The document discusses issues faced by informal sector workers in India and proposes solutions. It notes that over 90% of India's workforce is informal and accounts for 50% of national product. Issues faced include low wages, lack of social protections, health hazards and lack of bargaining power due to not being organized. It proposes establishing worker registration systems and departments in each district to record informal workers and provide them benefits and access to loans. This would help minimize corruption and ensure programs reach intended workers. Challenges of implementation include potential for false data and lack of awareness, which public promotion campaigns could address.
This paper focuses on the gendered inequalities in the informal economy of Zimbabwe with specific reference to
Masvingo urban in Zimbabwe. The informal economy in Zimbabwe is made up of unregistered and unrecorded
statistics and therefore is not registered, supported or regulated by the Government. Women trading in the informal
economy have little or no access to organised markets, credit institutions, formal education and training institutions,
public services and amenities. Qualitative research methodology was used for the research. A case study research of
Masvingo urban in Zimbabwe was used, while data was collected using key informant interviews, semi-structured
interviews, observations and documentary search. The findings of the study indicates that women in the informal
economy are affected by environmental, political, economic, social and personal constraints. Women are
concentrated in this sector due to the value system in the society; fewer skills required for the jobs in this sector,
technological advancement, and the traditional roles assigned to them. The study concludes that gender-sensitive
macro-economic policies are an important enabler to address gender inequalities in the informal economy as they
shape the economic environment for women’s empowerment. The study recommends that local authorities should
come up gender-responsive policies to enable women to operate in an environment that has decent infrastructure for
vending, free from police and sexual harassment and adequate security.
This paper focuses on the gendered inequalities in the informal economy of Zimbabwe with specific reference to
Masvingo urban in Zimbabwe. The informal economy in Zimbabwe is made up of unregistered and unrecorded
statistics and therefore is not registered, supported or regulated by the Government. Women trading in the informal
economy have little or no access to organised markets, credit institutions, formal education and training institutions,
public services and amenities. Qualitative research methodology was used for the research. A case study research of
Masvingo urban in Zimbabwe was used, while data was collected using key informant interviews, semi-structured
interviews, observations and documentary search. The findings of the study indicates that women in the informal
economy are affected by environmental, political, economic, social and personal constraints. Women are
concentrated in this sector due to the value system in the society; fewer skills required for the jobs in this sector,
technological advancement, and the traditional roles assigned to them. The study concludes that gender-sensitive
macro-economic policies are an important enabler to address gender inequalities in the informal economy as they
shape the economic environment for women’s empowerment. The study recommends that local authorities should
come up gender-responsive policies to enable women to operate in an environment that has decent infrastructure for
vending, free from police and sexual harassment and adequate security.
The informal sector is now seen as the next engine of growth for India's economy. Nearly 81% of all employed persons in India make a living by working in the informal sector, with only 6.5% in the formal sector and 0.8% in the household sector, according to a new ILO (International Labour Organisation) report "Women and Men in the Informal Economy – A Statistical Picture (Third edition) 2018 ."A majority of women in India are informal workers. The statistics of the ILO report indicates that 95% of work force is in the informal sector. , the transition to formality is increasingly seen as a central goal in national employment policies (ILO, 2014a).
This paper will study the challenges imposed by the in formalization of the economy and how detrimental can that be for the economic development in general.
Key words: Informal Economy, Dual burden of work, unorganized sector
The informal sector is now seen as the next engine of growth for India's economy. Nearly 81% of all employed persons in India make a living by working in the informal sector, with only 6.5% in the formal sector and 0.8% in the household sector, according to a new ILO (International Labour Organisation) report "Women and Men in the Informal Economy – A Statistical Picture (Third edition) 2018 ."A majority of women in India are informal workers. The statistics of the ILO report indicates that 95% of work force is in the informal sector. , the transition to formality is increasingly seen as a central goal in national employment policies (ILO, 2014a).
This paper will study the challenges imposed by the in formalization of the economy and how detrimental can that be for the economic development in general.
Key words: Informal Economy, Dual burden of work, unorganized sector
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1. (Protecting the Vulnerable: Providing
social welfare to informal sector
workers)
Uplifting the
informal sector
2. INTRODUCTION……
The First Indian National Commission on Labour (1966-69) defined
„unorganized sector workforce‟ as –
“those workers who have not been able to organize themselves in pursuit
of their common interest dues to certain constraints like casual nature of
employment, ignorance and illiteracy, small and scattered size of
establishments”.
Their employment relationship, in law or practice, is not subject to:
National labour legislation
Income taxation
Social protection or
Entitlement to certain employment benefits, e.g. paid annual leave, sick
leave, etc
More than 90% of India’s workforce belongs to
the informal sector and accounts for 50% of the
national product
3. PROBLEMS…
1 Has a high percentage of migrant and the sector is a prominent employer for child labour.
Click to add Title3 Long working hours and lack of employment security.
Click to add Title4 Small capital with business expenditures indistinguishable from household expenses.
Click to add Title2 Generally a low wage and a low earning sector.
5 Organizations of people involved and level of management are of lower level.
Click to add Title6 Some of the works are seasonal which implies no work for some part of year.
Click to add Title7 Workers are unorganized into trade unions which adversely affect there bargaining power.
Click to add Title8 Health hazards are exists in number of occupations.
5. Estimates of Employment in India
Industrial Category No. of persons (in millions)
Formal Sector Informal Sector
Agriculture 1.39 238.87
Non-Agriculture 26.68 131.5
Mining & Quarrying 1.01 1.25
Manufacturing 6.71 37.07
Electricity, Gas And Water 1 0.04
Construction 1.17 16.36
Trade, Hotels And Restaurants 0.49 40.37
Transport, Storage & Comm. 3.15 11.48
Financial Services 1.65 3.29
Community Services 11.49 21.64
All Sectors 28.07 (93%) 370.37
Year: 1999/00 (Total labour force: 406 million) (GDP share: 63%)
6. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS…
1.Solution for hawkers
Separate hawker’s
market which would
provide cleaner and
organized space for
commerce and also
provide security for
their shops.
Government should
build proper shops
(on roadside) which
would provide them
with secured shops,
which in turn would
keep the city clean and
help in land
management.
7. …FEW MORE
2
.
3
.
4
Labour union
should be elected
among
unorganized
industrial labours
to have direct
contact with higher
authority for
betterment of
labour grade
Awareness
programme
• by school students
in form of rally,
nukkad natak and
site visits
•by government in
form of various types
of advertissement(
eg:-tv ad,billboard)
Launch of
Karyodaya Jan
Abhiyan.*
8. DISTRICT
KARYODAYA JAN ABHIYAN..
*Central government should
launch a scheme in the
interest of the informal
sector under which
government can give
contract to private company
which would be in-charge
of creating departments in
every district for each state
which would keep a record
of all the informal workers
in that area
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
STATE
PRIVATE COMPANY
9. …CONTINUED
All the informal sector workers would have to fill up a form
giving details about their family members and
background, business and annual income along with their
personal details .Each worker would be provided an
*enrollment number which would:-
help their family to receive compensations( in case of
medical emergency).
help them receive funds provided by the government.(as
mentioned in the **Acts for informal sector).
help them get business loans at low interest rate.
* and the registrations would be computerized
**Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme.
10. IMPACT OF THE SOLUTION
SCALABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
MEASUREMENT
From the number of
enrollment forms the
government can know
the actual number of
informal sector
population to be
worked upon.
During the initial
implementation stages
government can conduct
survey on monthly basis
and later on yearly basis
to take the feedback
from the population
whether they are being
benefited from the plan.
Along with the
survey government
can ask private
bodies to submit an
report on yearly
basis.
11. MERIT OF THE SOLUTION…
Many efforts and legislations have been laid down by the
government but unfortunately are very far from the reach
of the informal sector:
The Unorganized Sector Social Security Act (2008)
National Policy on Street Vendors (2009)
The reason mainly being corruption.
Corruption would be minimized if government gives
contract to private companies and people can get benefits
directly.
12. CHALLENGES and SOLUTIONS..
CHALLENGES
Legal:-People can show
false data to take
benefit of the scheme
SOLUTIONS
Submission of 1% of
the annual income
would be mandatory
to get the benefits of
the scheme(which
could act as source of
funding also)
Promotion of
scheme on a large
scale
Social :- Mass
unawareness about
the scheme