The document discusses the composition and layers of the atmosphere. It states that the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.035%), and smaller amounts of other gases. It also notes that the atmosphere protects from solar radiation, prevents heat loss at night, and shields from meteorites. Finally, it outlines the main layers of the atmosphere - the troposphere, stratosphere, and ionosphere - and notes characteristics like decreasing temperature with height and the presence of ozone or ion particles in each layer.
This document provides examples for converting numbers between standard decimal notation and scientific notation. It begins with examples of expressing numbers in scientific notation, such as expressing 49,200 as 4.9x104, and 1,230,000 as 1.23x106. It then gives examples of expressing numbers in scientific notation in standard decimal form, such as writing 5.2x103 as 5,200 and 7.8x105 as 780,000. The document demonstrates how to convert numbers between the two notations.
Power point RPP B.inggris kelas 8 semester 1Raima Amari
Here are some examples of noun phrases from the text:
- a pack of noodle
- something inside (seasoning, chili sauce, soya sauce, etc.)
- two glasses of water
- a pan
- the package of Indomie fried noodles
- the seasoning: chili sauce, soya sauce and oil
- the noodles
- the seasoning, sauce, and the other ingredients
So noun phrases can consist of a determiner (a, an, the) plus a noun (noodle, water, pan, package, seasoning, noodles, ingredients) or a noun plus other modifiers (something inside, chili sauce, soya sauce, etc.).
Structure of atmosphere by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses that the atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and trace amounts of other gases. It also notes there are variable gases like water vapor and particulates suspended in the air. The structure of the atmosphere consists of four layers - the troposphere closest to the surface which contains most of the atmosphere, the stratosphere above it which contains the ozone layer, the mesosphere and thermosphere above that. Each layer has distinctive temperature characteristics.
The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen gases. It also contains smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, argon, and ozone. The atmosphere protects the Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun and maintaining a stable temperature. It is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which differ in temperature and chemical composition.
Chapter 1 introduction of air pollutio nlatestNoor Farahin
The document provides an introduction to air pollution. It begins by defining air and its composition in the atmosphere. It then defines air pollution and explains the perspectives of air pollution. It discusses the structure of the atmosphere including the troposphere and stratosphere. It also discusses the major air pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Finally, it provides a brief history of air pollution and regulations in the United States including the Clean Air Act of 1970.
This document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, structure, and importance. It discusses the following key points:
- The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. It also contains water vapor and aerosol particles.
- The atmosphere is divided into five main layers based on temperature - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer has distinguishing temperature and chemical characteristics.
- The different layers play important roles. The troposphere contains most weather phenomena. The stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation via the ozone layer. The thermosphere facilitates radio communication.
- Together,
Aerosol retrieval using modis data & rt codeAhmad Mubin
This document summarizes information about aerosols including their sources, sizes, health effects, measurement techniques, and a methodology for satellite aerosol retrieval. It discusses using MODIS data at 500m resolution to estimate aerosol optical thickness over Hong Kong and compares the results to AERONET ground measurements. Key steps in the methodology include calculating top-of-atmosphere reflectance, accounting for Rayleigh scattering, surface reflectance, gas transmissions, and atmospheric effects to derive aerosol reflectance and optical thickness.
The atmosphere of Earth can be divided into five main layers - exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere - based on how temperature changes with altitude. The troposphere is the lowest layer that contains around 80% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. Above the troposphere are the stratosphere, which contains the ozone layer, and the mesosphere, the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere. Above these layers are the thermosphere and exosphere, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with space. The composition of the atmosphere is mainly nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, with trace amounts of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor.
This document provides examples for converting numbers between standard decimal notation and scientific notation. It begins with examples of expressing numbers in scientific notation, such as expressing 49,200 as 4.9x104, and 1,230,000 as 1.23x106. It then gives examples of expressing numbers in scientific notation in standard decimal form, such as writing 5.2x103 as 5,200 and 7.8x105 as 780,000. The document demonstrates how to convert numbers between the two notations.
Power point RPP B.inggris kelas 8 semester 1Raima Amari
Here are some examples of noun phrases from the text:
- a pack of noodle
- something inside (seasoning, chili sauce, soya sauce, etc.)
- two glasses of water
- a pan
- the package of Indomie fried noodles
- the seasoning: chili sauce, soya sauce and oil
- the noodles
- the seasoning, sauce, and the other ingredients
So noun phrases can consist of a determiner (a, an, the) plus a noun (noodle, water, pan, package, seasoning, noodles, ingredients) or a noun plus other modifiers (something inside, chili sauce, soya sauce, etc.).
Structure of atmosphere by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses that the atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and trace amounts of other gases. It also notes there are variable gases like water vapor and particulates suspended in the air. The structure of the atmosphere consists of four layers - the troposphere closest to the surface which contains most of the atmosphere, the stratosphere above it which contains the ozone layer, the mesosphere and thermosphere above that. Each layer has distinctive temperature characteristics.
The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen gases. It also contains smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, argon, and ozone. The atmosphere protects the Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun and maintaining a stable temperature. It is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which differ in temperature and chemical composition.
Chapter 1 introduction of air pollutio nlatestNoor Farahin
The document provides an introduction to air pollution. It begins by defining air and its composition in the atmosphere. It then defines air pollution and explains the perspectives of air pollution. It discusses the structure of the atmosphere including the troposphere and stratosphere. It also discusses the major air pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Finally, it provides a brief history of air pollution and regulations in the United States including the Clean Air Act of 1970.
This document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, structure, and importance. It discusses the following key points:
- The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. It also contains water vapor and aerosol particles.
- The atmosphere is divided into five main layers based on temperature - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer has distinguishing temperature and chemical characteristics.
- The different layers play important roles. The troposphere contains most weather phenomena. The stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation via the ozone layer. The thermosphere facilitates radio communication.
- Together,
Aerosol retrieval using modis data & rt codeAhmad Mubin
This document summarizes information about aerosols including their sources, sizes, health effects, measurement techniques, and a methodology for satellite aerosol retrieval. It discusses using MODIS data at 500m resolution to estimate aerosol optical thickness over Hong Kong and compares the results to AERONET ground measurements. Key steps in the methodology include calculating top-of-atmosphere reflectance, accounting for Rayleigh scattering, surface reflectance, gas transmissions, and atmospheric effects to derive aerosol reflectance and optical thickness.
The atmosphere of Earth can be divided into five main layers - exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere - based on how temperature changes with altitude. The troposphere is the lowest layer that contains around 80% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. Above the troposphere are the stratosphere, which contains the ozone layer, and the mesosphere, the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere. Above these layers are the thermosphere and exosphere, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with space. The composition of the atmosphere is mainly nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, with trace amounts of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It covers the following key points:
- The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, argon, and ozone.
- The atmosphere is divided into five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - with varying temperature and air pressure profiles.
- The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation from the sun.
- The International Standard Atmosphere defines standard profiles for temperature, pressure, and other variables used in
The document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and air pollution. It describes the composition and structure of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere layers. It then discusses air pollution, classifying pollutants as primary or secondary and listing common pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. It provides the acceptable limits and environmental and health effects of these major pollutants.
The document discusses Ronald Reagan's quote about air pollution from natural and man-made sources. It then provides definitions for atmospheric science vocabulary words and describes the composition, structure and layers of the atmosphere. It discusses how human activities like fossil fuel use and CFC emissions are changing the atmosphere and depleting the ozone layer.
This document describes the layers of Earth's atmosphere and their characteristics. It discusses:
1) Earth's atmosphere consists of five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - each with unique temperature and composition traits.
2) The troposphere extends from the ground to about 10 km and contains nearly all weather and water vapor. The stratosphere extends from 11-50 km and contains the ozone layer.
3) Above the stratosphere lies the mesosphere from 50-85 km, where temperatures decrease with altitude. The thermosphere and exosphere extend from 85-1000+ km, with temperatures increasing with altitude due to solar radiation.
The document summarizes the thermal structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with smaller amounts of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. It also outlines the main layers of the atmosphere - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - defining their varying temperature profiles and roles in weather, protection from UV radiation, and absorption of solar energy. Atmospheric pressure is also addressed, noting that standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1013 hPa.
Atmospheric chemistry studies the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of other planets. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various areas including environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology, and volcanology. The composition and chemistry of Earth's atmosphere is important because it interacts with living organisms. Atmospheric chemistry has addressed problems caused by human activity like acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, and global warming.
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Earth's atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen as permanent gases, with variable amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other trace gases.
2) The atmosphere is divided into five thermal layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how temperature varies with altitude.
3) The troposphere is where weather occurs; it transitions to the stratosphere at the tropopause, where temperature stops decreasing with height. The composition is uniform in the lower atmosphere but heterogeneous in the upper layers.
The document discusses radiometric corrections for remote sensing images. It describes how digital numbers are converted to top-of-atmosphere reflectance values using calibration coefficients and solar irradiance normalization. Atmospheric corrections are needed to estimate top-of-canopy reflectance and account for effects of gas absorption, scattering, and emission using a radiative transfer model like 6S. Parameters for the 6S model include viewing geometry, atmospheric properties, and spectral filter functions. Aerosol optical thickness can be obtained from Aeronet ground stations. Radiometric calibration is needed using reference reflectance panels.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen. It also notes that the atmosphere becomes thinner with increasing altitude and discusses the layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere where weather occurs. Additionally, it introduces atmospheric circulation patterns driven by uneven solar heating, including Hadley cells that transport energy from the equator to higher latitudes.
This document provides an overview of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. It discusses the composition and layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Key topics covered include atmospheric temperature profiles, the ozone layer and its role in absorbing UV radiation, common air pollutants and their sources, and atmospheric chemical reactions involving nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and other reactive species. The goal of atmospheric chemistry is to understand problems like acid rain, smog, and global warming by obtaining theoretical insights into atmospheric composition and changes caused by human activities.
The document discusses the layers of the Earth's atmosphere. It begins by defining the atmosphere and listing its main gas components as nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.93%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%). It then names and describes the five layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The document ends by discussing human activities that negatively impact the atmosphere such as burning fossil fuels, pollution, and deforestation.
1. The document analyzes aerosol measurements from Higashi-Osaka, Japan to classify aerosol types into six categories and correlate aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with particulate matter (PM).
2. Aerosols were classified using k-means clustering of AERONET data into categories like dust, biomass burning, and pollution. Approximate size distributions were proposed to characterize each category.
3. Correlating AOT and PM measurements improved PM2.5 estimation from AOT by considering anthropogenic versus dust aerosols separately.
4. Aerosol retrieval algorithms were developed using the proposed aerosol models and properties to interpret MODIS data for heavy
The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer is defined by changes in temperature. The troposphere extends from Earth's surface to around 12 km and contains around 90% of the atmosphere. The stratosphere extends from 12-50 km and contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation. Air is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
The document discusses the formation and evolution of Earth's atmosphere over billions of years. Isotope analysis indicates that 80-85% of the atmosphere was outgassed from the mantle within the first million years, with the remaining 15% released more slowly over time. Early gases included CO2, N2, and H2O, but oxygen only emerged around 2 billion years ago and allowed life to spread onto land. The ozone layer later developed to block harmful UV radiation.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how properties like temperature and pressure change with altitude. Each layer has distinguishing characteristics, such as weather occurring in the troposphere and protective ozone existing in the stratosphere.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how properties like temperature and pressure change with altitude. Each layer has distinguishing characteristics, such as weather occurring in the troposphere and protective ozone existing in the stratosphere.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It covers the following key points:
- The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, argon, and ozone.
- The atmosphere is divided into five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - with varying temperature and air pressure profiles.
- The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation from the sun.
- The International Standard Atmosphere defines standard profiles for temperature, pressure, and other variables used in
The document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and air pollution. It describes the composition and structure of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere layers. It then discusses air pollution, classifying pollutants as primary or secondary and listing common pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. It provides the acceptable limits and environmental and health effects of these major pollutants.
The document discusses Ronald Reagan's quote about air pollution from natural and man-made sources. It then provides definitions for atmospheric science vocabulary words and describes the composition, structure and layers of the atmosphere. It discusses how human activities like fossil fuel use and CFC emissions are changing the atmosphere and depleting the ozone layer.
This document describes the layers of Earth's atmosphere and their characteristics. It discusses:
1) Earth's atmosphere consists of five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - each with unique temperature and composition traits.
2) The troposphere extends from the ground to about 10 km and contains nearly all weather and water vapor. The stratosphere extends from 11-50 km and contains the ozone layer.
3) Above the stratosphere lies the mesosphere from 50-85 km, where temperatures decrease with altitude. The thermosphere and exosphere extend from 85-1000+ km, with temperatures increasing with altitude due to solar radiation.
The document summarizes the thermal structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with smaller amounts of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. It also outlines the main layers of the atmosphere - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - defining their varying temperature profiles and roles in weather, protection from UV radiation, and absorption of solar energy. Atmospheric pressure is also addressed, noting that standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1013 hPa.
Atmospheric chemistry studies the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of other planets. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various areas including environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology, and volcanology. The composition and chemistry of Earth's atmosphere is important because it interacts with living organisms. Atmospheric chemistry has addressed problems caused by human activity like acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, and global warming.
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Earth's atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen as permanent gases, with variable amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other trace gases.
2) The atmosphere is divided into five thermal layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how temperature varies with altitude.
3) The troposphere is where weather occurs; it transitions to the stratosphere at the tropopause, where temperature stops decreasing with height. The composition is uniform in the lower atmosphere but heterogeneous in the upper layers.
The document discusses radiometric corrections for remote sensing images. It describes how digital numbers are converted to top-of-atmosphere reflectance values using calibration coefficients and solar irradiance normalization. Atmospheric corrections are needed to estimate top-of-canopy reflectance and account for effects of gas absorption, scattering, and emission using a radiative transfer model like 6S. Parameters for the 6S model include viewing geometry, atmospheric properties, and spectral filter functions. Aerosol optical thickness can be obtained from Aeronet ground stations. Radiometric calibration is needed using reference reflectance panels.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes that Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen. It also notes that the atmosphere becomes thinner with increasing altitude and discusses the layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere where weather occurs. Additionally, it introduces atmospheric circulation patterns driven by uneven solar heating, including Hadley cells that transport energy from the equator to higher latitudes.
This document provides an overview of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. It discusses the composition and layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Key topics covered include atmospheric temperature profiles, the ozone layer and its role in absorbing UV radiation, common air pollutants and their sources, and atmospheric chemical reactions involving nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and other reactive species. The goal of atmospheric chemistry is to understand problems like acid rain, smog, and global warming by obtaining theoretical insights into atmospheric composition and changes caused by human activities.
The document discusses the layers of the Earth's atmosphere. It begins by defining the atmosphere and listing its main gas components as nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.93%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%). It then names and describes the five layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The document ends by discussing human activities that negatively impact the atmosphere such as burning fossil fuels, pollution, and deforestation.
1. The document analyzes aerosol measurements from Higashi-Osaka, Japan to classify aerosol types into six categories and correlate aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with particulate matter (PM).
2. Aerosols were classified using k-means clustering of AERONET data into categories like dust, biomass burning, and pollution. Approximate size distributions were proposed to characterize each category.
3. Correlating AOT and PM measurements improved PM2.5 estimation from AOT by considering anthropogenic versus dust aerosols separately.
4. Aerosol retrieval algorithms were developed using the proposed aerosol models and properties to interpret MODIS data for heavy
The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer is defined by changes in temperature. The troposphere extends from Earth's surface to around 12 km and contains around 90% of the atmosphere. The stratosphere extends from 12-50 km and contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation. Air is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
The document discusses the formation and evolution of Earth's atmosphere over billions of years. Isotope analysis indicates that 80-85% of the atmosphere was outgassed from the mantle within the first million years, with the remaining 15% released more slowly over time. Early gases included CO2, N2, and H2O, but oxygen only emerged around 2 billion years ago and allowed life to spread onto land. The ozone layer later developed to block harmful UV radiation.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how properties like temperature and pressure change with altitude. Each layer has distinguishing characteristics, such as weather occurring in the troposphere and protective ozone existing in the stratosphere.
The document discusses the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere is divided into five layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - based on how properties like temperature and pressure change with altitude. Each layer has distinguishing characteristics, such as weather occurring in the troposphere and protective ozone existing in the stratosphere.
3. Atm os fe r m e m b u at s u h u b u m i s e s u ai u ntu k
ke h id u p an m anu s ia
P e lind u ng d ari rad ias i m atah ari
m e nce gah h ilangnya p anas ke ru ang angkas a
p ad a s aat m alam h ari
m e lind u ngi b u m i d ari j h an m e te or
atu
Fungsi atmosfer
4. 1 .Trop os fe r (0-1 6) km
S e m akin tinggi, s u h u tu ru n
2. S tratos fe r (1 6-49) km
Be rlim p ah ozon; s e m akin tinggi s u h u naik
3. Ionos fe r > 49 km
P artike l ion; te rj i ge lom b ang rad io.
ad
Ionos fe r d ib agi 3 lap is an:
-Me s os fe r (49-82) km . Te m p at te rb akarnya
m ate ri
-Te rm os fe r (82-483) km . Be rkilau d iwaktu fajar
-E ks os fe r 483 km . Am b ang lu ar angkas a
Bagian atmosfer
Editor's Notes
Atmosfer berasal dari kata atmos = uap/udara , dan sphaira = bola, bulatan. Atmosfer sendiri ialah lapisan udara atau hawa yang menyelubungi bumi. Atmosfer termasuk bagian bumi. Karena pengaruh gaya berat, maka atmosfer pun berputar bersama- sama bumi setiap hari (rotasi) serta beredar mengelilingi matahari setiap tahun (revolusi). Udara yang terkandung dalam atmosfir merupakan campuran dan kombinasi dari gas, debu dan uap air.
Oksigen sangat penting bagi kehidupan, yaitu mengubah zat makanan menjadi energy. Oksigen dapat bergabung dengan unsure kimia lain yang dibutuhkan untuk pembakaran. Karbon dioksida dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar, pernapasan manusia dan hewan, kemudian dibutuhkan oleh tumbuhan. Karbon dioksida mengakibatkan efek rumah kaca. Kenaikan konsentrasi karbon dioksida di dalam atmosfer akan menyebabkan kenaikan suhu permukaan bumi. Nitrogen terdapat di udara dalam jumlah paling banyak, tidak langsung bergabung dengan unsur lain, tetapi pada hakekatnya unsur ini adalah penting karena merupakan bagian dari senyawa organik. Jika tidak ada unsur ini, materi akan mudah terbakar dan setiap ada api akan menimbulkan kebakaran yang sulit dipadamkan. Neon, Argon, Xenon, dan Kripton tidak mudah bergabung dengan unsure lain, biasa digunakan untuk bohlam lampu. Helium dan Hidrogen merupakan gas yang paling ringan dan sering digunakan untuk mengisi balon. Ozon terdapat terutama pada ketinggian 20 km -30 km. Gas ini dapat menyerap radiasi ultra violet dari matahari yang bisa membahayakan bagi makhluk hidup. Uap air sangat berperan dalam proses cuaca karena dapat berubah wujud, gas-cair-padat.
Atmosfer memiliki berbagai fungsi. Setiap kali menghirup udara, manusia diingatkan bahwa tidak dapat hidup tanpa udara. Udara bersih adalah kebutuhan fisik manusia dan hubungan timbal-balik antara manusia dan lingkungan dan kependudukan. Atmosfer membuat suhu bumi sesuai untuk kehidupan manusia. Dengan adanya efek rumah kaca di atmosfer, sinar matahari yang masuk atmosfer dapat diserap dan menghangatkan udara. Suhu rata- rata di permukaan bumi naik 33°C lebih tinggi menjadi 15°C dari seandainya tidak ada efek rumah kaca (-18°C), suhu yang terlalu dingin bagi kehidupan manusia. Fungsi lainnya yaitu meneruskan energi radiasi matahari, memantulkan energi radiasi matahari, mengabsorp energi radiasi matahari, perlindungan terhadap pengaruh cosmic yang berbahaya, menyimpan dan mendaur ulang nutrisi, pengaturan keseimbangan energi secara lokal dan global, dan pengaturan iklim secara lokal dan global. Atmosfer juga mencegah hilangnya panas ke ruang angkasa pada saat malam hari sehingga malam hari tidak terlalu dingin, serta melindungi bumi dari jatuhan meteor . Sangat beruntung bahwa atmosfer menyebabkan hambatan bagi benda yang bergerak melaluinya sehingga meteor yang nelalui atmosfer akan menjadi panas dan hancur sebelum mencapai permukaan bumi.
Udara berlapis-lapis batas tiap-tiap lapisan ditentukan oleh mendadaknya peralihan temperature. Diduga tinggi seluruh lapisan udara (atmosfer) kurang lebih 1000 km. Berdasarkan sifatnya, atmosfer dapat dibagi kedalam beberapa lapisan, yaitu: 1. Troposfer Troposfer ialah lapisan terbawah atmosfer. Tinggi rata-rata 12 km terhitung dari permukaan laut. Peristiwa yang terjadi sehari-hari, misalnya angin, embun, hujan, salju, awan, dan sebagainya, terjadi di troposfer ini. Uap air dan asam arang yang ada dalam lapisan ini menghisap panas Matahari dengan langsung. Pada lapisan ini terdapat gejala “Lapse rate”, artinya setiap naik 100 m suhu akan turun rata-rata 0,6 ⁰ C. contoh: Puncak Jaya (Irian Jaya) ketinggiannya 5000 m. Suhu di pantai (0 m) rata-rata 26 ⁰ C. Suhu di puncak Jaya= 26⁰C – (5000 m/100m x 0,6⁰C) = -4⁰C Suhu tersebut membuat air menjadi beku(salju). Gejala ini yang menjawab mengapa di daerah tropika bisa ada salju. Pada lapisan troposfer terdapat penurunan suhu yang disebabkan oleh sangat sedikitnya troposfer menyerap radiasi gelombang pendek dari matahari, sebaliknya permukaan tanah memberi panas pada troposfer di atasnya. Pertukaran panas banyak terjadi pada troposfer bawah, karena itu suhu turun dengan bertambahnya ketinggian mulai dari permukaan tanah. Udara troposfer atas sangat dingin, dengan demikian lebih berat dibandingkan dengan udara di atas tropopause (lapisan pemisah antara troposfer dan stratosfer) sehingga udara troposfer tidak dapat menembus tropopause. 2. Stratosfer Ialah lapisan atmosfer di atas troposfer, mulai dari 16-49 km dari permukaan laut. Tak ada awan dan hujan lagi di sini. DDDi sini terdapat lapisan ozon yang dapat menolak sinar ultraviolet matahari. Di nlapisan ini, semakin tinggi, suhu semakin naik. Kenaikan suhu pada lapisan ini disebabkan oleh unsur Ozon (0 3 ) yang menyerap radiasi ultraviolet dari matahari. Stratosfer bagian atas dibatasi oleh stratopause, yang terletak di antara stratosfer dan ionosfer. 3. Ionosfer Ialah lapisan atmosfer diatas stratosfer. Oleh pancaran sinar ultra lembayung dari matahari, maka atom-atom dari lapisan udara ini terionisasi, sehingga terjadilah aliran-aliran listrik yang kuat. Lapisan yang paling hebat terionisasi ialah lapisan Kennelly-Heaviside (lapisan E) dan lapisan Appleton (lapisan F). Lapisan-lapisan ini memegang peranan penting untuk pemantulan gelombang- gelombang radio. Lapisan ionosfer dibagi menjadi 3 lapisan lagi, yaitu: Mesosfer Lapisan mesosfer ditandai dengan penurunan orde suhu 0,4⁰ C setiap 100 meter, karena lapisan ini mempunyai keseimbangan radiasi yang negatif. Di lapisan ini, benda asing dari angkasa yang masuk ke bumi akan di bakar.Bagian atas mesosfer dibatasi oleh mesopause yaitu lapisan di dalam atmosfer yang mempunyai suhu paling rendah, kira-kira -100⁰ C. Ketinggian sekitar 85 km. Di atas mesopause terdapat lapisan termosfer. Termosfer Lapisan ini dibatasi termopause. Suhu termopause konstan terhadap ketinggian, tetapi berubahdengan waktu. Pada malam hari suhu berkisar antara 300⁰C-1200⁰C dan pada siang hari antara 700⁰C-1700⁰C. Densitas termopause sangat kecil, kira-kira 10 kali densitas atmosfer permukaan tanah. Lapisan termosfer ini terletak pada ketinggian 82 sampai 483 km yang ditandai dengan kenaikan suhu dari -100⁰ C sampai ratusan bahkan ribuan derajat. Termosfer berkilau di waktu fajar. Eksosfer Lapisan ini adalah lapisan terluar dari atmosfer. Butir-butir gas disini sangat sedikit, sehingga jarang bersinggungan satu sama lain. Pengaruh gaya berat hamper tak terasa lagi hingga butir-butir gas itu dapat meloloskan diri ke alam raya. Ketinggian eksosfer 483 km.