The document discusses the rise of the Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia by 650 BC. It describes how Assyria began in northern Mesopotamia near the Tigris River, with its capital at Nineveh. By 900 BC, Assyria controlled most of Mesopotamia due to its powerful military. The well-organized Assyrian army utilized foot soldiers, archers, cavalry, and chariots in battle. They were also the first to use iron weapons, which they strengthened using new metalworking techniques. Through its strong military and governance, Assyria established a vast empire across the region by 650 BC.