this ppt is mainly for the students of grade 7 igcse
go ahead,have a look!
follow for more ppts!
just comment whichever ppt you want next and it will be ready for u!
-proud dsrvian
this ppt is mainly for the students of grade 7 igcse
go ahead,have a look!
follow for more ppts!
just comment whichever ppt you want next and it will be ready for u!
-proud dsrvian
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
3. • From the Ancient Greek word "atmos"
meaning 'vapour' and "sphaira" meaning
'ball or sphere'
• Is any layer or set or mixture of gases
surrounding a planet or other material body
that is held in place by the gravity
4. Atmosphere of Earth
• Atmospheric Science(aerology) - the study of
Earth's atmosphere
• also known as sky
• The whole mass of air that surrounds our planet
• Helps protect and sustain life in Earth by:
1. Absorbing UV radiation
2. Creating pressure allowing for water to exist on the
Earth's surface
3. Warming the surface through heat retention
4. Gas composition that supports the need of every living
organism
5. Difference between Air and
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is any gaseous mixture that
surrounds the celestial body not necessarily
nitrogen and oxygen while
Air is the invisible mixture of human-breatheable
gas(oxygen & nitrogen) that surrounds Earth
6. What makes up the
Earth's Atmosphere?
1. Nitrogen (N2) - about 78%
2. Oxygen (O2) - about 21%
3. Argon (Ar) - about 0.9%
4. Carbon dioxide - about 0.4%
5. Traces gases: Neon(Ne), Helium(He),
Methane(CH4), Krypton(Kr)
7. Earth's atmosphere is divided into five
main layer called Atmospheric
Stratification
1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere
8.
9. TROPOSPHERE
• from the Greek word 'tropos' meaning 'turn'
• Extends from the suface of the Earth to the bottom of the
stratosphere at about 6-20 km
• The lowest densest part containing roughly 80% of the mass
of the Earth's atmosphere in which most weather changes
occur.
• The 50% of the total mass of atmosphere is located in the
lower 5.6 km(3.5 mi; 18,000ft) of the troposhere.
• in this part, the temperature gets colder as distance above
the Earth increases, by about 6.5*C per km
10. • Contains about 75% of all of the air is found in the
atmosphere
• The lowest part ot the troposphere is called
boundary layer where the air is warm
• The top part of troposphere is the tropopause
• only layer that can be accessed by propoller-driven
aircraft
11.
12. STRATOSPHERE
• Is the second-lowest layer of Earth's Atmosphere that lies above
the tropsphere and is separated from it by the tropopause
• extends about 20 - 50km from the top of the troposphere to the
stratopause- the interface between the stratosphere and
ionosphere
• temperature increases about 32*C as the height increases and
clouds rarely form called polar stratospheric or nacreous cloud.
• Atmospheric pressure is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea
level
• highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft
Within the stratosphere, a secondary layer is contained called
the ozone layer or ozone shield ( protects us from skin cancer
other health damage by absorbing 97-99% of dangerous UV
Radiation)
13.
14. Ozone layer
• Ozone(O3) - is a form of oxygen found in the stratosphere
layer
• Mainly found in the lower region.
• Approximately 15 - 35 km(9.3 - 21.7 mi)
• Discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry
and Henri Buisson
• Spectrophotometer(the Dobsonmeter) - used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground developed by Gordon
Miller Bourne Dobson (a British physicist and meteorologist.
He had also establoshed a worldwide network of ozone
monitoring station. Named in his honor, the "Dobson Unit", a
convinient measure of the amount ot ozone overhead
15. • In 1976, atmospheric
research revealed that
Chemicals called
CFCs(chlorofluorocarbo
ns) or freons, and
halons used in various
product such as
refrigirators, spray
cans, fire extinguisher,
etc. have reduced the
amount of ozone in the
stratosphere creating
the so called "ozone
hole". Ex. Antartic
ozone hole
16.
17. MESOSPHERE
• Is the third lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere
about 50 - 85km bove sea level.
• Has an upper boundary called mesopause - the
coldest place on Earth as temperature drop on its
lowest point -85*C (-120*F; 190 K)
• Below mesopause, a very scarce water vapor
sublimate into polar mesospheric or noctilucent
cloud
18. • layer where meteors burn
• Mainly accessed by sounding rockets and
rocket-powered aircraft for it is too high to be
accessed by a jet-powered aircraft and
balloon but too low to permit orbital
spacecraft.
19.
20. THERMOSPHERE
• Is the second-highest layer of Earth's Atmosphere that
extends from mesopause up to the thermopause about 85
-690km
• Thermopause - the upper boundary of thermosphere
• temperature increases with height as high as
1500*C(2700*F)
• Gas molecules are so far that individual molecule must
travel an average 1km of between collisions with other
molecule
• completely cloudless and water vapor free
• where Ionosphere occuppies.
• accessed by the International Space System (ISS)
21. What is Ionosphere?
Ionosphere is not a separate layer but a part of the
thermosphere. In this region of atmosphere
the Sun's energy is so strong that it breaks apart
molecules and atoms in air, leaving ions(atoms with
missing electrons) and free-floating electrons.
Ionosphere is a special part of the atmosphere as
the different regions( D,E,F) of this make long
distance radio communication possible by reflecting
the radio waves back to Earth.
22.
23. Other features in the ionosphere:
1. Karman Line - at 100 km or 1.57% of
Earth's radius often used as border between
atmosphere and outer space.
2. Auroras - aurora borealis(nothern lights)
and aurora australis( southern light) is natural
light display in Earth's sky predominantly seen
in high-latitude areas.
24.
25. • Is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere
• Exobase which is also referred to as the
thermopause for it lies in the lower boundary of the
exosphere.
• about 690 - 10,000 km
• Mainly composed of extremely low densities of
hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules
including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer
to exobase.
• Molecules are so far apart that they can travel
hundreds of kilometer without colliding with one
another
EXOSPHER
E
26. Secondary Layers distinguished by other properties
1. Ozone Layer
2. Ionosphere
3. Homosphere (troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere & lowest part of the thermosphere) and
Heterosphere (thermosphere & exosphere)
4. Planetary boundary layer - part of troposphere
that is closest to Earth's suface
28. • PLUTO - thin atmosphere of methane and nitrogen
• MERCURY - contains no weather for its very thin
atmosphere
• VENUS - atmosphere contains thick clouds made up of
tiny droplets of sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide
• MARS - thin atmosphere of dust clouds, carbon dioxide
and thick clouds
• SATURN - atmosphere made of ammonia and
ammonium acids
• URANUS - has thick atmosphere of elements such as
hydrogen, helium and methane
• NEPTUNE - atmosphere that contains a gas called
methane which made it appear blue
• JUPITER - a gassy planet made up of hydrogen which
made it had a stormy atmosphere full of clouds
