. Further the right dot shall be considered as functional part, left dot
shall be considered as structural part and centre dot shall be considered as the law part of Nature.
In biology cell shall be considered as three parameters chromatin, nucleolus, cytoplasm. Chromatin
shall be considered as the functional part, nucleolus shall be considered as the structural part, cytoplasm shall be
considered as the law part of cell which was already formulated with three tiny dot.
In Astronomy Atom shall be considered as the three parameters proton, neutron, and electron. In
atom Proton shall be considered as the functional part, neutron shall be considered as the structural part and
electron shall be considered as the law part of Atom which was already formulated with three tiny dots.
In medical term Gene shall be considered as three parameters DNA, Harmone, RNA. DNA shall
be considered as the functional part, Harmone shall be considered as the structural part, RNA shall be
considered as the law part of Gene.
In EMR proton shall be considered as the functional part, Electron shall be consider as the
structural part photon shall be considered as the law part of EMR.
As far as concerned about the origin of life the three chromosome human shall be considered as the
origin of first life and derived one chromosome each from sun, Earth, and Moon. It is hypothesized by the
author that human heart beat is closely associated heart beat of earth. It is focused that every human heart is
9. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
14
electromagnetically connected to the natural frequency of earth. Navel shall be considered as the
electromagnetic sensor which is tuned to the electromagnetic natural frequency of earth.
It is focused that during the course of expanding universe the natural frequency of earth also gradually increases.
It is hypothesized that the prehistoric population while living in MARS might be having lower heart
beat say 60 pulse per second compared to normal heart beat of 72 pulse per second during modern time.
It is speculated that most of climate changes issues, growth of cancer, hypertension, other disease like
Dengue fever, Bird fever may be due to genetic disorder of asymmetry in relative position of sun, earth, moon.
It is further focused that the Prehistoric MARS populations have already formulated that the Sun,
Earth, Moon are not revolving but they simply rotates on its axis.
Modern scientists believe that the other side of Moon can’t be seen. The Prehistoric populations
already formulated the relative position of Sun, Earth, Moon which are stationary and rotating on its axis. It is
speculated that everyone is seeing the other side of moon also but we are no conscious about it.
The Prehistoric populations already formulated that STAR (Sun, Earth, Moon) acts as the base of
whole universe and Dark flame shall be considered as the origin (Centro mere) of Cosmo Universe. The gradual
increase in natural frequency of oscillation of Earth shall be very well understood from the theory of
SHUMANN RESONANCE.
z) PHILOSOPHY OF “LOGOS”
It is believed that the word “Log” is considered as the abbreviation of Logos, Concerned with various
logarithmic functions of mathematics, and various algorithims of computer languages. Log is the considered as
the short form of logarithm used to describe a system of arithmetic using increasing powers of a number rather
than a linear scale. In other words it can be said that it is concerned with high level computational methods in
the order multiple or divisive level.
Logos is also considered as Divine word and play major role in usage in the field of philosophy,
psychology, reheotoric, religion. Originally Logos meaning Ground, a Plea, an Opinion. In the latter it is used
as a technical term of denote the principle of order of knowledge.
Ancient philosophers used the term Logos in different ways, the sophists used the term to mean
discourse, Artistotle applied the term to refer reasoned discourse (or) the argument in the field of rehotoric.
The stoic philosopher defined the term with divine animating principle pervading the Universe. In Jewish
philosophy also this term is adopted. In Bible the Gospel of Jhon identifies Logos through which all things are
made and further identified that Jesus as the incarnate of Logos. In scientific field the word logy as suffix finds
many application such as biology, Astrology, cosmology, psychology, etc.
In religious sense the word Logos related to cosmic law or super wisdom and considered as the
instrument of God in the creation of the universe.
In modern Computer digital communications so many logic gates are in usage such as AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR, XOR.
It is hypothesized by the author the concept of word Logos, Log, might be derived from the philosophy of
MARS CODE
In the above prehistoric code form Logos the right dot shall be considered as the functional part left dot
shall be considered as the structural part, the centre dot shall be considered as the law part of Nature (or)
Universe.
The simple function of “log in” shall be referred to explore the ocean of knowledge through Web.
It is focused by the author that the prehistoric MARS populations might have adopted TRINARY
DIGIT using 1,0, space, as three digits. It is focused that the concept of Binary digit Boolean logic, truth table
logic and other mathematical functions such as Mean, Median, Mode, Range might be derived from the
philosophy of prehistoric MARS CODE.(Trinary Digit)
10. Mars Mathematics (New Discovery on Value of E, Pie () Constants)
15
In prehistoric time the MARS populations probably adopted the Natural logirithim constant (log e) as
3.0. During the course of time of expanding universe the there might be variation in the above space constant
due to continual moving of moon from its original position. Due to variation in environmental condition the
Natural logarithm constant might reduced to 2.71828 from initial value of 3.0.
It is focused by the author that the prehistoric MARS CODE shall be considered as mysterious Black
box and none could predict till date.
Case study shows that “In general quantum mechanics does not allow us to read out the state of a quantum
system with arbitrary precision”.
Author
M.Arulmani
,
B.E. Author
(Engineer)
V.R.Hema Latha
M.A., M.Sc.,
M.Phil. Co
Author
(Biologist)