- There are several types of dementia, with Alzheimer's dementia making up 70-90% of cases. Other types include multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
- Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioral decline accompanied by brain abnormalities. The most common symptoms are memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and personality changes.
- Diagnosis of Alzheimer's involves excluding other causes and involves impaired memory and at least one other cognitive domain severe enough to interfere with daily life. A medical exam is typically normal while cognitive tests show deficits.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
The document discusses dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia as acquired intellectual impairment affecting social and vocational function. Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease are the most common causes. A clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's requires cognitive impairment in at least two areas along with progressive worsening of memory and cognition. Pathologically, Alzheimer's is characterized by neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques composed of amyloid beta protein. Treatment focuses on symptom management with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists.
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Mr. Jones, a 72-year-old man, is being evaluated for progressive memory loss. His MMSE score has declined from 26/30 to 24/30 in recent months. He has risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, and a family history of Alzheimer's disease. The doctor suspects Alzheimer's disease or a mixed dementia given his clinical presentation and risk factors. Tests like the MMSE have limitations, and imaging and lab tests may help with diagnosis and determining treatment options.
This document summarizes key information about dementia from a third year physiotherapy lecture. It defines dementia and describes how cognitive function is measured. Over 100 causes of dementia are identified, including both reversible and irreversible causes. Alzheimer's disease is discussed in detail, including risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Other types of dementia like frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
Dementia is characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior, and personality due to diffuse brain disease, especially affecting the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Memory impairment is required for diagnosis. Common causes include Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, and frontotemporal dementia. Evaluation involves assessing cognitive function, neurological exam, imaging, and lab tests to identify underlying causes and rule out other conditions. There is no cure for dementia, but some types can be temporarily slowed with medications or treated if potentially reversible causes are identified.
The document provides an overview of the approach to dementia. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for dementia, epidemiology, etiology including neurodegenerative, vascular, neurological and other causes. It describes cortical vs subcortical dementia and reversible vs irreversible dementias. The document also provides details on how to diagnose a case of dementia including history, examination, investigations and differential diagnosis. Specific subtypes like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and CJD are also discussed.
The document discusses dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It defines dementia as acquired intellectual impairment affecting social and vocational function. Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease are the most common causes. A clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's requires cognitive impairment in at least two areas along with progressive worsening of memory and cognition. Pathologically, Alzheimer's is characterized by neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques composed of amyloid beta protein. Treatment focuses on symptom management with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists.
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Mr. Jones, a 72-year-old man, is being evaluated for progressive memory loss. His MMSE score has declined from 26/30 to 24/30 in recent months. He has risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, and a family history of Alzheimer's disease. The doctor suspects Alzheimer's disease or a mixed dementia given his clinical presentation and risk factors. Tests like the MMSE have limitations, and imaging and lab tests may help with diagnosis and determining treatment options.
This document summarizes key information about dementia from a third year physiotherapy lecture. It defines dementia and describes how cognitive function is measured. Over 100 causes of dementia are identified, including both reversible and irreversible causes. Alzheimer's disease is discussed in detail, including risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Other types of dementia like frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and approach to evaluation and management. It defines dementia as acquired cognitive impairment that interferes with daily life. The diagnostic criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Common causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia are reviewed. The document discusses taking a history, performing a physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and medical investigations to diagnose the underlying cause of dementia.
Dementia is characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect, behavior, and personality due to diffuse brain disease, especially affecting the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Memory impairment is required for diagnosis. Common causes include Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, and frontotemporal dementia. Evaluation involves assessing cognitive function, neurological exam, imaging, and lab tests to identify underlying causes and rule out other conditions. There is no cure for dementia, but some types can be temporarily slowed with medications or treated if potentially reversible causes are identified.
This document discusses the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. It notes that Alzheimer's is characterized by a progressive decline in memory and at least one other cognitive domain. A diagnosis is based on clinical examination and ruling out other potential causes. The hallmarks of Alzheimer's pathology are amyloid beta plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
1) The document provides guidance on approaching and diagnosing dementia. It discusses the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for dementia and covers the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and types of dementia including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, and normal pressure hydrocephalus.
2) Five clinical cases are presented and summaries are provided to illustrate the diagnosis and features of different types of dementia.
3) The document is a comprehensive reference for diagnosing various forms of dementia based on clinical history, examination findings, investigations, and imaging characteristics.
80-Year-Old Woman With Dementia And ParkinsonismMonica Waters
An 80-year-old woman presented with a 4-year history of progressive memory loss and a 3-year history of gait deterioration. On examination, she showed signs of dementia, parkinsonism, and upper motor neuron dysfunction. Brain imaging showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, most pronounced in the medial temporal lobes. Based on the clinical features and test results, the diagnosis was probable Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychological testing supported impaired memory, language, and cognitive function consistent with AD.
The document discusses cognitive disorders and different types and stages of dementia. It defines cognition and lists different cognitive domains. It then summarizes classification systems for cognitive disorders from DSM-IV, DSM-5, and ICD-10. The stages of cognitive decline are discussed, from subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The main types and causes of dementia are outlined. Assessment, risk factors, features and differentiation of different dementias like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are summarized.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medications and lifestyle interventions can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms. The disease is caused by plaques and tangles that build up in the brain, resulting in the loss of connections between neurons. Early symptoms include memory loss and problems with thinking and language, while later stages involve the loss of motor skills and ability to communicate. Current treatments approved by the FDA include cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, which can temporarily slow cognitive decline.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, terminology, epidemiology, causes, stages, clinical features, classification, diagnosis, and investigations. Some key points include:
- Dementia is characterized by impairment of intellectual functions, memory, and personality. It interferes with daily life.
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause, accounting for around 70% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common.
- Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but generally include cognitive decline and neurological or psychiatric features.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through examinations, imaging, and lab tests. Unfortunately, dementia is usually progressive and currently incurable.
1) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills, and is the most common cause of dementia.
2) It is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain that disrupt communication between neurons.
3) Current treatments aim to improve symptoms but do not stop the progression of the disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the most common drug therapies to improve cognitive function.
The document provides information about dementia and Alzheimer's disease:
1) Dementia is a progressive disease marked by the loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, judgment, and reasoning. It has many causes including Alzheimer's disease, strokes, and infections.
2) Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. It results from the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain that damage neurons. As it progresses, patients lose abilities like memory, language skills, and ability to carry out tasks.
3) Diagnosis involves medical history, cognitive testing, and brain imaging to determine the specific cause and rule out treatable conditions. Later stages bring further loss of abilities until patients require full time
This document provides information about Alzheimer's disease including its causes, characteristics, stages, genetics, and epidemiology. Some key points:
- Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia and causes progressive cognitive decline. It is caused by the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain.
- Risk factors include increasing age, family history, and genetics such as certain genes on chromosomes 1, 14, 19, and 21.
- The disease progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages characterized by worsening memory loss and impaired cognitive abilities.
- About 5 million Americans currently have Alzheimer's and without treatment breakthroughs, it is estimated 13.2 million older Americans will have it
Dementia is a syndrome caused by brain diseases that affect memory, thinking, behavior and ability to perform everyday activities. Common symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty completing tasks and changes in mood and behavior. It has different causes but is most commonly due to Alzheimer's disease. There is currently no cure for dementia but medications and lifestyle interventions can help manage symptoms.
This document discusses the classification and pathological features of various types of dementia. It describes how dementia can be classified based on the pathological proteins involved, such as amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease or alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. It also discusses primary degenerative dementias that primarily affect the cerebral cortex, as well as primary degenerative dementias that involve other brain areas. Secondary and non-degenerative dementias are also outlined. The clinical features and distinguishing characteristics of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are summarized.
PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS OF PARKINSONISM.pptxSoumen Karmakar
Parkinson's disease is associated with various psychiatric manifestations that can affect up to 90% of patients. These include cognitive disturbances like dementia, depression in 40-50% of patients, anxiety in about 40%, and behavioral issues. Depression can predate motor symptoms and increases mortality risk. Mania or hypomania may occur due to dopaminergic medications. Compulsive behaviors are associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Apathy is also common and linked to cognitive and executive dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions in Parkinson's patients is important for quality of life.
Psychiatric manifestations of Parkinson's DiseaseSoumen Karmakar
Parkinson's disease is associated with various psychiatric manifestations that can affect up to 90% of patients. These include cognitive disturbances like dementia, depression in 40-50% of patients, anxiety in about 40%, and behavioral issues. Depression can predate motor symptoms and increases mortality risk. Mania or hypomania may occur due to dopaminergic medications. Compulsive behaviors are associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Apathy is also common and linked to cognitive and executive dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions in Parkinson's patients is important for quality of life.
alzhemier's disease in neurological.pptxDrYeshaVashi
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a malformation where the two cerebral hemispheres appear fused, caused by failure of cleavage of the embryonic cerebral vesicle. It has a spectrum of severity from alobar to lobar.
- HPE is diagnosed based on midline facial dysplasias present in 93% of patients. It is associated with developmental delay and seizures.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications like hydrocephalus, seizures, and endocrine issues. The prognosis depends on the severity of anatomical and neurological involvement.
This document provides an overview of the approach to diagnosing and classifying a case of dementia. It begins by defining dementia and outlining the DSM-V criteria. It then discusses various types and causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, and CJD. Evaluation involves a clinical history, physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and lab/imaging workup to identify reversible vs. irreversible causes. Biomarkers and imaging can aid in differential diagnosis. Treatment focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and management of symptoms.
The document provides information about dementia and Alzheimer's disease, including causes, symptoms, stages of progression, diagnosis, and treatment options. It states that dementia is a progressive disease marked by cognitive decline that can also impact motor, emotional and social functioning. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of cases. The stages of Alzheimer's progression are described from early forgetfulness to severe impairment requiring total care. Music therapy is highlighted as a potential intervention to address symptoms like depression, reduce agitation, and maintain connections throughout the stages of the disease.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
The chapter discusses two neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Alzheimer's disease typically presents with early problems in memory and visuospatial abilities and accounts for about 65% of dementia cases in the United States. The majority of Alzheimer's disease cases are late onset and usually develop after age 65. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by involuntary movements and deterioration of cognitive function. There is no cure for either disease.
The document provides an overview of dementia, including definitions, clinical presentation, causes, functional anatomy, evaluation approach, and treatment. It describes the typical presentation and progression of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Evaluation involves obtaining a detailed history, physical and neurological examination, and cognitive testing using tools like the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess domains like memory, language, and executive function.
This document discusses the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. It notes that Alzheimer's is characterized by a progressive decline in memory and at least one other cognitive domain. A diagnosis is based on clinical examination and ruling out other potential causes. The hallmarks of Alzheimer's pathology are amyloid beta plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
1) The document provides guidance on approaching and diagnosing dementia. It discusses the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for dementia and covers the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and types of dementia including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease, and normal pressure hydrocephalus.
2) Five clinical cases are presented and summaries are provided to illustrate the diagnosis and features of different types of dementia.
3) The document is a comprehensive reference for diagnosing various forms of dementia based on clinical history, examination findings, investigations, and imaging characteristics.
80-Year-Old Woman With Dementia And ParkinsonismMonica Waters
An 80-year-old woman presented with a 4-year history of progressive memory loss and a 3-year history of gait deterioration. On examination, she showed signs of dementia, parkinsonism, and upper motor neuron dysfunction. Brain imaging showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, most pronounced in the medial temporal lobes. Based on the clinical features and test results, the diagnosis was probable Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychological testing supported impaired memory, language, and cognitive function consistent with AD.
The document discusses cognitive disorders and different types and stages of dementia. It defines cognition and lists different cognitive domains. It then summarizes classification systems for cognitive disorders from DSM-IV, DSM-5, and ICD-10. The stages of cognitive decline are discussed, from subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The main types and causes of dementia are outlined. Assessment, risk factors, features and differentiation of different dementias like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are summarized.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medications and lifestyle interventions can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms. The disease is caused by plaques and tangles that build up in the brain, resulting in the loss of connections between neurons. Early symptoms include memory loss and problems with thinking and language, while later stages involve the loss of motor skills and ability to communicate. Current treatments approved by the FDA include cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, which can temporarily slow cognitive decline.
This document provides an overview of dementia, including its definition, terminology, epidemiology, causes, stages, clinical features, classification, diagnosis, and investigations. Some key points include:
- Dementia is characterized by impairment of intellectual functions, memory, and personality. It interferes with daily life.
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause, accounting for around 70% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common.
- Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but generally include cognitive decline and neurological or psychiatric features.
- Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through examinations, imaging, and lab tests. Unfortunately, dementia is usually progressive and currently incurable.
1) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills, and is the most common cause of dementia.
2) It is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain that disrupt communication between neurons.
3) Current treatments aim to improve symptoms but do not stop the progression of the disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the most common drug therapies to improve cognitive function.
The document provides information about dementia and Alzheimer's disease:
1) Dementia is a progressive disease marked by the loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, judgment, and reasoning. It has many causes including Alzheimer's disease, strokes, and infections.
2) Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. It results from the buildup of plaques and tangles in the brain that damage neurons. As it progresses, patients lose abilities like memory, language skills, and ability to carry out tasks.
3) Diagnosis involves medical history, cognitive testing, and brain imaging to determine the specific cause and rule out treatable conditions. Later stages bring further loss of abilities until patients require full time
This document provides information about Alzheimer's disease including its causes, characteristics, stages, genetics, and epidemiology. Some key points:
- Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia and causes progressive cognitive decline. It is caused by the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain.
- Risk factors include increasing age, family history, and genetics such as certain genes on chromosomes 1, 14, 19, and 21.
- The disease progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages characterized by worsening memory loss and impaired cognitive abilities.
- About 5 million Americans currently have Alzheimer's and without treatment breakthroughs, it is estimated 13.2 million older Americans will have it
Dementia is a syndrome caused by brain diseases that affect memory, thinking, behavior and ability to perform everyday activities. Common symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty completing tasks and changes in mood and behavior. It has different causes but is most commonly due to Alzheimer's disease. There is currently no cure for dementia but medications and lifestyle interventions can help manage symptoms.
This document discusses the classification and pathological features of various types of dementia. It describes how dementia can be classified based on the pathological proteins involved, such as amyloid/tau in Alzheimer's disease or alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. It also discusses primary degenerative dementias that primarily affect the cerebral cortex, as well as primary degenerative dementias that involve other brain areas. Secondary and non-degenerative dementias are also outlined. The clinical features and distinguishing characteristics of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia are summarized.
PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS OF PARKINSONISM.pptxSoumen Karmakar
Parkinson's disease is associated with various psychiatric manifestations that can affect up to 90% of patients. These include cognitive disturbances like dementia, depression in 40-50% of patients, anxiety in about 40%, and behavioral issues. Depression can predate motor symptoms and increases mortality risk. Mania or hypomania may occur due to dopaminergic medications. Compulsive behaviors are associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Apathy is also common and linked to cognitive and executive dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions in Parkinson's patients is important for quality of life.
Psychiatric manifestations of Parkinson's DiseaseSoumen Karmakar
Parkinson's disease is associated with various psychiatric manifestations that can affect up to 90% of patients. These include cognitive disturbances like dementia, depression in 40-50% of patients, anxiety in about 40%, and behavioral issues. Depression can predate motor symptoms and increases mortality risk. Mania or hypomania may occur due to dopaminergic medications. Compulsive behaviors are associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Apathy is also common and linked to cognitive and executive dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions in Parkinson's patients is important for quality of life.
alzhemier's disease in neurological.pptxDrYeshaVashi
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a malformation where the two cerebral hemispheres appear fused, caused by failure of cleavage of the embryonic cerebral vesicle. It has a spectrum of severity from alobar to lobar.
- HPE is diagnosed based on midline facial dysplasias present in 93% of patients. It is associated with developmental delay and seizures.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications like hydrocephalus, seizures, and endocrine issues. The prognosis depends on the severity of anatomical and neurological involvement.
This document provides an overview of the approach to diagnosing and classifying a case of dementia. It begins by defining dementia and outlining the DSM-V criteria. It then discusses various types and causes of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, and CJD. Evaluation involves a clinical history, physical and neurological exam, cognitive testing, and lab/imaging workup to identify reversible vs. irreversible causes. Biomarkers and imaging can aid in differential diagnosis. Treatment focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and management of symptoms.
The document provides information about dementia and Alzheimer's disease, including causes, symptoms, stages of progression, diagnosis, and treatment options. It states that dementia is a progressive disease marked by cognitive decline that can also impact motor, emotional and social functioning. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of cases. The stages of Alzheimer's progression are described from early forgetfulness to severe impairment requiring total care. Music therapy is highlighted as a potential intervention to address symptoms like depression, reduce agitation, and maintain connections throughout the stages of the disease.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
The chapter discusses two neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Alzheimer's disease typically presents with early problems in memory and visuospatial abilities and accounts for about 65% of dementia cases in the United States. The majority of Alzheimer's disease cases are late onset and usually develop after age 65. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by involuntary movements and deterioration of cognitive function. There is no cure for either disease.
The document provides an overview of dementia, including definitions, clinical presentation, causes, functional anatomy, evaluation approach, and treatment. It describes the typical presentation and progression of different types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Evaluation involves obtaining a detailed history, physical and neurological examination, and cognitive testing using tools like the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess domains like memory, language, and executive function.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
3. Demensia
Syndrome of progressive, global decline in cognition
that is severe enough to degrade individual’s
well-being & sosial function.
(Cassel)
An acquired, persistent impairment of intellectual
function with compromise in at least three of the
following spheres of mental activity:
language, memory, and visuospatial skills
emotion or personality
cognition
(frontera)
4. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
• Is characterized by progressive cognitive &
behavioral deficits accompanied by diffuse
structural abnormalities in the brain. (Hazzard)
5. Genetics of AD
(Hazzard)
The common symptoms
memory loss, confusion, impaired
judgment, personality changes, disorientation,
& loss of language skills
Based on the onset of symptoms, AD is divided
into
– Early onset / familial AD (FAD)
– Late onset AD (LOAD)
6. Genetics of AD
FAD
• 3 % of all the case
• Linked to mutations in the genes for the
amyloid precursor protein (APP; gene name
APP) on chromosome 21, presenilin 1 PS1;
gene name PSEN1) on chromosome 14, &
preseniline 2 (PS2; gene name PSEN2) most
of the mutations in PSEN1
7. Genetics of AD
LOAD
= sporadic AD
• 97 % of all cases of AD
• Has not been linked w any mutations
• Aging is the most important risk factor
• Associated w many other environmental & genetic risk
factors hypercholesterolemia & other vascular risk
factors, history of head trauma, & low educational
attainment.
• Genetic risk factor Ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E
(APOE) gene on chromosome 19
8. Neuropathology of AD
• Amyloid plaque
dominant componen is amyloid β peptide (A β)
The most characteristic form is “neuritic plaque
• Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) appear as paired, helically twisted
protein filaments composed of highly stable polymers of
cytoplasmic protein called Tau
• Amyloid angiopathy diffuse loss of neurons & synapses in the
neocortex, hippocampus, & other subcortical region of the brain
Often observed in the classical LOAD, but seems to be more
prevalent in small subgroup of FAD (Dutch E693Q & Iowa
D694N mutations in the APP gene)
9. Pathobiology of AD
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing &
generation of Aβ
• Small Aβ aggregates (oligomeres) “preplaque”
neurotoxoc species of Aβ act as the proximate cause of
nueronal injury & synaptic loss associated w AD
Aβ : pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD
• Px w Downs’ syndrome (DS) (trisomi 21) had higher
propensity of developing a cllinical & pathological
phenotype resmbling AD Aβ was the major component
in plaques from both px w AD & DS ; & that its genesis
was related to a gene (APP) located on chromosome 21,
close to obligate DS region.
10. • Alzheimer's dementia (70% to 90% of cases)
• multi-infarct dementia (15%)
• 1% to 5% are represented by Parkinson's
dementia, Creuztfeldt-Jacob disease, Huntington's
disease, Pick's disease, Lewy body dementia, &
progressive supranuclear palsy.
Dementia represents several disorders with
similar effects on mental activity.
Dementia can be divided into :
• cortical Alzheimer's dementia
• subcortical types Parkinson's disease
Frontera
12. Epidemiologi
(Cassel, Frontera)
• Alzheimer's disease is the most common
dementia for people age 65 years and older.
(8%-15% mengenai usia 65 tahun ke atas)
• It affects approximately 5% of the population
at age 65, with a prevalence reaching 35% at
age 85.
13. Etiology of Alzheimer's disease
(Frontera)
• Still not clearly known
• However, pathologic agent of this disease is
amyloid plaques in the brain.
• Age is the most important risk factor.
• Other risk factors include a positive family history,
estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women,
severe head trauma, and the presence of a
genetic factor called the Apo-E-4 allele.
• Screening for this gene is still controversial since
there are no clear disease prevention therapies.
14. Risk factors for AD
• Aging teh most important
age associated increases the amount of amyloid plaques
& NFT in the brain
• APOE genotype Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the major
determinant of risk factor in families w LOAD
• Gender women>men estrogen deficiency in
menopause
• Hypercholesterolemia & vascular risk factors APOE
allele is related to abN cholesterol metabolism
• Head trauma
• Depression education & ethnicity
15. • In Alzheimer's patients functional limitations slowly
progress with time-memory loss through a continuum to a
vegetative status.
• In Parkinson's dementia functional limitation of the
motor disease progresses more rapidly.
• In multi-infarct dementia the tendency is for step-wise
progression, with cognitive and motor functioning losses
worsening after new brain injury, followed by periods of
stability.
Functional limitations depend on the stage of
diagnosis and the underlying cause of the dementia.
The cortical dementias are
mostly characterized, in early
stages, by memory problems.
The subcortical dementias
show motor findings early in
the clinical course.
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16. Symptoms
Often insidious, with memory loss the most common early
sign.
Px & families often allow these losses to continue for
extended periods before having problem assessed.
Memory symptoms inability to remember names,
appointments, or recent important family gatherings.
More important symptoms are wandering, especially
getting lost in familiar areas.
Occasionally, px will present w behavioral problems, such
as aggression & sexual disinhibition.
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17. Diagnosis
• D/of Alzheimer's dementia is one of exclusion.
• History taking is extremely important especially onset
of symptoms, disease progression, & to rule out focal
neurologic symptoms.
• Impairment of both short-& long-term memory in addition
to abN in at least one of areas of mental function
abstract thinking, judgment, language, praxis, visual
recognition, constructional abilities, or personality.
• These disturbances must be sufficiently severe to interfere
with work, social activities, or relationships with others.
These symptoms
present by definition for at least 6 months & w a clear
sensorium
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18. Physical Examination
• Usually no physical or neurologic findings
• Disorder is D/ by history & findings on MMSE.
• Occasionally px structured neuropsychologic tests including geriatric
depression scale, are necessary to rule out depression and ischemic disease.
• The following should be evaluated during the mental status examination
state of consciousness, orientation, memory (long & short term),
language, visuospatial functions, calculations, insight, judgment, mood, &
affect.
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Exam for all dementias similar to that of the workup of Alzheimer's dementia.
Significant findings between various dementing disorders will be based on neurologic
exam. Example :
- in Lewy body dementia tremor & rigidity are often present.
- In supranuclear palsy ocular findings with abN gaze may be present.
On neurologic examination focal findings such as unilateral weakness of a cranial
or peripheral nerve group, painful neuropathic changes, or paresthesias are especially
important to rule out cerebrovascular disease or tumors.
20. Algoritma sederhana DD/ demensia
Insidious onset w
smooth decline &
motor function
minimally impaired ?
YES
Alzheimer’
s dementia
NO
Abrupt onset or
fluctuating course, little
is any psychosis ?
History of stroke or
ischemic brain
injury on CAT scan or
MRI ?
Vascular
dementia
YES
NO
Marked fluctuation in
cognitive impairment ,
hallucinations
prominent, signs of
Parkinsons’s syndrome
evident, falls
YES
Lewy body disease
Cassel
21. Algoritma for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Suspect AD & develop treatment &
management plan w px & family
Are there other systemic or CNS conditions,
substance avuse problems, medication side
effects, delirium or depression that could
explain cognitive decline?
had a gradual & progressive decline in cognition?
show impairement in social or occupatioanl function that
represents a declline from his or her previous
deficit s in other cognitive areas, such as language,
executive functioning, etc?
memory impairement by history & supported by
impaired recall on MMSE or other cognitive tests?
Perform clinical evaluation
Px presents w memory concern
Conciser D/ of N aging,
nonanamnestic MCI, or depression
If isolated memory deficit, consider
D/ of single-domain amnetic MCI
If no functional impairement,
consider D/ of multidomain amnestic
MCI
Consider D/ of non-Alzheimer
dementia, depression, or delirium
Reevaluate cognition after
confounding treated
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
Hazzard
22. Original Criteria for Mild Cognitive
Impairement
Memory complaint, qualified by an informant
Memory impairment for age and education
Preserved general cognitive function
Intact social and occupational function
No demented
Hazzard