The Earth's atmosphere consists of five main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation. Temperatures increase with altitude in the stratosphere. The thermosphere is the second highest layer and can reach temperatures over 1500°C. It contains the ionosphere, which facilitates radio communications. The outermost layer is the exosphere, where the atmosphere merges into space.

1. 4 Main System of
the Earth

2. ATMOSPHERE

3. • From the Ancient Greek word "atmos"
meaning 'vapour' and "sphaira" meaning
'ball or sphere'
• Is any layer or set or mixture of gases
surrounding a planet or other material body
that is held in place by the gravity

4. Atmosphere of Earth
• Atmospheric Science(aerology) - the study of
Earth's atmosphere
• also known as sky
• The whole mass of air that surrounds our planet
• Helps protect and sustain life in Earth by:
1. Absorbing UV radiation
2. Creating pressure allowing for water to exist on the
Earth's surface
3. Warming the surface through heat retention
4. Gas composition that supports the need of every living
organism

5. Difference between Air and
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is any gaseous mixture that
surrounds the celestial body not necessarily
nitrogen and oxygen while
Air is the invisible mixture of human-breatheable
gas(oxygen & nitrogen) that surrounds Earth

6. What makes up the
Earth's Atmosphere?
1. Nitrogen (N2) - about 78%
2. Oxygen (O2) - about 21%
3. Argon (Ar) - about 0.9%
4. Carbon dioxide - about 0.4%
5. Traces gases: Neon(Ne), Helium(He),
Methane(CH4), Krypton(Kr)

7. Earth's atmosphere is divided into five
main layer called Atmospheric
Stratification
1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere

9. TROPOSPHERE
• from the Greek word 'tropos' meaning 'turn'
• Extends from the suface of the Earth to the bottom of the
stratosphere at about 6-20 km
• The lowest densest part containing roughly 80% of the mass
of the Earth's atmosphere in which most weather changes
occur.
• The 50% of the total mass of atmosphere is located in the
lower 5.6 km(3.5 mi; 18,000ft) of the troposhere.
• in this part, the temperature gets colder as distance above
the Earth increases, by about 6.5*C per km

10. • Contains about 75% of all of the air is found in the
atmosphere
• The lowest part ot the troposphere is called
boundary layer where the air is warm
• The top part of troposphere is the tropopause
• only layer that can be accessed by propoller-driven
aircraft

12. STRATOSPHERE
• Is the second-lowest layer of Earth's Atmosphere that lies above
the tropsphere and is separated from it by the tropopause
• extends about 20 - 50km from the top of the troposphere to the
stratopause- the interface between the stratosphere and
ionosphere
• temperature increases about 32*C as the height increases and
clouds rarely form called polar stratospheric or nacreous cloud.
• Atmospheric pressure is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea
level
• highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft
Within the stratosphere, a secondary layer is contained called
the ozone layer or ozone shield ( protects us from skin cancer
other health damage by absorbing 97-99% of dangerous UV
Radiation)

14. Ozone layer
• Ozone(O3) - is a form of oxygen found in the stratosphere
layer
• Mainly found in the lower region.
• Approximately 15 - 35 km(9.3 - 21.7 mi)
• Discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry
and Henri Buisson
• Spectrophotometer(the Dobsonmeter) - used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground developed by Gordon
Miller Bourne Dobson (a British physicist and meteorologist.
He had also establoshed a worldwide network of ozone
monitoring station. Named in his honor, the "Dobson Unit", a
convinient measure of the amount ot ozone overhead

15. • In 1976, atmospheric
research revealed that
Chemicals called
CFCs(chlorofluorocarbo
ns) or freons, and
halons used in various
product such as
refrigirators, spray
cans, fire extinguisher,
etc. have reduced the
amount of ozone in the
stratosphere creating
the so called "ozone
hole". Ex. Antartic
ozone hole

17. MESOSPHERE
• Is the third lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere
about 50 - 85km bove sea level.
• Has an upper boundary called mesopause - the
coldest place on Earth as temperature drop on its
lowest point -85*C (-120*F; 190 K)
• Below mesopause, a very scarce water vapor
sublimate into polar mesospheric or noctilucent
cloud

18. • layer where meteors burn
• Mainly accessed by sounding rockets and
rocket-powered aircraft for it is too high to be
accessed by a jet-powered aircraft and
balloon but too low to permit orbital
spacecraft.

20. THERMOSPHERE
• Is the second-highest layer of Earth's Atmosphere that
extends from mesopause up to the thermopause about 85
-690km
• Thermopause - the upper boundary of thermosphere
• temperature increases with height as high as
1500*C(2700*F)
• Gas molecules are so far that individual molecule must
travel an average 1km of between collisions with other
molecule
• completely cloudless and water vapor free
• where Ionosphere occuppies.
• accessed by the International Space System (ISS)

21. What is Ionosphere?
Ionosphere is not a separate layer but a part of the
thermosphere. In this region of atmosphere
the Sun's energy is so strong that it breaks apart
molecules and atoms in air, leaving ions(atoms with
missing electrons) and free-floating electrons.
Ionosphere is a special part of the atmosphere as
the different regions( D,E,F) of this make long
distance radio communication possible by reflecting
the radio waves back to Earth.

23. Other features in the ionosphere:
1. Karman Line - at 100 km or 1.57% of
Earth's radius often used as border between
atmosphere and outer space.
2. Auroras - aurora borealis(nothern lights)
and aurora australis( southern light) is natural
light display in Earth's sky predominantly seen
in high-latitude areas.

25. • Is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere
• Exobase which is also referred to as the
thermopause for it lies in the lower boundary of the
exosphere.
• about 690 - 10,000 km
• Mainly composed of extremely low densities of
hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules
including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer
to exobase.
• Molecules are so far apart that they can travel
hundreds of kilometer without colliding with one
another
EXOSPHER
E

26. Secondary Layers distinguished by other properties
1. Ozone Layer
2. Ionosphere
3. Homosphere (troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere & lowest part of the thermosphere) and
Heterosphere (thermosphere & exosphere)
4. Planetary boundary layer - part of troposphere
that is closest to Earth's suface

27. Atmosphere of the
other Planets

28. • PLUTO - thin atmosphere of methane and nitrogen
• MERCURY - contains no weather for its very thin
atmosphere
• VENUS - atmosphere contains thick clouds made up of
tiny droplets of sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide
• MARS - thin atmosphere of dust clouds, carbon dioxide
and thick clouds
• SATURN - atmosphere made of ammonia and
ammonium acids
• URANUS - has thick atmosphere of elements such as
hydrogen, helium and methane
• NEPTUNE - atmosphere that contains a gas called
methane which made it appear blue
• JUPITER - a gassy planet made up of hydrogen which
made it had a stormy atmosphere full of clouds