**Title: Exploring Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Techniques**
**Introduction:**
Infertility is a complex medical condition that affects millions of couples worldwide, impacting their physical, emotional, and social well-being. This assignment aims to delve into the intricacies of infertility, including its causes, effects, and the various assisted reproductive techniques (ART) available to help individuals and couples achieve their dream of parenthood.
---
**Section 1: Understanding Infertility**
**Definition of Infertility:**
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive naturally after one year of unprotected intercourse for women under 35 years old, or six months for women over 35, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term.
**Causes of Infertility:**
- Biological Factors:
- Hormonal imbalances
- Structural issues of the reproductive organs
- Genetic factors
- Lifestyle Factors:
- Diet and nutrition
- Tobacco smoking
- Alcohol consumption
- Substance abuse
- Environmental Factors:
- Exposure to toxins
- Radiation
- Chemical pollutants
**Psychological Impact of Infertility:**
Infertility can lead to stress, anxiety, depression, and feelings of inadequacy, affecting both individuals and couples. It can strain relationships and lead to social isolation.
---
**Section 2: Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)**
**Overview of ART:**
ART refers to a range of procedures designed to assist individuals and couples in achieving pregnancy when natural conception is not possible. These techniques involve the manipulation of sperm, eggs, or embryos in a laboratory setting.
**In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):**
- Procedure and Steps Involved:
- Ovarian stimulation
- Egg retrieval
- Fertilization in the laboratory
- Embryo transfer
- Success Rates and Factors Affecting Success:
- Age of the woman
- Quality of sperm and eggs
- Previous pregnancy history
- Ethical Considerations:
- Multiple embryo transfer
- Disposition of unused embryos
**Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):**
- Procedure and Indications:
- Injection of a single sperm into an egg
- Used in cases of male factor infertility or low sperm count
- Success Rates and Risks:
- Higher success rates in severe male factor infertility
- Risk of genetic abnormalities in offspring
**Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) and Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT):**
- Procedure and Differences:
- Transfer of unfertilized eggs and sperm into the fallopian tubes (GIFT)
- Transfer of fertilized embryos into the fallopian tubes (ZIFT)
- Suitability and Success Rates:
- Limited use due to the popularity of IVF
- Higher success rates compared to some other ART techniques
**Donor Egg and Sperm:**
- Ethical Considerations:
- Consent and anonymity
- Psychological implications for the child and parents
- Legal Aspects:
- Regulation of donor gametes
- Parental rights and responsibilities
Advanced ART courses are the study of assisted reproductive technologies. One could study about it's procedure, devices designed for assisted reproductive technologies, advantages of ART, types of ART, success rates of ART etc.
Couples in Guntur interested in having children often find fertility treatments challenging to navigate. While IVF has been a common approach in assisted reproductive technology, its limitations have led to the development of more advanced options, offering renewed hope. The best IVF clinic in Guntur provides these innovative treatments, opening new doors for hopeful parents.
Discover a haven of hope at the IVF Centre in Guwahati. Guided by cutting-edge technology and a compassionate approach, the centre offers a pathway to parenthood for those facing fertility challenges. With a dedicated team of experts, personalized care, and advanced treatments, the IVF Centre in Guwahati brings the dream of having a family within reach.
Advanced ART courses are the study of assisted reproductive technologies. One could study about it's procedure, devices designed for assisted reproductive technologies, advantages of ART, types of ART, success rates of ART etc.
Couples in Guntur interested in having children often find fertility treatments challenging to navigate. While IVF has been a common approach in assisted reproductive technology, its limitations have led to the development of more advanced options, offering renewed hope. The best IVF clinic in Guntur provides these innovative treatments, opening new doors for hopeful parents.
Discover a haven of hope at the IVF Centre in Guwahati. Guided by cutting-edge technology and a compassionate approach, the centre offers a pathway to parenthood for those facing fertility challenges. With a dedicated team of experts, personalized care, and advanced treatments, the IVF Centre in Guwahati brings the dream of having a family within reach.
Baby-making : what the new reproductive treatments mean for families & society V Somasundram
A book review presentation on Baby-making : what the new reproductive treatments mean for families & society by Bart Fauser & Paul Devroey for H6792, Science & Technology Sources & Services.
Presented by Nurashikin Jasni & V Somasundram on 16 October 2012
Since the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born through in vitro fertilization, in 1978, assisted reproductive technology has advanced significantly. The success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has risen dramatically over the last four decades as a result of developments in incubation methods, micromanipulation technology, and a general understanding of assisted reproduction.
Assisted reproductive technology treats infertility and the treatment involves both a man's sperm and a woman's egg. The procedure begins by extracting eggs from a woman's body and then fusing it with the sperm to generate embryos. This embryo is then transferred back into the woman's body.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the process of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body in a
laboratory setting and then implanting and developing the embryo in the woman's uterus, where it
will implant and grow into a baby.
Embryo Selection in IVF: Navigating the Path to ParenthoodSCI IVF Hospital
In vitro fertilization (IVF) has revolutionized the world of reproductive medicine, offering hope to countless couples struggling with infertility. One of the key aspects of IVF is the selection of embryos for transfer into the uterus. This process is vital in determining the success of the treatment.
The Assisted Reproductive Techniques - ART (IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI etc.)Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.
The programme “family planning” initiated in 1951.
Reproductive and child health care (ACH)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).Increased health facilities, better living conditions are the cause
of population explosion.
Out of 6 billion world population 1 billion are Indians.
Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate
(MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of
population growth.
Indian population growth rate is around 1.7 percent. Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the
developing embryo.
„Saheli‟ an oral contraceptive for female, developed by
CDRI.
The Most Influential Leaders in Healthcare - 2024.pdfCIO Look Magazine
This edition features a handful of The The Most Influential Leaders in Healthcare that are leading us to a better future
Read NMore: https://ciolook.com/the-most-influential-leaders-in-healthcare-2024-january2024/
Baby-making : what the new reproductive treatments mean for families & society V Somasundram
A book review presentation on Baby-making : what the new reproductive treatments mean for families & society by Bart Fauser & Paul Devroey for H6792, Science & Technology Sources & Services.
Presented by Nurashikin Jasni & V Somasundram on 16 October 2012
Since the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born through in vitro fertilization, in 1978, assisted reproductive technology has advanced significantly. The success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has risen dramatically over the last four decades as a result of developments in incubation methods, micromanipulation technology, and a general understanding of assisted reproduction.
Assisted reproductive technology treats infertility and the treatment involves both a man's sperm and a woman's egg. The procedure begins by extracting eggs from a woman's body and then fusing it with the sperm to generate embryos. This embryo is then transferred back into the woman's body.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the process of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body in a
laboratory setting and then implanting and developing the embryo in the woman's uterus, where it
will implant and grow into a baby.
Embryo Selection in IVF: Navigating the Path to ParenthoodSCI IVF Hospital
In vitro fertilization (IVF) has revolutionized the world of reproductive medicine, offering hope to countless couples struggling with infertility. One of the key aspects of IVF is the selection of embryos for transfer into the uterus. This process is vital in determining the success of the treatment.
The Assisted Reproductive Techniques - ART (IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI etc.)Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.
The programme “family planning” initiated in 1951.
Reproductive and child health care (ACH)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).Increased health facilities, better living conditions are the cause
of population explosion.
Out of 6 billion world population 1 billion are Indians.
Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate
(MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of
population growth.
Indian population growth rate is around 1.7 percent. Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the
developing embryo.
„Saheli‟ an oral contraceptive for female, developed by
CDRI.
The Most Influential Leaders in Healthcare - 2024.pdfCIO Look Magazine
This edition features a handful of The The Most Influential Leaders in Healthcare that are leading us to a better future
Read NMore: https://ciolook.com/the-most-influential-leaders-in-healthcare-2024-january2024/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Introduction
In recent years, there have been
remarkable advancements in
(ART) for
managing infertility. These innovations
offer hope to millions of couples struggling
to conceive. This presentation will explore
the latest developments in ART and their
impact on infertility management.
3. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
(IVF) has
revolutionized infertility treatment by
enabling conception outside the
body. This technique involves the
fertilization of an egg with sperm in a
laboratory dish, followed by the
transfer of the resulting embryo to
the uterus. IVF has significantly
improved the chances of pregnancy
for couples facing infertility.
4. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
(ICSI)
(ICSI) is a specialized form of IVF that
involves the direct injection of a
single sperm into an egg. This
technique is particularly beneficial for
couples dealing with male infertility
issues, as it enhances the chances of
successful fertilization and embryo
development.
5. Preimplantation Genetic
Testing
(PGT)
has emerged as a powerful tool for
assessing the genetic health of
embryos before implantation. This
screening process helps identify
chromosomal abnormalities, genetic
disorders, and gender, enabling the
selection of the healthiest embryos
for transfer, thereby improving the
success rates of ART.
6. Ovarian Stimulation
Techniques
Advancements in
techniques have optimized the process of
inducing multiple egg production in women
undergoing ART. These innovations have
led to improved egg quality and quantity,
enhancing the chances of successful
fertilization and embryo development.
7. Gamete and Embryo
Cryopreservation
The ability to gametes (eggs
and sperm) and embryos has
revolutionized ART by allowing for their
storage and later use. This has extended
the fertility window for individuals
undergoing medical treatments that may
affect their reproductive health, as well as
for those choosing to delay childbearing.
8. Surrogacy and Gestational
Carriers
and have
provided alternative pathways to
parenthood for individuals unable to carry
a pregnancy to term. These arrangements
involve the transfer of an embryo created
through ART to a surrogate or gestational
carrier, offering hope to individuals with
medical conditions that prevent pregnancy.
9. Ethical Considerations in ART
The rapid advancements in ART have
raised important
surrounding issues
such as embryo selection, genetic
testing, and the use of surrogates. It
is crucial to navigate these ethical
complexities to ensure the
responsible and equitable application
of ART in infertility management.
10. Global Impact of ART
ART advancements have had a profound
by offering hope to
individuals and couples worldwide
struggling with infertility. These innovations
have transcended geographical
boundaries, providing access to cutting-
edge infertility treatments and fostering
international collaboration in reproductive
medicine.
11. Future Directions in ART
The future of ART holds promising
prospects, including advancements in
,
personalized treatments, and the
integration of artificial intelligence in
embryo selection. These
developments are poised to further
enhance the efficacy and accessibility
of infertility management.
12. Patient Empowerment and
Support
In addition to technological advancements,
it is essential to emphasize the importance
of and support
throughout the ART journey. Providing
comprehensive care, emotional support,
and educational resources can positively
impact the overall experience of individuals
undergoing infertility treatments.
13. The advancements in assisted reproductive
techniques have transformed the landscape of
infertility management, offering new hope and
possibilities to individuals and couples facing
reproductive challenges. As we continue to embrace
innovation and ethical considerations, the future of
ART holds great promise for improving the lives of
countless individuals worldwide.
Conclusion
