This document discusses atypical variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It outlines 5 main variants: amnestic variant early-onset AD, visuospatial variant AD (posterior cortical atrophy), language variant AD (logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia), behavioral/dysexecutive variant AD, and motor variant AD (corticobasal syndrome due to AD). Each variant presents with distinct cognitive and neurological symptoms, and different patterns of brain atrophy and pathology. Diagnosing these variants can be challenging due to symptom overlap with other conditions. Treatment involves cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and managing behavioral symptoms. Large ongoing studies aim to better define and diagnose early-onset AD.
This document discusses the classification and pathological features of various types of dementia. It describes how dementia can be classified based on the pathological proteins involved, such as amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease or alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. It also discusses primary degenerative dementias that primarily affect the cerebral cortex, as well as primary degenerative dementias that involve other brain areas. Secondary and non-degenerative dementias are also outlined. The clinical features and distinguishing characteristics of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are summarized.
This document discusses the classification and pathological features of various types of dementia. It describes how dementia can be classified based on the pathological proteins involved, such as amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease or alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. It also discusses primary degenerative dementias that primarily affect the cerebral cortex, as well as primary degenerative dementias that involve other brain areas. Secondary and non-degenerative dementias are also outlined. The clinical features and distinguishing characteristics of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are summarized.
alzhemier's disease in neurological.pptxDrYeshaVashi
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a malformation where the two cerebral hemispheres appear fused, caused by failure of cleavage of the embryonic cerebral vesicle. It has a spectrum of severity from alobar to lobar.
- HPE is diagnosed based on midline facial dysplasias present in 93% of patients. It is associated with developmental delay and seizures.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications like hydrocephalus, seizures, and endocrine issues. The prognosis depends on the severity of anatomical and neurological involvement.
alzhemier's disease in neurological.pptxDrYeshaVashi
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a malformation where the two cerebral hemispheres appear fused, caused by failure of cleavage of the embryonic cerebral vesicle. It has a spectrum of severity from alobar to lobar.
- HPE is diagnosed based on midline facial dysplasias present in 93% of patients. It is associated with developmental delay and seizures.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications like hydrocephalus, seizures, and endocrine issues. The prognosis depends on the severity of anatomical and neurological involvement.
- There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's dementia making up 70-90% of cases. Other types include multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline accompanied by brain abnormalities. The most common symptoms are memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and personality changes.
- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's involves excluding other causes and involves impaired memory and at least one other cognitive domain severe enough to interfere with daily life. A medical exam is typically normal while cognitive tests show deficits.
- There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's dementia making up 70-90% of cases. Other types include multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline accompanied by brain abnormalities. The most common symptoms are memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and personality changes.
- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's involves excluding other causes and involves impaired memory and at least one other cognitive domain severe enough to interfere with daily life. A medical exam is typically normal while cognitive tests show deficits.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
This document discusses the classification and pathological features of various types of dementia. It describes how dementia can be classified based on the pathological proteins involved, such as amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease or alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. It also discusses primary degenerative dementias that primarily affect the cerebral cortex, as well as primary degenerative dementias that involve other brain areas. Secondary and non-degenerative dementias are also outlined. The clinical features and distinguishing characteristics of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are summarized.
This document discusses the classification and pathological features of various types of dementia. It describes how dementia can be classified based on the pathological proteins involved, such as amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease or alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. It also discusses primary degenerative dementias that primarily affect the cerebral cortex, as well as primary degenerative dementias that involve other brain areas. Secondary and non-degenerative dementias are also outlined. The clinical features and distinguishing characteristics of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are summarized.
alzhemier's disease in neurological.pptxDrYeshaVashi
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a malformation where the two cerebral hemispheres appear fused, caused by failure of cleavage of the embryonic cerebral vesicle. It has a spectrum of severity from alobar to lobar.
- HPE is diagnosed based on midline facial dysplasias present in 93% of patients. It is associated with developmental delay and seizures.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications like hydrocephalus, seizures, and endocrine issues. The prognosis depends on the severity of anatomical and neurological involvement.
alzhemier's disease in neurological.pptxDrYeshaVashi
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a malformation where the two cerebral hemispheres appear fused, caused by failure of cleavage of the embryonic cerebral vesicle. It has a spectrum of severity from alobar to lobar.
- HPE is diagnosed based on midline facial dysplasias present in 93% of patients. It is associated with developmental delay and seizures.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications like hydrocephalus, seizures, and endocrine issues. The prognosis depends on the severity of anatomical and neurological involvement.
- There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's dementia making up 70-90% of cases. Other types include multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline accompanied by brain abnormalities. The most common symptoms are memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and personality changes.
- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's involves excluding other causes and involves impaired memory and at least one other cognitive domain severe enough to interfere with daily life. A medical exam is typically normal while cognitive tests show deficits.
- There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's dementia making up 70-90% of cases. Other types include multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline accompanied by brain abnormalities. The most common symptoms are memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and personality changes.
- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's involves excluding other causes and involves impaired memory and at least one other cognitive domain severe enough to interfere with daily life. A medical exam is typically normal while cognitive tests show deficits.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
Dementias are acquired cognitive impairments that affect memory, language, visuospatial ability, and other mental functions, impairing daily living. The most common type is Alzheimer's disease, which results from neuronal disruption and loss. A thorough evaluation involves assessing onset and progression of symptoms, neuropsychiatric features, physical exam including brief cognitive tests, and ruling out other treatable causes. The leading cause is Alzheimer's disease, whose risk increases dramatically with age and involves memory loss and other cognitive deficits that gradually worsen over years.
Dementias are acquired cognitive impairments that affect memory, language, visuospatial ability, and other mental functions, impairing daily living. The most common type is Alzheimer's disease, which results from neuronal disruption and loss. A thorough evaluation involves assessing onset and progression of symptoms, neuropsychiatric features, physical exam including brief cognitive tests, and ruling out other treatable causes. The leading cause is Alzheimer's disease, whose risk increases dramatically with age and involves memory loss and other cognitive deficits that gradually worsen over years.
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
The document discusses neurodegenerative disorders in children. It describes how these disorders involve the progressive deterioration of neurological function, often with regression of developmental milestones. The disorders can affect gray matter, white matter, or both. Investigations aim to identify the underlying genetic or metabolic cause, while management focuses on treating complications and providing supportive care.
The document discusses neurodegenerative disorders in children. It describes how these disorders involve the progressive deterioration of neurological function, often with regression of developmental milestones. The disorders can affect gray matter, white matter, or both. Investigations aim to identify the underlying genetic or metabolic cause, while management focuses on treating complications and providing supportive care.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
Progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophySooraj Patil
This document provides an overview of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). It defines PSP and MSA as neurodegenerative diseases characterized by selective neuronal dysfunction and loss associated with pathologically altered proteins. The document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, subtypes, diagnostic criteria and investigations for PSP and MSA. Key points include that PSP is the second most common cause of parkinsonism after IPD, and involves characteristic tau protein deposits in the brain. Clinical features of PSP include early falls, vertical gaze palsy, speech and swallowing problems, and frontal cognitive deficits. The MDS criteria aim to improve diagnosis of early and variant
Progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophySooraj Patil
This document provides an overview of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). It defines PSP and MSA as neurodegenerative diseases characterized by selective neuronal dysfunction and loss associated with pathologically altered proteins. The document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, subtypes, diagnostic criteria and investigations for PSP and MSA. Key points include that PSP is the second most common cause of parkinsonism after IPD, and involves characteristic tau protein deposits in the brain. Clinical features of PSP include early falls, vertical gaze palsy, speech and swallowing problems, and frontal cognitive deficits. The MDS criteria aim to improve diagnosis of early and variant
Hypokinetic Movement Disorders.pptx by dineshdineshdandia
1. Hypokinetic disorders involve a decrease in the normal amount, speed, or amplitude of movement. Bradykinesia specifically refers to slowness of movement, while akinesia is a severe reduction in movement.
2. Parkinson's disease commonly starts around age 60 but can begin earlier, and family history and certain genetic mutations or toxic exposures may play a role in its development.
3. Physical examination of Parkinson's disease patients may reveal features like tremors, rigidity, impaired movement initiation, and changes in gait, posture, and motor functioning.
Hypokinetic Movement Disorders.pptx by dineshdineshdandia
1. Hypokinetic disorders involve a decrease in the normal amount, speed, or amplitude of movement. Bradykinesia specifically refers to slowness of movement, while akinesia is a severe reduction in movement.
2. Parkinson's disease commonly starts around age 60 but can begin earlier, and family history and certain genetic mutations or toxic exposures may play a role in its development.
3. Physical examination of Parkinson's disease patients may reveal features like tremors, rigidity, impaired movement initiation, and changes in gait, posture, and motor functioning.
1. Dr. Ashutosh Rath presented on the approach to dementia. He discussed normal aging versus dementia and highlighted important differences.
2. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was described as a syndrome between normal aging and dementia where independence is preserved but cognitive impairment is greater than normal.
3. The presentation covered diagnostic approaches including history, cognitive assessment, exams, and biomarkers. Biomarkers like CSF proteins and neuroimaging can help predict conversion from MCI to dementia.
4. Key dementia types discussed were Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and their atypical variants. The domains affected, progression, genetics, and diagnostic criteria for each were summarized.
1. Dr. Ashutosh Rath presented on the approach to dementia. He discussed normal aging versus dementia and highlighted important differences.
2. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was described as a syndrome between normal aging and dementia where independence is preserved but cognitive impairment is greater than normal.
3. The presentation covered diagnostic approaches including history, cognitive assessment, exams, and biomarkers. Biomarkers like CSF proteins and neuroimaging can help predict conversion from MCI to dementia.
4. Key dementia types discussed were Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and their atypical variants. The domains affected, progression, genetics, and diagnostic criteria for each were summarized.
A 30-year-old male presented with progressive bilateral central vision loss since age 10. Examination found vision of 20/125 OD and 20/200 OS with abnormal color vision and temporal pallor in both eyes. His sister had similar symptoms. The initial diagnosis was hereditary optic neuropathy. Differential diagnoses included Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), dominant optic atrophy, and other hereditary causes. LHON was thought most likely given the patient's male sex, bilateral symmetric involvement, and positive family history. Further investigation was recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
A 30-year-old male presented with progressive bilateral central vision loss since age 10. Examination found vision of 20/125 OD and 20/200 OS with abnormal color vision and temporal pallor in both eyes. His sister had similar symptoms. The initial diagnosis was hereditary optic neuropathy. Differential diagnoses included Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), dominant optic atrophy, and other hereditary causes. LHON was thought most likely given the patient's male sex, bilateral symmetric involvement, and positive family history. Further investigation was recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, terminology, epidemiology, causes, stages, clinical features, classification, diagnosis, and investigations. Some key points include:
- Dementia is characterized by impairment of intellectual functions, memory, and personality. It interferes with daily life.
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause, accounting for around 70% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common.
- Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but generally include cognitive decline and neurological or psychiatric features.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through examinations, imaging, and lab tests. Unfortunately, dementia is usually progressive and currently incurable.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on cerebral palsy. It defines cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain injury leading to motor dysfunction in infants. The main risk factors are prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal issues. Symptoms vary in severity but can include difficulties with movement, muscle tone abnormalities, seizures, and intellectual impairments. There are several types of cerebral palsy defined by the parts of the brain affected. Diagnosis involves parental observation of developmental delays, clinical examination of motor skills, review of medical history, and ruling out other potential causes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
More Related Content
Similar to Atypical Alzheimer Disease Variants.pptx
Dementias are acquired cognitive impairments that affect memory, language, visuospatial ability, and other mental functions, impairing daily living. The most common type is Alzheimer's disease, which results from neuronal disruption and loss. A thorough evaluation involves assessing onset and progression of symptoms, neuropsychiatric features, physical exam including brief cognitive tests, and ruling out other treatable causes. The leading cause is Alzheimer's disease, whose risk increases dramatically with age and involves memory loss and other cognitive deficits that gradually worsen over years.
Dementias are acquired cognitive impairments that affect memory, language, visuospatial ability, and other mental functions, impairing daily living. The most common type is Alzheimer's disease, which results from neuronal disruption and loss. A thorough evaluation involves assessing onset and progression of symptoms, neuropsychiatric features, physical exam including brief cognitive tests, and ruling out other treatable causes. The leading cause is Alzheimer's disease, whose risk increases dramatically with age and involves memory loss and other cognitive deficits that gradually worsen over years.
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
The document discusses neurodegenerative disorders in children. It describes how these disorders involve the progressive deterioration of neurological function, often with regression of developmental milestones. The disorders can affect gray matter, white matter, or both. Investigations aim to identify the underlying genetic or metabolic cause, while management focuses on treating complications and providing supportive care.
The document discusses neurodegenerative disorders in children. It describes how these disorders involve the progressive deterioration of neurological function, often with regression of developmental milestones. The disorders can affect gray matter, white matter, or both. Investigations aim to identify the underlying genetic or metabolic cause, while management focuses on treating complications and providing supportive care.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
Progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophySooraj Patil
This document provides an overview of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). It defines PSP and MSA as neurodegenerative diseases characterized by selective neuronal dysfunction and loss associated with pathologically altered proteins. The document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, subtypes, diagnostic criteria and investigations for PSP and MSA. Key points include that PSP is the second most common cause of parkinsonism after IPD, and involves characteristic tau protein deposits in the brain. Clinical features of PSP include early falls, vertical gaze palsy, speech and swallowing problems, and frontal cognitive deficits. The MDS criteria aim to improve diagnosis of early and variant
Progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophySooraj Patil
This document provides an overview of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). It defines PSP and MSA as neurodegenerative diseases characterized by selective neuronal dysfunction and loss associated with pathologically altered proteins. The document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, subtypes, diagnostic criteria and investigations for PSP and MSA. Key points include that PSP is the second most common cause of parkinsonism after IPD, and involves characteristic tau protein deposits in the brain. Clinical features of PSP include early falls, vertical gaze palsy, speech and swallowing problems, and frontal cognitive deficits. The MDS criteria aim to improve diagnosis of early and variant
Hypokinetic Movement Disorders.pptx by dineshdineshdandia
1. Hypokinetic disorders involve a decrease in the normal amount, speed, or amplitude of movement. Bradykinesia specifically refers to slowness of movement, while akinesia is a severe reduction in movement.
2. Parkinson's disease commonly starts around age 60 but can begin earlier, and family history and certain genetic mutations or toxic exposures may play a role in its development.
3. Physical examination of Parkinson's disease patients may reveal features like tremors, rigidity, impaired movement initiation, and changes in gait, posture, and motor functioning.
Hypokinetic Movement Disorders.pptx by dineshdineshdandia
1. Hypokinetic disorders involve a decrease in the normal amount, speed, or amplitude of movement. Bradykinesia specifically refers to slowness of movement, while akinesia is a severe reduction in movement.
2. Parkinson's disease commonly starts around age 60 but can begin earlier, and family history and certain genetic mutations or toxic exposures may play a role in its development.
3. Physical examination of Parkinson's disease patients may reveal features like tremors, rigidity, impaired movement initiation, and changes in gait, posture, and motor functioning.
1. Dr. Ashutosh Rath presented on the approach to dementia. He discussed normal aging versus dementia and highlighted important differences.
2. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was described as a syndrome between normal aging and dementia where independence is preserved but cognitive impairment is greater than normal.
3. The presentation covered diagnostic approaches including history, cognitive assessment, exams, and biomarkers. Biomarkers like CSF proteins and neuroimaging can help predict conversion from MCI to dementia.
4. Key dementia types discussed were Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and their atypical variants. The domains affected, progression, genetics, and diagnostic criteria for each were summarized.
1. Dr. Ashutosh Rath presented on the approach to dementia. He discussed normal aging versus dementia and highlighted important differences.
2. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was described as a syndrome between normal aging and dementia where independence is preserved but cognitive impairment is greater than normal.
3. The presentation covered diagnostic approaches including history, cognitive assessment, exams, and biomarkers. Biomarkers like CSF proteins and neuroimaging can help predict conversion from MCI to dementia.
4. Key dementia types discussed were Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and their atypical variants. The domains affected, progression, genetics, and diagnostic criteria for each were summarized.
A 30-year-old male presented with progressive bilateral central vision loss since age 10. Examination found vision of 20/125 OD and 20/200 OS with abnormal color vision and temporal pallor in both eyes. His sister had similar symptoms. The initial diagnosis was hereditary optic neuropathy. Differential diagnoses included Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), dominant optic atrophy, and other hereditary causes. LHON was thought most likely given the patient's male sex, bilateral symmetric involvement, and positive family history. Further investigation was recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
A 30-year-old male presented with progressive bilateral central vision loss since age 10. Examination found vision of 20/125 OD and 20/200 OS with abnormal color vision and temporal pallor in both eyes. His sister had similar symptoms. The initial diagnosis was hereditary optic neuropathy. Differential diagnoses included Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), dominant optic atrophy, and other hereditary causes. LHON was thought most likely given the patient's male sex, bilateral symmetric involvement, and positive family history. Further investigation was recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, terminology, epidemiology, causes, stages, clinical features, classification, diagnosis, and investigations. Some key points include:
- Dementia is characterized by impairment of intellectual functions, memory, and personality. It interferes with daily life.
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause, accounting for around 70% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common.
- Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but generally include cognitive decline and neurological or psychiatric features.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through examinations, imaging, and lab tests. Unfortunately, dementia is usually progressive and currently incurable.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on cerebral palsy. It defines cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain injury leading to motor dysfunction in infants. The main risk factors are prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal issues. Symptoms vary in severity but can include difficulties with movement, muscle tone abnormalities, seizures, and intellectual impairments. There are several types of cerebral palsy defined by the parts of the brain affected. Diagnosis involves parental observation of developmental delays, clinical examination of motor skills, review of medical history, and ruling out other potential causes.
Similar to Atypical Alzheimer Disease Variants.pptx (20)
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. • Alzheimer disease (AD) is a gradually
progressive neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by the progressive deposition of
amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in
the cortical brain tissue
Symptoms age 65 or younger, These individuals
are classified as having early-onset AD, also
known as young-onset AD
3. 1. Amnestic variant early-onset alzheimer disease
2. Visuospatial variant alzheimer disease—
posterior cortical atrophy
3. Language variant alzheimer disease—logopenic
variant primary progressive aphasia
4. Behavioral variant/dysexecutive variant
alzheimer disease
5. Motor variant alzheimer disease—corticobasal
syndrome due to alzheimer disease
4. AMNESTIC VARIANT EARLY-ONSET
ALZHEIMER DISEASE
• most common atypical AD variant
• They present similarly to their late-onset AD
counterparts with early progressive memory
loss
• However patients with sporadic early-onset
AD show more rapid clinical decline and
greater impairment in attention, language,
and visuospatial and executive functions
5. • The cognitive profile is predominated by
memory impairment, specifically poor
learning over repeated trials and rapid
forgetting of material over short and long
delays.
• Impairments in word generation
• Visuoconstruction and
• Aspects of executive dysfunction are typically
present
6. • structural neuroimaging examination (preferably
an MRI study)
• A pattern of medial and lateral temporal and
parietal atrophy, although nonspecific, can be
suggestive of AD etiology.
• Early involvement of the frontal lobe is also more
typical of early-onset AD than late-onset AD.
• It should also be noted that early-onset AD can
be associated with relative hippocampal sparing
and less pronounced medial temporal lobe
involvement
7. • molecular neuroimaging visualizing amyloid
and tau pathology in vivo or
• CSF levels of the Aβ and tau proteins
• Plasma Aβ and tau protein measurements
• Early-onset AD is associated with greater
baseline cortical atrophy and hypometabolism
and more severe AD pathology (particularly
neurofibrillary tangles and synaptic loss) than
late-onset AD
8. VISUOSPATIAL VARIANT ALZHEIMER
DISEASE—POSTERIOR CORTICAL ATROPHY
• Patients with PCA present with
• difficulties finding objects even when they are in
plain sight,
• problems with driving (eg, veering out of the
lane, accidents caused by not seeing objects to
the side),
• difficulty navigating uneven surfaces such as
going up and down stairs,
• loss of dexterity, and difficulties in putting
objects together or dressing
9. • Dorsal variant PCA are
Balint syndrome (simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, and
oculomotor apraxia) or
Gerstmann syndrome (left/right disorientation, finger
agnosia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia).
The dorsal variant can also manifest with various degrees of
limb, constructional, or dressing apraxia.
• The ventral variant is characterized by
apperceptive prosopagnosia and
sometimes alexia with letter-by-letter reading.
• In the rare caudal variant,
visual field defects and
diminished visual acuity may also be observed
• Some patients may manifest myoclonus, dystonia, or
extrapyramidal signs suggestive of other
neuropathologic entities, such as corticobasal
degeneration or dementia with Lewy bodies
10. • Profound constructional apraxia is often and severe
impairment on visuospatial
• Writing in a straight line is difficult for patients with
PCA, and
• ability to read might diminish because of poor spatial
tracking
• Visuospatial memory is typically impaired secondary to
visuospatial impairments, whereas verbal memory may
be relatively spared.
• Language impairments, when present, are similar to a
logopenic syndrome (anomia, dysfluency, poor
sentence repetition)
11. • The classic structural imaging finding is posterior-
predominant atrophy with involvement of the visual
associative cortices and, in the caudal variant, also the
primary visual cortex.
• Additionally, Balint syndrome - bilateral atrophy of the
superior parietal lobule, and
• Gerstmann syndrome - atrophy of the angular gyrus of
the left hemisphere;
• Dressing and constructional apraxia - right lateral
parietal lobe.
• The pattern of tau distribution observed on tau PET
closely corresponds to the atrophy pattern, whereas
amyloid is diffusely distributed through the brain (CASE
2-2).
• Fludeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET findings consist of
posterior-predominant hypometabolism largely
matching the tau distribution and the brain atrophy
12. LANGUAGE VARIANT ALZHEIMER DISEASE—LOGOPENIC
VARIANT PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA
• The primary progressive aphasias are a group of
disorders consisting of logopenic variant primary
progressive aphasia (PPA), semantic dementia,
and nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA
• The primary symptoms of patients with logopenic
variant PPA are word-finding difficulties,
circumlocution, and mispronouncing words
(phonemic paraphasias). Many patients also
report memory impairment
13. • Neuropsychologically, patients with logopenic
variant PPA show prominent difficulties with
word-generation(confrontation naming ) ,
verbal fluency [animals], and letter fluency),
working memory (sentence repetition, digit span), and
phonemic paraphasias eg, blant for plant
• Speech during picture description (eg, the cookie
theft picture) is relatively fluent, but filler words
and circumlocutions are frequent.
• Comprehension is reduced
• grammatical structure, and motor speech abilities
are all spared, which distinguishes logopenic
variant PPA from semantic dementia and
nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA
14. • MRI, tau PET, and FDG-PET show left greater
than right atrophy, tau deposition, and
hypometabolism involving the lateral
temporal and temporoparietal cortices (CASE
2-3).
• The most salient neurodegenerative changes
are seen in the left inferior parietal lobule; the
left superior, middle, and inferior temporal
gyri; and the perisylvian cortical regions.
15. BEHAVIORAL VARIANT/DYSEXECUTIVE
VARIANT ALZHEIMER DISEASE
• The dysexecutive and behavioral variants of AD are
relatively rare and seen in approximately 2% of AD
cases.
• The dysexecutive variant of AD is characterized by a
prominent dysexecutive syndrome and relatively
milder impairment in other cognitive functions.
• Early features include difficulty with multitasking,
planning, organizing, and project execution.
• In contrast to behavioral variant AD, dysexecutive
variant AD is not typically associated with profound
personality changes, although apathy is fairly common
(CASE 2-4).
16. • Behavioral variant AD closely resembles behavioral
variant FTD (bvFTD).
• The typical presentation is cognitive decline closely
followed by the personality changes characteristic of
FTD, such as disinhibition, lack of empathy, disregard of
social and societal norms, apathy, obsessive-
compulsive behaviors, and occasionally also
hyperorality.
• Patients with behavioral variant AD can also show
other neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as delusions
and hallucinations, which is rarely the case in patients
with bvFTD (CASE 2-5).
17. • The neuropsychological profiles of dysexecutive variant
AD and behavioral variant AD are similar in that
executive functioning (inhibition, set shifting, problem
solving) is disproportionately affected.
• However, dysexecutive variant AD tends to be more
cognitively impaired in the early stages than behavioral
variant AD, which is more behaviorally impaired.
• In dysexecutive variant AD, working memory (eg, as
measured by digit span backward) is particularly
affected.
18. • Structural imaging can reveal more prominent frontal atrophy (CASE
2-4, CASE 2-5), which can be asymmetric.
• The medial temporal regions can be relatively preserved.
• FDG-PET shows frontal and parietal hypo metabolism in about half
of cases.
• Some researchers have reported that in behavioral variant AD the
hypometabolism localizes more to the medial frontal or the
dorsolateral frontal regions than the orbitofrontal regions, as is
seen in bvFTD.
• Compared to amnestic AD, behavioral variant AD shows greater
frontoinsular hypometabolism but similar temporoparietal
hypometabolism.
• The most hypometabolic regions in dysexecutive variant AD are the
middle temporal, inferior temporal, and angular gyri.
19. MOTOR VARIANT ALZHEIMER DISEASE—CORTICOBASAL
SYNDROME DUE TO ALZHEIMER DISEASE
• Although corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is most
commonly linked with corticobasal
degeneration (CBD), a 4-repeat tauopathy,
neuropathologic studies have reported that
15% to 54% of cases are due to AD.
• Distinguishing CBS-CBD from CBS-AD is not
straightforward because of significant overlap
in clinical presentation.
20. • The current diagnostic criteria for CBS include
three major criteria (akinetic-rigid syndrome,
limb apraxia, and cognitive impairment)
• and focal or segmental myoclonus,
• limb dystonia,
• alien limb phenomenon,
• cortical sensory loss, and
• dyscalculia as minor criteria
21. • CBS with CSF assessments of Aβ and tau protein levels
presence of myoclonus and Gerstmann syndrome ,
longer disease duration, younger age at onset,
hemisensory neglect, memory impairment,
visuospatial difficulties, dressing apraxia, is more
frequent in CBS-AD.
• No difference was seen in the frequency of aphasia,
limb apraxia, alien limb phenomenon, pyramidal motor
signs, parkinsonism, tremor, dystonia, dysarthria,
dysphagia, postural instability, gait problems, or frontal
release signs.
• Extraocular disturbances and rigidity were more
frequent in CBS-CBD
22. • Impairments are most common on tests of
speech and language, specifically apraxia of
speech and anomia
• Visuospatial deficits, especially, often feature
prominently.
• Finally, impaired executive functioning,
perseveration, and difficulty with sequences may
be present.
• Primary memory deficit (ie, frank amnesia) is
typically not a prominent feature of CBS
23. • Diffuse brain amyloidosis and cortical tau
deposition that is especially prominent in the
hemisphere contralateral to the affected limb,
often without sparing of the sensorimotor cortex,
• or low CSF amyloid-β 42 combined with high total
tau and phosphorylated tau are highly suggestive
of CBS-AD.
• Patients with CBS-AD often present with
asymmetric posterior hypometabolism or
hypoperfusion of the lateral temporal and lateral
and medial parietal lobes and the posterior
cingulate region.
24. DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES
• Both logopenic variant and dysexecutive variant
AD present with prominent impairments in
working memory.
• The language profile of both logopenic variant AD
and CBS can be very similar.
• Both PCA and CBS involve visuospatial
impairments and limb apraxia because of
overlapping parietal involvement.
• Differentiation can be assisted by identifying the
most prominent symptoms and the timeline of
onset.
25. • With frontal variant AD, symptom overlap with bvFTD
can lead to misdiagnosis. Cognitive symptoms
appearing before behavioral symptoms and prominent
apathy rather than disinhibition suggest behavioral
variant AD over bvFTD.
• Additionally, hallucinations and delusions are more
common in behavioral variant AD than in bvFTD.
• In the motor variant (CBS-AD), the chance of
misdiagnosis as CBS-CBD, FTD, or Parkinson disease
and related disorders is higher.
• Prominent executive dysfunction, apraxia of speech or
nonfluent aphasia, and gaze palsy increases the
likelihood of a non-AD pathology, whereas an amnestic
profile, impaired visuospatial abilities, and logopenic-
type language impairments suggest AD pathology.
26. TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
• pharmacologic intervention for memory and
cognitive impairment to behavioral and
environmental modifications to reduce
neuropsychiatric symptoms and support
maximal independence in functioning
27. Pharmacologic Management
• The pharmacologic management of patients with early-
onset or atypical AD is similar to that of patients with late-
onset AD.
• Initial therapy with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
(donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine) is recommended,
followed by the addition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA) receptor agonist memantine
• June 2021, the FDA issued an accelerated approval of
aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting both soluble
and insoluble forms of Aβ.
• aducanumab can cause serious adverse events, such as
brain edema and brain hemorrhage,
28. • The first-line treatment for behavioral and neuropsychiatric
symptoms of AD is nonpharmacologic behavioral and
environmental management strategies
• Depressive symptoms can be treated with SSRIs, given their
low risk for anticholinergic effects.
• SSRIs may also ease anxiety and irritability. The SSRI
citalopram may be useful for agitation. Agitation, psychosis,
and disruptive behaviors may require a neuroleptic.
• The newer atypical antipsychotic medications (quetiapine,
risperidone, olanzapine) are often used in low doses with
careful titration (FDA boxed warning because of an
association with increased mortality in older patients and
those with dementia).
29. • it is important to establish a durable power of attorney early on
• Early establishment of routines and habits can reduce cognitive
load and assist in extending independence
• Unique phone alarms for different reminders (eg, medication,
appointments, orienting to the time of day), having several large
calendars throughout the house with the date and the day’s
activities clearly identified to support orientation, a to-do list to
refer to, and written instructions for tasks.
• safe physical, social, and cognitive activities on a routine basis.
• ensure that care partners, family members, and others involved in
care are supported
30. • Large-scale research efforts, such as LEADS
(the Longitudinal Early-Onset AD Study) are
currently ongoing .
• The goals of LEADS are to define the clinical,
imaging, and fluid biomarker characteristics of
early-onset AD; develop sensitive cognitive
and biomarker measures for future clinical
and research use; and establish a trial-ready
network.