The autonomic nervous system (ANS) receives input from parts of the central nervous system that process and integrate stimuli from the body and environment. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the fight or flight response using norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. The parasympathetic system activates rest and digest functions using acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to counterbalance the sympathetic system. The ANS regulates involuntary functions through a two-neuron pathway consisting of a preganglionic neuron which releases acetylcholine or norepinephrine at a ganglion, and a postganglionic neuron which travels to the organ and also releases acetylcholine or norepinephrine.

1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
MADE BY PHARMACOLOGY FOR PHARMACY

2. Introduction : ANS receive input from part of the
cns that process integrate stimuli from the body and
external environment
1) Hypothalamus
2) Hyppocampus
3) Reticular formation
Sympathetic neurons: The efferent ANS is divided
into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous
systems as well as the enteric nervous system
 The sympathetic nervous system is also called the
thoracolumbar division because of its origins.
 Allow body to function under stress
 Fight or flight

3. Parasympathetic neurons:
preganglionic fibers arise from cranial nerves III
(oculomotor),
VII (facial),
IX (glossopharyngeal),
X (vagus) as well as from the sacral region (S2 to S4) of the
spinal cord synapse in ganglia near or on the effector
organs.
REST and digest
Maintenance function
Counterbalance sympathatic function

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5. Functional divisions within the nervous
System : nervous system is further divided into two major
functional subdivisions,
1) Somatic system : or voluntary control
2) such as contraction of the skeletal muscles essential for
locomotion
3) 2) autonomic systems : , or involuntary nervous system.
4) The regulates the everyday requirements of vital bodily
functions without the conscious participation of the mind.
Because of the involuntary nature of the autonomic
nervous system.

6. Function of ANS: sympathatic
•Heart : incease heart rate and increase force of
contraction
•BLOOD VESSEL : constriction
•LUNGS : bronchodilation
•GIT : decrease motility and sphincter contraction decrease
secretions
•Parasympathetic :
•Heart : decrease heart rate and decrease fore of
contraction
•Blood vessel : no effect
•GIT :increase motility and shincter relaxation increase
secretion

7. Autonomic motor pathway :
Preganglionic neurons : its cell body grey
matter of the cns (brain and spinal cord)
Its myalinated axon exist the cns
sympathatic
 Preganglionic fibers use : acetylcholine
Posganglionic fibers use : epinephrine
Postganglionic neurons :
the cell body located in an autonomic ganglion
Post ganglionic axon passes from the ganglion to the
effector cardic muscle ,smooth muscle or glande
Parasympathatic :
Preganglionic fibers use: acetylcholine
Postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine

11. Types of neurotransmitters : six signal compounds,
including norepinephrine (and the closely related
epinephrine), acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine,
and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
a. Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine mediates the transmission of nerve
impulses across autonomic ganglia in both the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems. It is the neurotransmitter at the
adrenal medulla. Transmission from the autonomic postganglionic
nerves to the eff ector organs in the parasympathetic system
b. Norepinephrine and epinephrine: , norepinephrine
mediates the transmission of nerve impulses from
autonomic postganglionic nerves to effector organs.
epinephrine is the transmitter, the fi ber is termed adrenergic.

12. These slides have been made for medical students please concerntrate on it for
learning