The document defines and provides examples of different types of averages: mean, median, mode, and range. It explains that the mean is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. The median is the middle number when values are ordered from smallest to largest. The mode is the most common value. The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values. It then works through examples to find the mean, median, mode, and range of 5 children's heights.