The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 marked the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war. The U.S. dropped atomic bombs called "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" on the cities, resulting in massive destruction and at least 200,000 immediate deaths from blast effects and radiation sickness. Long-term health effects persisted for decades, including higher rates of cancer, birth defects, and other issues. The bombings contributed to Japan's surrender and ended World War II, but also demonstrated the immense destructive power of nuclear weapons and their lingering effects on populations and the environment.
This Presentation brings forth the Causes, Aftermaths and many other facts regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It also includes Albert Einstein's Letter.
This was made for Educational Purpose.
This power point presentation was created by my niece Priya, who is in her 11th grade. She presented the same along with her friend in a competition at her school, however didn’t win the competition. I believe it’s very informative and it also delivered a message at the end. So what do you guys think? Please send in your comments.
Nuclear Weapons: Their Effect On Us & Our World - Courtney Carter Courtney Carter
I chose this topic because everyone in the global community, including myself, needs to be informed about nuclear weapons and how they could affect us in a very major way if the global society doesn't keep each other in check. I enjoyed learning more about nuclear weapons than I already knew and I hope you do too.
This Presentation brings forth the Causes, Aftermaths and many other facts regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It also includes Albert Einstein's Letter.
This was made for Educational Purpose.
This power point presentation was created by my niece Priya, who is in her 11th grade. She presented the same along with her friend in a competition at her school, however didn’t win the competition. I believe it’s very informative and it also delivered a message at the end. So what do you guys think? Please send in your comments.
Nuclear Weapons: Their Effect On Us & Our World - Courtney Carter Courtney Carter
I chose this topic because everyone in the global community, including myself, needs to be informed about nuclear weapons and how they could affect us in a very major way if the global society doesn't keep each other in check. I enjoyed learning more about nuclear weapons than I already knew and I hope you do too.
"Presentation of the Handbook Implementing the Geneva Declaration"
2014 Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
At the end of World War II, the Allied powers sought to bring those responsible for the Holocaust and World War II atrocities to justice. Low-level offenders were tried by court-martial, while Germans who primarily committed crimes in foreign countries would be tried in those countries.
This presentation contains information about Radioactive pollution and its effects, sources etc.
It also contains where radiation is useful for human beings.
Some cases of radioactive blasts.
prevention of radiation and conclusion.
تاريخ التجارب الطبية على البشر هدى متبوليHuda Matbouli
A glance at the history of clinical trials, and the value of ethics in each era.
a school project for Medical Ethics, prepared and presented by Huda Matbuli
I use this presentation with my year 8 students when we are studying Atoms & Elements. It's not strictly part of the curriculum but they find it interesting anyway.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. ATOMIC BOMB BLASTING OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI:
NUCLEAR ENERGY BECOMES BLASPHEMY
The second world war ended up with the deadly bomb blasts of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the
year of 1945.The allied forces of great Britain, China and USA devastated the Japanese
homeland by dropping two atomic bombs named as little boy and fat man respectively on
Hiroshima on the 6th
and Nagasaki on the 9th
of August. The first one was made through
fission of Uranium-235 and the other was from Plutonium-239.
Why this attack????
U.S. and British researchers were investigating the feasibility of nuclear weapon since 1939.Since
1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the forces of the United States and her allies had
been at war with Japan. In August 1942, the United States launched the Manhattan Project to
produce an atomic bomb. In September 1944, the decision was made to use the new weapon
against Japan. On July 16, 1945, the United States successfully carried out the world's first
nuclear weapon test in the desert of New Mexico, a mere three weeks before the weapon was
dropped on Hiroshima. By May 1945, Germany had surrendered and the tide of the war had
turned in the favor of the Allied Forces. In 1945 July an ultimatum was brought to Japan from the
U.S.A force which included Japan’s unconditional surrender. But Japanese emperor Hirohito
rejected to surrender to the allied force and the U.S.A. military force got that opportunity for
which they were awaiting. Making an issue by Japan’s not to be bowed down they mercilessly
blasted bombs on Japan. By this they achieve dtwo goals of testing their nuclear weapon and
also to step against Japan.
Choosing area: Between 10 and 11 May 1945, a committee made for Japan bomb attack of the
allied force came up with a list of cities most potentially suitable as targets of atomic attacks. The
committee eventually arrived at the recommendation of four targets: Kyoto, Hiroshima,
Yokohama, and Kokura. Hiroshima was chosen as the first target due to its military and industrial
values.
Night before attack in Hiroshima: From the evening of August 5, 1945, to the early morning of
August 6, sirens and air-raid warnings were sounded frequently. City residents passed a fitful
night. On the morning of August 6, the alarms finally stopped, the all-clear siren sounded, and
that morning began like any other. August 6, 1945, in Hiroshima a single bomb burned into the
ground. An entire city was instantly destroyed beyond recognition. Nagasaki suffered the same
fate as Hiroshima in August 9, 3 days after Hiroshima attack. A single bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima at 8.15 a.m. in 6th
August and at 11.02 a.m. in 9th
August on Nagasaki another one.
These bombs were launched from B-29 bomber.
Atomic bombs used in these two attacks
3. In Hiroshima attack ‘little boy’ and in Nagasaki attack ‘fat man’ were used. These were produced
from the research under Manhattan project. On August 6, 1945, a B-29 plane, the "Enola Gay"
piloted by Paul W. Tibbets, dropped a uranium atomic bomb, code named "Little Boy" on
Hiroshima, Japan's
Figure : bomb blasted out in Hiroshima, August 6th
, 1945
seventh largest city. The observation B-29 dropped instruments attached to three parachutes and
at 11:02 a.m. the other plane released the atomic bomb. It was the bomb attack on Nagasaki in 9th
April,1945.Atomic bomb is so much destructive that within just a second it can devastate a huge
area, can be cause of death of million billion people and it was actually happened. The world
testified the dangers of nuclear weapon misdeeds for the first time and obviously this was terrific.
Here is the description of that 1 second of blasting atomic bomb in Hiroshima: Temperature at
burst point reaches several million degrees F within one-millionth of a second following
detonation. All bomb material becomes ionized gas & gamma rays. It was before the explosion
and in 0.0001 millisecond.
• 0.1 second: Bomb explodes and fireball forms. In addition to heat and force,
radiation was 3% of total energy, of which gamma rays & neutrons damaged living organisms,
soil and ground structures.
4. Figure: little boy (Uranium bomb) Figure: fat man (Plutonium bomb)
• 0.15 second: Shock wave expands rapidly, heating air to luminous condition. Fireball
visible for following 10 seconds.
• 0.2 second: Thermal energy, especially infrared wave-lengths, causes most of thermal
burns to humans.
• 1.0second: Fireball reaches maximum diameter of 200-300 meters
Mechanism of making atomic bomb:
Atomic bomb’s main specialty is this that it is made from fission chain reaction that can not be
stopped and therefore this is undoubtedly much more powerful than the ordinary powerful bombs
even. Mainly radioactive metals are used to make this type of bomb. Even these bombs can be
derived from Hydrogen using fusion reaction. These are called the Hydrogen bomb. But atomic
bombs are mainly created from the binding energy of fission reaction.
Bombs attacking over Japan were atomic bombs. ‘Little boy’ was created from Uranium
isotope’s (U-235) and ‘Fat man’ was created from Plutonium isotope’s (Pu-239) fission
reactions. The main mechanism of these reactions are like this:
A neutron strikes over the big Uranium isotope and then the Uranium gets divided into two small
atomic masses. From a big mass 239 it took forms of two little masses and also two little
compounds and so here creates ultimately a lot of energy. Among the energy there exists 3
neutrons and gama and alfa radioactive rays. These three neutrons again strike over three
different Uranium atoms. And this reaction keeps going in a chain form again and again. So a
uncrediable amount of energy forms and this is the main thing for the atomic bomb.
Here is this reaction in an image form:
Fission reaction to make atomic bomb
Here the yellow sphere is neutron, light blue one is Barium and dark blue one is Krypton.
Uranium is marked as red sphere. Here also binding energy is shown.
5. Destruction: Some victims were vaporized instantly, many survivors were horribly disfigured,
and death from radiation was uncertain—it might not claim its victims for days, weeks, months,
or even years.
The initial death count in Hiroshima, set at 42,000–93,000, was based solely on the disposal of
bodies, and was thus much too low. Later surveys covered body counts, missing persons, and
neighborhood surveys. A similar survey by officials in Nagasaki set its death toll at 60,000–
70,000. (Its plutonium bomb was more powerful, but its destructive range was limited by
surrounding hills and mountains).Over 90% of persons within 500 meters (1,600 ft.) of ground
zero in both cities died. Most persons close to ground zero who received high radiation dosages
died immediately. The cumulative death rates (%) in both cities rose dramatically during the first
two weeks and leveled off in subsequent weeks.
• First two weeks: mainly burns from rays and flames, and wounds (trauma) from blast and
falling structures.3rd week through 8th week: symptoms of damages by radioactive rays,
e.g., loss of hair, anemia, loss of white cells, bleeding, diarrhea. Approximately 10% of
cases in this group were fatal.
• 3rd and 4th months: “some improvement” in burn, trauma, and even radiation injuries.
But then came “secondary injuries” of disfiguration, severe scar formations, blood
abnormalities, sterility (both sexes), and psychosomatic disorders.
Even now, after over half a century later, many aftereffects remain: leukemia, A-bomb cataracts,
and cancers of thyroid, breast, lungs, salivary glands, birth defects, including mental retardation,
and fears of birth defects in their children, plus, of course, the disfiguring scars.
Radiation injury penetrates deeply into human body and injures cells. Persons who suffered
thermal burns within 1.0 to 2.0 kilometers of ground zero suffered serious flame and contact
burns in addition to moderate flash burns. In a cataract the ocular lens becomes opaque. This
condition appeared a few years after the atomic bombings; the first was found in 1948 in
Hiroshima; and the next, the following year in Nagasaki.
Leukemia is a malignant tumor or cancer of the blood cells, with an excessive overgrowth of
young white cells. By 1975 a total of 1,838 cases were diagnosed as leukemia in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.
6. Figure: chronicle and acute leukemia affected from 1945 to 1975 in Hiroshima; adapted from Ohkita,
1976
Of these, 512 were exposed within 10 km from ground zero. Incidence peaked in 1951-52 in both
cities.
Thyroid, breast and lung cancer were the most common and acute cancers among the affected
and these had been reported out among 1945 to 1975 in a drastic number and even in their next
two or more generations as a result of radioactivity.
Chromosome changes was also acute . The number of chromosomes is constant in humans’ body
and this is referred to be 26 in a normal state. But as an aftereffect of radiation of those bomb
blasts, many people borne after 1945 in Japan possessed chromosome more or less than normal
numbers.
Microcephaly , one of the most pathetic aftereffects of the atomic bombings, especially when
accompanied by mental retardation. A-bomb included effects of spontaneous abortions,
stillbirths, congenital malformations, and more. These bomb attacks fatally destroyed many a
buildings. Many buildings were structurally collapsed, many were burnt, many blasted. Of these
school buildings, arm forced and military centers, industries, offices , factories were included .
As Nagasaki was in mountain area it faced fewer damages than Hiroshima faced. As a result it
was easy to collect data about its damages. According to an approximate statistic there were
50000 buildings in Nagasaki before the devastating attack and after this attack there remained
30413 undamaged.
Figure: destructed industry Figure: destroyed residential area
The damage to man-made structures caused by the bombs was due to two distinct causes: first the
blast, or pressure wave, emanating from the center of the explosion, and, second, the fires which
were caused either by the heat of the explosion itself or by the collapse of buildings containing
stoves, electrical fixtures, or any other equipment which might produce what is known as a
secondary fire, and subsequent spread of these fires. The blast produced by the atomic bomb has
already been
stated to be approximately equivalent to that of 20,000 tons of T.N.T. Given this figure, one may
calculate the expected peak pressures in the air, at various distances from the center of the
explosion, which occurred following detonation of the bomb. The peak pressures which were
calculated before the bombs were dropped agreed very closely with those which were actually
experienced in the cities
7. during the attack as computed by Allied experts.
Restraints on recovery
Formally termed the Press Code, officially issued by the Occupation GHQ on September 19,
1945, it prohibited the publication of all reports and studies of A-bomb damages, including
medical and scientific studies of all injuries and losses suffered by A-bomb victims in both
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thus the A-bombed citizens struggled with ignorance of the many
medical and social aspects.
Result
After these bomb blasts that happened what had to be happened, for which the most powerful
nation attacked over the weak one; Japan surrendered to the allied force on 15th
August. This was
also the end of Second World War. There was also an outcome of this barbarous act and this was
the threat to any country weak in position or does not belonging nuclear weapon in proper
quantity.
Conclusion
Many a lives were sacrifices to Hiroshima Nagasaki bomb attacks. If a question arises that was
these attacks justifiable, considering both ethically and logically. Some will answer against using
of nuclear weapon drastically over civil population. The other opinion about it will be of the view
that in total war, as carried on in Japan, there was no difference between civilians and soldiers,
and that the bomb itself was an effective force tending to end the bloodshed, warning Japan to
surrender and thus avoid total destruction.