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Z
Y
X
[0 1 0]
[1 0 1]
a
x
y
z
b
c
For cubic: a = b = c = ao
[001]
[210]
[100]
[111]
[120]
]001[
]332[
]021[
1½0
-2
/311
Miller Indices
l
c
h
a
k
b
Miller Indices
Z
X
Y
(100)
Z
X
Y
(110)
Z
X
Y
(111)
FAMÍLIA DE PLANOS {110}
É paralelo à um eixo
FAMÍLIA DE PLANOS {111}
Intercepta os 3 eixos
Directions & Miller Indices in
Hexagonal Structures
a 2
a 1
a 3
c
a 2
a 1
a 3
c
[011]
[UVW] or [uvtw] (hkil) or (hk·l)
[210]
(0001)
( )0011
( )0121
( )1110
wW
tvV
tuU
=
−=
−=
ikh −=+
Diamond Lattice
(100) (110)
Diamond Lattice
(111)
Spacing of Planes
dhkl =
a
h2
+ k2
+ l2
1
d2
=
h2
+ k2
+ l2
a2
Cubic:
dhkl =
a
h2
+ k2
+ l2 a2
c2




Tetragonal:
1
d2
=
h2
+ k2
a2
+
l2
c2
1
d2
=
4
3
h2
+ hk + k2
a2



 +
l2
c2
Cubic:
Tetragonal:
Hexagonal:
1
d2
=
h2
+ k2
+ l2
( )sin2
α + 2 hk + kl + hl( ) cos2
α − cosα( )
a2
1− 3cos2
α + 2cos3
α( )Rhombohedral:
Spacing of Planes
1
d2
=
h2
a2
+
k2
b2
+
l2
c2
1
d2
=
1
sin2
β
h2
a2
+
k2
sin2
β
b2
+
l2
c2
−
2hl cosβ
ac




1
d2
=
1
V2
S11h2
+ S22k2
+ S33l2
+ 2S12hk + 2S23kl + 2S13hl( )
Orthorhombic:
Monoclinic:
Triclinic:
V = volume of the unit cell = abc 1− cos2
α − cos2
β − cos2
γ + 2cosα cosβ cosγ
S11 = b2
c2
sin2
α
β= 222
22 sincaS
S33 = a2
b2
sin2
γ
S12 = abc2
cosα cosβ − cosγ( )
S23 = a2
bc cosβ cosγ − cosα( )
S13 = ab2
c cosγ cosα − cosβ( )
Reciprocal Lattice
Unit cell: b1, b2, b3
Reciprocal lattice unit cell: b1
*
, b2
*
, b3
*
defined by:
b1
*
=
2π
V
b2 × b3( )=
2π b2 × b3( )
b1 ⋅ b2 × b3
b2
*
=
2π
V
b3 × b1( )=
2π b3 × b1( )
b1 ⋅b2 × b3
b3
*
=
2π
V
b1 × b2( )=
2π b1 × b2( )
b1 ⋅b2 × b3
b1
b2
b3
*
A
B CP
O
b3
*
= 2π ⋅
b1 × b2
V
=
2π ⋅ area of parallelogram OACB( )
area of parallelogram OACB( ) height of cell( )
=
2π
OP
=
2π
d001
b3
Reciprocal LatticeLike the real-space lattice, the reciprocal space lattice also has a translation vector, Kl:
K = hb1
*
+ kb2
*
+ lb3
*
Where the length of R·K is equal to:
R ⋅K = 2π n1h + n2k + n3l( )= 2πN
The magnitude of the translation vector has the following relationship:
d
K
L a ttic e
P la n eR
R '
R ''
d =
2π
K
Angles and Inner Planar Spacing
is ⊥ to (hkl) plane. Therefore, the angle between (h1k1l1)
and (h2k2l2) planes is the angle between the Kh1k1l1
and
Kh2k2l2
vectors.
α=⋅ cosabbaRecall the dot product: cosφ =
Kh1k1l1
⋅ Kh2 k2l2
Kh1k1l1
Kh2 k2l2
Khkl ⋅ Khkl = hb1
*
+ kb2
*
+ lb3
*
( )⋅ hb1
*
+ kb2
*
+ lb3
*
( )
= hhb1
*
⋅b1
*
+ hkb1
*
⋅b2
*
+ hlb1
*
⋅b3
*
+ khb2
*
⋅ b1
*
+ kkb2 ⋅ b2
*
+ klb2
*
⋅ b3
*
+ lhb3
*
⋅ b1
*
+ lkb3
*
⋅b2
*
+ llb3
*
⋅ b3
*
Khkl
2
=
2π( )2
dhkl
2
= h2
b1
*
( )
2
+ k2
b2
*
( )
2
+ l2
b3
*
( )
2
+ 2hkb1
*
b2
*
cosγ *
+ 2klb2
*
b3
*
cosα*
+ 2lhb3
*
b1
*
cosβ*
Angles between reciprocal
lattice vectors.
K = hb1
*
+ kb2
*
+ lb3
*
Two Dimensional Lattice
Possible choices of primitive cell for a single 2D Bravais lattice.
Wigner-Seitz
First Brillouin Zone
If these lattice points now represent reciprocal lattice points, then the
first Brillouin zone is just the Wigner-Seitz cell of the reciprocal
lattice.
b1
*
b2
*
DETERMINAÇÃO DA ESTRUTURA
CRISTALINA POR DIFRAÇÃO DE
RAIO X
DIFRAÇÃO DE RAIOS X
LEI DE BRAGG
nλ= 2 dhkl.senθ
λ É comprimento de onda
N é um número inteiro de
ondas
d é a distância interplanar
θ O ângulo de incidência
dhkl= a
(h2
+k2
+l2
)1/2
Válido
para
sistema
cúbico
DISTÂNCIA INTERPLANAR
(dhkl)
• É uma função dos índices de Miller e do parâmetro de rede
dhkl= a
(h2
+k2
+l2
)1/2
TÉCNICAS DE DIFRAÇÃO
• Técnica do pó:
É bastante comum, o material a ser analisado
encontra-se na forma de pó (partículas finas
orientadas ao acaso) que são expostas à radiação
x monocromática. O grande número de partículas
com orientação diferente assegura que a lei de
Bragg seja satisfeita para alguns planos
cristalográficos
O DIFRATOMÊTRO DE
RAIOS X
• T= fonte de raio X
• S= amostra
• C= detector
• O= eixo no qual a amostra e o
detector giram
Detector
Fonte
Amostra
DIFRATOGRAMA
Aula materiais

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Aula materiais

  • 1.
  • 3. a x y z b c For cubic: a = b = c = ao [001] [210] [100] [111] [120] ]001[ ]332[ ]021[ 1½0 -2 /311
  • 4.
  • 8. FAMÍLIA DE PLANOS {110} É paralelo à um eixo
  • 9. FAMÍLIA DE PLANOS {111} Intercepta os 3 eixos
  • 10. Directions & Miller Indices in Hexagonal Structures a 2 a 1 a 3 c a 2 a 1 a 3 c [011] [UVW] or [uvtw] (hkil) or (hk·l) [210] (0001) ( )0011 ( )0121 ( )1110 wW tvV tuU = −= −= ikh −=+
  • 13. Spacing of Planes dhkl = a h2 + k2 + l2 1 d2 = h2 + k2 + l2 a2 Cubic: dhkl = a h2 + k2 + l2 a2 c2     Tetragonal: 1 d2 = h2 + k2 a2 + l2 c2 1 d2 = 4 3 h2 + hk + k2 a2     + l2 c2 Cubic: Tetragonal: Hexagonal: 1 d2 = h2 + k2 + l2 ( )sin2 α + 2 hk + kl + hl( ) cos2 α − cosα( ) a2 1− 3cos2 α + 2cos3 α( )Rhombohedral:
  • 14. Spacing of Planes 1 d2 = h2 a2 + k2 b2 + l2 c2 1 d2 = 1 sin2 β h2 a2 + k2 sin2 β b2 + l2 c2 − 2hl cosβ ac     1 d2 = 1 V2 S11h2 + S22k2 + S33l2 + 2S12hk + 2S23kl + 2S13hl( ) Orthorhombic: Monoclinic: Triclinic: V = volume of the unit cell = abc 1− cos2 α − cos2 β − cos2 γ + 2cosα cosβ cosγ S11 = b2 c2 sin2 α β= 222 22 sincaS S33 = a2 b2 sin2 γ S12 = abc2 cosα cosβ − cosγ( ) S23 = a2 bc cosβ cosγ − cosα( ) S13 = ab2 c cosγ cosα − cosβ( )
  • 15. Reciprocal Lattice Unit cell: b1, b2, b3 Reciprocal lattice unit cell: b1 * , b2 * , b3 * defined by: b1 * = 2π V b2 × b3( )= 2π b2 × b3( ) b1 ⋅ b2 × b3 b2 * = 2π V b3 × b1( )= 2π b3 × b1( ) b1 ⋅b2 × b3 b3 * = 2π V b1 × b2( )= 2π b1 × b2( ) b1 ⋅b2 × b3 b1 b2 b3 * A B CP O b3 * = 2π ⋅ b1 × b2 V = 2π ⋅ area of parallelogram OACB( ) area of parallelogram OACB( ) height of cell( ) = 2π OP = 2π d001 b3
  • 16. Reciprocal LatticeLike the real-space lattice, the reciprocal space lattice also has a translation vector, Kl: K = hb1 * + kb2 * + lb3 * Where the length of R·K is equal to: R ⋅K = 2π n1h + n2k + n3l( )= 2πN The magnitude of the translation vector has the following relationship: d K L a ttic e P la n eR R ' R '' d = 2π K
  • 17. Angles and Inner Planar Spacing is ⊥ to (hkl) plane. Therefore, the angle between (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2) planes is the angle between the Kh1k1l1 and Kh2k2l2 vectors. α=⋅ cosabbaRecall the dot product: cosφ = Kh1k1l1 ⋅ Kh2 k2l2 Kh1k1l1 Kh2 k2l2 Khkl ⋅ Khkl = hb1 * + kb2 * + lb3 * ( )⋅ hb1 * + kb2 * + lb3 * ( ) = hhb1 * ⋅b1 * + hkb1 * ⋅b2 * + hlb1 * ⋅b3 * + khb2 * ⋅ b1 * + kkb2 ⋅ b2 * + klb2 * ⋅ b3 * + lhb3 * ⋅ b1 * + lkb3 * ⋅b2 * + llb3 * ⋅ b3 * Khkl 2 = 2π( )2 dhkl 2 = h2 b1 * ( ) 2 + k2 b2 * ( ) 2 + l2 b3 * ( ) 2 + 2hkb1 * b2 * cosγ * + 2klb2 * b3 * cosα* + 2lhb3 * b1 * cosβ* Angles between reciprocal lattice vectors. K = hb1 * + kb2 * + lb3 *
  • 18. Two Dimensional Lattice Possible choices of primitive cell for a single 2D Bravais lattice. Wigner-Seitz
  • 19. First Brillouin Zone If these lattice points now represent reciprocal lattice points, then the first Brillouin zone is just the Wigner-Seitz cell of the reciprocal lattice. b1 * b2 *
  • 20. DETERMINAÇÃO DA ESTRUTURA CRISTALINA POR DIFRAÇÃO DE RAIO X
  • 21. DIFRAÇÃO DE RAIOS X LEI DE BRAGG nλ= 2 dhkl.senθ λ É comprimento de onda N é um número inteiro de ondas d é a distância interplanar θ O ângulo de incidência dhkl= a (h2 +k2 +l2 )1/2 Válido para sistema cúbico
  • 22. DISTÂNCIA INTERPLANAR (dhkl) • É uma função dos índices de Miller e do parâmetro de rede dhkl= a (h2 +k2 +l2 )1/2
  • 23. TÉCNICAS DE DIFRAÇÃO • Técnica do pó: É bastante comum, o material a ser analisado encontra-se na forma de pó (partículas finas orientadas ao acaso) que são expostas à radiação x monocromática. O grande número de partículas com orientação diferente assegura que a lei de Bragg seja satisfeita para alguns planos cristalográficos
  • 24. O DIFRATOMÊTRO DE RAIOS X • T= fonte de raio X • S= amostra • C= detector • O= eixo no qual a amostra e o detector giram Detector Fonte Amostra