1) The study assessed potential contamination of shallow groundwater aquifers in Ughelli, Nigeria by nearby on-site sewage disposal systems.
2) Water samples were tested for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, bacteria, nutrients and metals. While most samples met standards, some had high bacteria levels and nutrient concentrations indicating contamination from sewage.
3) The shallow aquifers and permeable soils allow contamination from sewage systems to potentially spread, especially during wet seasons with high recharge. Proper disposal and treatment of groundwater is recommended.
This document outlines research hypotheses about urban resilience to drought. It proposes that a city's resilience depends on three factors: 1) antecedent environmental conditions like groundwater levels and quality, 2) the physical water infrastructure, and 3) water governance mechanisms. The research would analyze these factors in major cities on different continents to develop a model for predicting drought resilience. The interdisciplinary study could help increase resilience through practical solutions and advance theory on human-environment interactions.
WASH during Emergencies - Presented at MIT Class "Disseminating WASH Innovati...Tom Mahin
This document discusses approaches to implementing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) during emergencies such as natural disasters, conflicts, and disease outbreaks. It highlights how displacement of large populations increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Chlorinating water sources is an effective way to reduce cholera but faces challenges for rural and household use. New approaches like chlorine dispensers and tablet chlorinators aim to improve chlorine dosing of community water sources. Hygiene promotion to increase handwashing and use of treated water is also important for preventing outbreaks. The document describes Haiti's 2010 earthquake and 2011 cholera response as case studies.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
Presentation by Gezahegn Lemecha from IRC WASH on the concept of Climate Resilient WASH. This presentation was given during the Climate Resilient WASH learning workshop in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
This document discusses limitations of end-of-pipe stormwater management and examines opportunities to take a more integrated biogeochemical approach. It highlights that structural BMPs have variable performance and high costs, and don't effectively treat all pollutants. Taking a multiple barrier approach moving treatment upstream through low impact design and source control can help address these issues. Understanding biogeochemical processes involved in urban watersheds provides insights on improving stormwater management strategies.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
UNICEF is observing impacts of climate change in East Asia and the Pacific region. Temperatures have risen 0.74°C in the past century and are projected to increase further. Evidence also shows rising sea levels, changes in sea ice and arctic temperatures. Countries like Mongolia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Pacific Islands are experiencing effects like declines in grasslands and forests, changes in rainfall patterns, rising sea levels and temperatures. If emissions continue, the region will likely see more frequent heavy rainfall, heat waves and sea level rise. This poses risks to natural resources, infrastructure and access to water and sanitation. UNICEF is working with countries to assess impacts, strengthen policies and build resilience in the water, san
This document outlines research hypotheses about urban resilience to drought. It proposes that a city's resilience depends on three factors: 1) antecedent environmental conditions like groundwater levels and quality, 2) the physical water infrastructure, and 3) water governance mechanisms. The research would analyze these factors in major cities on different continents to develop a model for predicting drought resilience. The interdisciplinary study could help increase resilience through practical solutions and advance theory on human-environment interactions.
WASH during Emergencies - Presented at MIT Class "Disseminating WASH Innovati...Tom Mahin
This document discusses approaches to implementing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) during emergencies such as natural disasters, conflicts, and disease outbreaks. It highlights how displacement of large populations increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Chlorinating water sources is an effective way to reduce cholera but faces challenges for rural and household use. New approaches like chlorine dispensers and tablet chlorinators aim to improve chlorine dosing of community water sources. Hygiene promotion to increase handwashing and use of treated water is also important for preventing outbreaks. The document describes Haiti's 2010 earthquake and 2011 cholera response as case studies.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
Presentation by Gezahegn Lemecha from IRC WASH on the concept of Climate Resilient WASH. This presentation was given during the Climate Resilient WASH learning workshop in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
This document discusses limitations of end-of-pipe stormwater management and examines opportunities to take a more integrated biogeochemical approach. It highlights that structural BMPs have variable performance and high costs, and don't effectively treat all pollutants. Taking a multiple barrier approach moving treatment upstream through low impact design and source control can help address these issues. Understanding biogeochemical processes involved in urban watersheds provides insights on improving stormwater management strategies.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
UNICEF is observing impacts of climate change in East Asia and the Pacific region. Temperatures have risen 0.74°C in the past century and are projected to increase further. Evidence also shows rising sea levels, changes in sea ice and arctic temperatures. Countries like Mongolia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Pacific Islands are experiencing effects like declines in grasslands and forests, changes in rainfall patterns, rising sea levels and temperatures. If emissions continue, the region will likely see more frequent heavy rainfall, heat waves and sea level rise. This poses risks to natural resources, infrastructure and access to water and sanitation. UNICEF is working with countries to assess impacts, strengthen policies and build resilience in the water, san
IMPACT OF SILTATION AND RECLAMATION ON AQUATIC HABITAT.pptxSakshi Patil
Silt is a granular material between sand and clay that can exist as soil or sediment suspended in water. High levels of silt in rivers, known as siltation, is caused by erosion and human activities like agriculture, mining, and construction. Siltation decreases light penetration in water and inhibits photosynthesis, reducing primary productivity and harming aquatic plants and algae. It can also damage gills of fish and kill them. Siltation ultimately harms aquatic ecosystems by reducing food sources and degrading habitat for fish and invertebrates.
The document discusses the importance of groundwater in South Los Angeles County. It describes how groundwater is formed, accessed via wells, and managed by the Water Replenishment District (WRD). Key points include: groundwater levels dropped alarmingly in the 1900s due to unregulated pumping; WRD now replenishes basins, monitors water quality, and addresses issues like seawater intrusion. Through these efforts, groundwater levels have risen and the region has gained drought protection and a more cost-effective water supply.
- Researchers measured benthic and planktonic primary production along a nutrient gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan.
- Benthic production decreased with increasing nutrients, while planktonic production increased with nutrients.
- Near the Fox River mouth, planktonic production dominated (95%), but farther away production was split between benthic and planktonic (40% benthic).
- Autotrophic structure, or the balance between benthic and planktonic production, varied significantly based on nutrient levels and bathymetry across Green Bay.
This project investigated using native Rio Grande cottonwood trees and zeolite to improve water quality in nearby urban streams and drains. Six test plots were established, with cottonwood trees planted in soil with or without added zeolite. Data on soil properties, plant health, weather, and water quality was collected. Initial results found the cottonwoods survived well and established baseline data on soil and plant conditions prior to irrigation testing.
Origin of water salinity in Annaba aquifer system, North-Eastern Algeria | JBESInnspub Net
The Annaba area hosts in its underground a water potential of great importance. In fact, it is one of the Algerian plains where groundwater is subject to over-pumping. Moreover, the expansion of farmlands and the development of the neighboring agglomerations required a massive pumping of water, thereby leading to the change in hydrodynamic regime of groundwater and to the degradation of its quality. On the basis of boreholes and physicochemical data, the three major factors responsible for the evolution of chemical quality of water observed at the aquifer were identified: (1) mineralization due to natural and anthropogenic processes (responsible for the increase in the contents of chlorides, sodium, calcium and magnesium), (2) the oxydoreduction conditions due to the passage of the water table from an unconfined aquifer or even semi-confined to a confined aquifer (responsible for the reduction of nitrates and (3) pollution of groundwater by nitrates in areas where the water table is shallow and in the absence of a protective clayey cover.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
"Green Infrastructure to Manage Combined Sewer Overflows and Flooding" by Emi...scenichudson
"Green Infrastructure to Manage Combined Sewer Overflows and Flooding" presentation by Emily Vail of NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program from the 4/13/12 Columbia-Greene Revitalizing Hudson Riverfronts forum.
Upflow Evapotranspiration System for the Treatment of On-Site Wastewater Effl...Arne Backlund
Sean Curneen †
and Laurence Gill †,*
Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2,Ireland; E-Mail: curneens@tcd.ie
Water 2015, 7, 2037-2059; doi:10.3390/w7052037
water ISSN 2073-4441
www.mdpi.com/journal/water
IAH Symposium 2009 - Groundwater in the Sydney Basin3 Pillars Network
This document provides an agenda for the Groundwater in the Sydney Basin Symposium held on August 4-5, 2009. The symposium was convened by the NSW Branch of the International Association of Hydrogeologists to discuss issues related to drought and conflicting groundwater uses in the Sydney Basin. Over the two days, the symposium featured keynote speakers and several concurrent sessions on topics such as mine water and dewatering, groundwater resource characterization, ecohydrology and groundwater dependent ecosystems, and salinity. Presentations covered research findings on these topics as well as case studies from areas within the Sydney Basin.
Individual responsibility in conservation of groundwater resourcesAncy Varghese
There is no simple or inexpensive way to purify polluted groundwater. Further pollution can be controlled, or reduced by:
Reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers
Using environmental friendly chemicals in agriculture
Proper disposal of toxic wastes.
Use of native plants in our landscape
The document discusses the effects of constructing dams, including both environmental impacts and impacts on displaced human populations. Dams interrupt natural water cycles, cause erosion, change river temperatures, and stop fish migration. When constructing the Bargi Dam in India, over 5,000 families were displaced, but the government initially failed to properly rehabilitate the affected people. After years of protests, the government eventually worked with the displaced peoples' union to provide compensation and rehabilitation. The Three Gorges Dam in China displaced over 1 million people and damaged cultural and archaeological sites. Globally, an estimated 40-80 million people have been displaced by dam construction without adequate rehabilitation.
This document summarizes how natural coastal systems function to control pollution and prevent flooding and storm damage, and the effects of human alterations on these systems. It describes how features like salt marshes, beaches, wetlands and their vegetation naturally improve water quality, attenuate waves and floods, but that activities like coastal development, dams, pollution and draining/filling of habitats have degraded these ecosystem services. The Division of Ecological Restoration works to restore over 1,000 acres of coastal wetlands and 200 miles of streams to regain these lost benefits.
In recent years, Westport residents noticed that the salt marsh islands in the Westport Rivers, particularly in the West Branch, were disappearing rapidly. In response, the Westport Fishermen’s Association, the Buzzards Bay Coalition, the Marine Biological Laboratory Ecosystems Center, and the Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program partnered to measure the rate of salt marsh loss in the Westport Rivers and try to identify causes of this erosion
Freshwater protected areas and defining a conservation blueprint for desert f...University of Washington
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify priority areas for conserving freshwater fish diversity in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The study developed species distribution models for 40 native and non-native fish species. Using these models and metrics of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, a conservation prioritization algorithm identified the top conservation priorities. The study found opportunities for conservation but also trade-offs between different diversity targets and challenges from contemporary and future threats.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
There are 9 planetary boundaries related to climate change, ocean acidification, chemical pollution, nitrogen and phosphorus loading, freshwater withdrawals, land conversion, biodiversity loss, air pollution and ozone layer depletion. Exceeding these boundaries risks irreversible environmental changes. Currently, the boundaries for climate change and biosphere integrity related to biodiversity loss have already been exceeded due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, large scale agriculture and deforestation. Urgent global cooperation is needed to transition systems and policies to prioritize environmental sustainability over unlimited economic growth to avoid catastrophic consequences.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
Testing The Waters A Water Quality WorkshopDane George
This document provides an overview of a water quality workshop hosted by the Sierra Club of Canada Atlantic Chapter. The workshop covers topics including watersheds, water quality parameters, monitoring strategies, and quality assurance/control procedures. It aims to educate participants on testing water quality and monitoring their local water resources.
Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized leachate from a municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Nigeria and assessed the impact on local groundwater and surface water quality. Water and leachate samples were collected from the dump site and surrounding areas and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that the leachate had varying pH levels, indicating different stages of waste decomposition. While most groundwater parameters met drinking water standards, ammonia levels exceeded WHO standards in some wells. Surface water quality near the dump reflected some pollution. The study concluded that while groundwater has not yet been significantly impacted, there is potential for pollution in the future without upgrades to the dump site.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Pollution studies on ground water contamination waterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on groundwater contamination and water quality in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. It provides background on groundwater, noting that it is replenished from precipitation and often used for drinking, industry, and agriculture. The study area of Abeokuta lies within basement complex rocks and has problems locating productive aquifers. Groundwater potential depends on weathering and fracturing of the crystalline bedrock. Many people depend on hand-dug wells and groundwater, but supply is problematic especially in the dry season, with low yields and water quality issues from activities like urbanization.
IMPACT OF SILTATION AND RECLAMATION ON AQUATIC HABITAT.pptxSakshi Patil
Silt is a granular material between sand and clay that can exist as soil or sediment suspended in water. High levels of silt in rivers, known as siltation, is caused by erosion and human activities like agriculture, mining, and construction. Siltation decreases light penetration in water and inhibits photosynthesis, reducing primary productivity and harming aquatic plants and algae. It can also damage gills of fish and kill them. Siltation ultimately harms aquatic ecosystems by reducing food sources and degrading habitat for fish and invertebrates.
The document discusses the importance of groundwater in South Los Angeles County. It describes how groundwater is formed, accessed via wells, and managed by the Water Replenishment District (WRD). Key points include: groundwater levels dropped alarmingly in the 1900s due to unregulated pumping; WRD now replenishes basins, monitors water quality, and addresses issues like seawater intrusion. Through these efforts, groundwater levels have risen and the region has gained drought protection and a more cost-effective water supply.
- Researchers measured benthic and planktonic primary production along a nutrient gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan.
- Benthic production decreased with increasing nutrients, while planktonic production increased with nutrients.
- Near the Fox River mouth, planktonic production dominated (95%), but farther away production was split between benthic and planktonic (40% benthic).
- Autotrophic structure, or the balance between benthic and planktonic production, varied significantly based on nutrient levels and bathymetry across Green Bay.
This project investigated using native Rio Grande cottonwood trees and zeolite to improve water quality in nearby urban streams and drains. Six test plots were established, with cottonwood trees planted in soil with or without added zeolite. Data on soil properties, plant health, weather, and water quality was collected. Initial results found the cottonwoods survived well and established baseline data on soil and plant conditions prior to irrigation testing.
Origin of water salinity in Annaba aquifer system, North-Eastern Algeria | JBESInnspub Net
The Annaba area hosts in its underground a water potential of great importance. In fact, it is one of the Algerian plains where groundwater is subject to over-pumping. Moreover, the expansion of farmlands and the development of the neighboring agglomerations required a massive pumping of water, thereby leading to the change in hydrodynamic regime of groundwater and to the degradation of its quality. On the basis of boreholes and physicochemical data, the three major factors responsible for the evolution of chemical quality of water observed at the aquifer were identified: (1) mineralization due to natural and anthropogenic processes (responsible for the increase in the contents of chlorides, sodium, calcium and magnesium), (2) the oxydoreduction conditions due to the passage of the water table from an unconfined aquifer or even semi-confined to a confined aquifer (responsible for the reduction of nitrates and (3) pollution of groundwater by nitrates in areas where the water table is shallow and in the absence of a protective clayey cover.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
"Green Infrastructure to Manage Combined Sewer Overflows and Flooding" by Emi...scenichudson
"Green Infrastructure to Manage Combined Sewer Overflows and Flooding" presentation by Emily Vail of NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program from the 4/13/12 Columbia-Greene Revitalizing Hudson Riverfronts forum.
Upflow Evapotranspiration System for the Treatment of On-Site Wastewater Effl...Arne Backlund
Sean Curneen †
and Laurence Gill †,*
Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2,Ireland; E-Mail: curneens@tcd.ie
Water 2015, 7, 2037-2059; doi:10.3390/w7052037
water ISSN 2073-4441
www.mdpi.com/journal/water
IAH Symposium 2009 - Groundwater in the Sydney Basin3 Pillars Network
This document provides an agenda for the Groundwater in the Sydney Basin Symposium held on August 4-5, 2009. The symposium was convened by the NSW Branch of the International Association of Hydrogeologists to discuss issues related to drought and conflicting groundwater uses in the Sydney Basin. Over the two days, the symposium featured keynote speakers and several concurrent sessions on topics such as mine water and dewatering, groundwater resource characterization, ecohydrology and groundwater dependent ecosystems, and salinity. Presentations covered research findings on these topics as well as case studies from areas within the Sydney Basin.
Individual responsibility in conservation of groundwater resourcesAncy Varghese
There is no simple or inexpensive way to purify polluted groundwater. Further pollution can be controlled, or reduced by:
Reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers
Using environmental friendly chemicals in agriculture
Proper disposal of toxic wastes.
Use of native plants in our landscape
The document discusses the effects of constructing dams, including both environmental impacts and impacts on displaced human populations. Dams interrupt natural water cycles, cause erosion, change river temperatures, and stop fish migration. When constructing the Bargi Dam in India, over 5,000 families were displaced, but the government initially failed to properly rehabilitate the affected people. After years of protests, the government eventually worked with the displaced peoples' union to provide compensation and rehabilitation. The Three Gorges Dam in China displaced over 1 million people and damaged cultural and archaeological sites. Globally, an estimated 40-80 million people have been displaced by dam construction without adequate rehabilitation.
This document summarizes how natural coastal systems function to control pollution and prevent flooding and storm damage, and the effects of human alterations on these systems. It describes how features like salt marshes, beaches, wetlands and their vegetation naturally improve water quality, attenuate waves and floods, but that activities like coastal development, dams, pollution and draining/filling of habitats have degraded these ecosystem services. The Division of Ecological Restoration works to restore over 1,000 acres of coastal wetlands and 200 miles of streams to regain these lost benefits.
In recent years, Westport residents noticed that the salt marsh islands in the Westport Rivers, particularly in the West Branch, were disappearing rapidly. In response, the Westport Fishermen’s Association, the Buzzards Bay Coalition, the Marine Biological Laboratory Ecosystems Center, and the Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program partnered to measure the rate of salt marsh loss in the Westport Rivers and try to identify causes of this erosion
Freshwater protected areas and defining a conservation blueprint for desert f...University of Washington
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify priority areas for conserving freshwater fish diversity in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The study developed species distribution models for 40 native and non-native fish species. Using these models and metrics of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, a conservation prioritization algorithm identified the top conservation priorities. The study found opportunities for conservation but also trade-offs between different diversity targets and challenges from contemporary and future threats.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
There are 9 planetary boundaries related to climate change, ocean acidification, chemical pollution, nitrogen and phosphorus loading, freshwater withdrawals, land conversion, biodiversity loss, air pollution and ozone layer depletion. Exceeding these boundaries risks irreversible environmental changes. Currently, the boundaries for climate change and biosphere integrity related to biodiversity loss have already been exceeded due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, large scale agriculture and deforestation. Urgent global cooperation is needed to transition systems and policies to prioritize environmental sustainability over unlimited economic growth to avoid catastrophic consequences.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
Testing The Waters A Water Quality WorkshopDane George
This document provides an overview of a water quality workshop hosted by the Sierra Club of Canada Atlantic Chapter. The workshop covers topics including watersheds, water quality parameters, monitoring strategies, and quality assurance/control procedures. It aims to educate participants on testing water quality and monitoring their local water resources.
Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qua...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized leachate from a municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Nigeria and assessed the impact on local groundwater and surface water quality. Water and leachate samples were collected from the dump site and surrounding areas and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that the leachate had varying pH levels, indicating different stages of waste decomposition. While most groundwater parameters met drinking water standards, ammonia levels exceeded WHO standards in some wells. Surface water quality near the dump reflected some pollution. The study concluded that while groundwater has not yet been significantly impacted, there is potential for pollution in the future without upgrades to the dump site.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Pollution studies on ground water contamination waterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on groundwater contamination and water quality in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. It provides background on groundwater, noting that it is replenished from precipitation and often used for drinking, industry, and agriculture. The study area of Abeokuta lies within basement complex rocks and has problems locating productive aquifers. Groundwater potential depends on weathering and fracturing of the crystalline bedrock. Many people depend on hand-dug wells and groundwater, but supply is problematic especially in the dry season, with low yields and water quality issues from activities like urbanization.
Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwaterijtsrd
The assessment presented in this article is centred on investigating the interaction of turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids interaction within the water bearing aquifer of Obite to Oboburu communities of Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Experimental and modeled turbidity, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids investigated are within recommended standard of World Health Organization revealing the reliability of model equation in predicting groundwater parameters distribution upon influence of time, recharge, flow rate. Ottos C. G | Isaac E. O"Modeling of Predictive interaction of Water Parameters in Groundwater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11292.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11292/modeling-of-predictive-interaction-of-water-parameters-in-groundwater/ottos-c-g
Investigation of groundwater flow direction using Geospatial technology: A ca...AI Publications
A geospatial technique was used in some parts of the Port Harcourt metropolis to establish the direction of groundwater movement. This method included the use of twelve carefully selected boreholes and a variety of cutting-edge tools, such as depth meters, handheld GPS, and measuring tape. The static water level in the boreholes and the ground surface elevation in relation to the average sea level of the region were two of the variables that were gathered. High-end software was used to analyze the data in order to create groundwater flow direction maps and 3D visualizations for displaying the whole research region based on the fluctuation in static water levels. This software included Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS 10.4, and ArcScene 10.4. Afterward, the main and minor flow directions were identified. The results showed that groundwater in the area moves from the north to the south, with group 4 having the largest hydraulic gradient and group 1 coming in second. On the other hand, groups 3 and 2 had the lowest hydraulic gradient. The main factors influencing groundwater flow were determined to be gravity and external pressure brought on by pumping. The research region's southern regions are more vulnerable to groundwater pollution, which may result from zones with higher hydraulic heads, according to the flow pattern in the aquifer system. As a result, it is advised that residential boreholes and municipal water wells be located on the study area's northern sides, whereas sanitary landfills and garbage sites should only be located in the southwest.
Effects of land use on E. coli and total coliformDouglas Anyona
Land use types have an effect on microbial contamination levels in the Mara River in East Africa. A study analyzed total coliform and E. coli counts at five sites with different land uses along the river. The urban site (Bomet Bridge) had the highest E. coli counts, while the swamp site (Kirumi Bridge) had the lowest. Overall, E. coli levels exceeded World Health Organization standards. Sections of the river near human settlements and inappropriate land uses generally had higher coliform bacteria levels, indicating potential point sources of fecal contamination. Managing land use and wastewater is important for controlling microbial contamination in the river.
A comparative assessment of the quality of harvested rainwater, underground w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed and compared the quality of harvested rainwater, underground water, and surface water in Ughelli, Southern Nigeria for domestic use. Water samples were collected from these three sources and analyzed in the laboratory according to WHO standards for drinking water quality. The study found variations in physico-chemical parameters between the different water sources, but parameters like pH, temperature, TDS, sulphate and zinc met WHO standards. The study concluded domestic water sources need protection and monitoring to safeguard human health and ensure sustainable water quality supply.
The ICAR Indian Institute of Water Management was established in 1988 and aims to develop improved water management technologies through research. It conducts research through five programs: rainwater management, canal water management, groundwater management, waterlogged area management, and on-farm research and technology transfer.
The document then discusses the design of creek irrigation systems. It defines tidal creeks and explains how salinity varies in creeks over tidal cycles. It also discusses factors that influence salinity changes like urbanization. The document outlines the process for designing creek irrigation systems which includes determining design discharge, selecting a cross-sectional shape based on soil type and erosion control needs, using Manning's formula to calculate dimensions, and adding freeboard
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of human activities on water quality in Kaduna, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 8 groundwater and 4 surface water sources and analyzed for various physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed that many parameters exceeded regulatory limits, including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliform bacteria, and lead levels. Contamination was highest near domestic, industrial, and agricultural areas. Surface water generally contained more trace elements while groundwater sources exceeded limits for more physicochemical parameters. The results indicate that human activities are negatively impacting water quality in Kaduna.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about abstracted groundwater use and the effects of overdrafting. The presentation covered:
- Nigeria's hydrogeology and why groundwater is preferred over surface water.
- Common groundwater uses including agriculture, municipal, and industry.
- Effects of overdrafting like declining well yields, ecological impacts, flooding hazards, and land subsidence.
- The need for groundwater mapping, sustainable management policies, and alternative sources like desalination to prevent overdrafting issues.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
High-frequency monitoring of water fluxes hess-20-347-2016Meidan Winegram
Controlled drainage was introduced at an experimental field to assess its effects on water storage and nutrient transport. Monitoring before and after controlled drainage showed that it:
1) Reduced drain discharge and increased groundwater storage in the field.
2) Initially elevated drain overflow levels in early spring to maximize water storage.
3) Increased nitrogen concentrations and loads in drains, largely from one monitored drain.
4) Reduced phosphorus loads via drains due to reduced discharge, but this may be counteracted by higher groundwater levels and increased shallow groundwater and overland flow to surface water.
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AbstractGround water is the biggest source of drinking water ava.docxransayo
Abstract
Ground water is the biggest source of drinking water available to human population around the world and is rapidly being polluted because of industrialization and increasing demands of agriculture around the world. A set of simple experiments were done to find out what kind of changes do some of these contaminants cause in ground water. Samples of tap water and bottled water were also analyzed for safety. Chemicals like oil, vinegar and soap cause turbidity, odor and color change in water samples. Tap water is just as safe to drink as bottled water because the contamination levels are fairly equal. INTRODUCTION Ground water is present below the surface in porous rocks and is susceptible to contamination by natural and especially human related activities. Large amounts of chemicals like soap and detergents, fertilizers and pesticides, pharmaceutical by-products are discharged in to fresh water aquifers every day. These contaminants leach in to the soil and dissolve in ground water. Different contaminants have different rates of solubility and degradation once they reach the underground water table either by simple flow or by the downward movement of rain water. The ground water may become contaminated with both organic and inorganic substances especially heavy metals like Cadmium, Chromium and Nickel, etc. (Christensen et al, 2001). Pharmaceutical wastes can cause cancer in human cells. (Krifa et al. 2013). Many pharmaceutically active chemicals reach groundwater sources almost untreated and cause contamination. (Herber, 2002). Increase in the emissions of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels is the single largest cause of environmental degradation resulting not only in global warming but also causing acid rain which alters the pH of ground water. Water is a universal solvent; however, its dissolving properties are very sensitive to changes in temperature and pH. Global economic growth has, unfortunately, resulted in high levels of carbon dioxide emissions.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SCI 207 Week 3 Assignment Outline if the Final Lab Report - NEW
ABSTRACT
Ground water is the biggest source of drinking water available to human population around the world and is rapidly being polluted because of industrialization and increasing demands of agriculture around the world. A set of simple experiments were done to find out what kind of changes do some of these contaminants cause in ground water. Samples of tap water and bottled water were also analyzed for safety. Chemicals like oil, vinegar and soap cause turbidity, odor and color change in water samples. Tap water is much safer to drink than bottled water because it contains less contamination than bottles water.
INTRODUCTION
Ground water is present below the surface in porous rocks and is susceptible to contamination by natural and especially human related activities. Large amounts of chemicals like soap and detergents, ferti.
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The document provides an overview of water resources management and hydrology. It discusses the goals of understanding hydrologic processes and solving water-related problems. Key topics covered include the water cycle, what hydrologists study and do, examples of ancient hydrologic history like the Nile River, major global water usage, water scarcity issues, and the shrinking of the Aral Sea as an example of poor water management.
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Assessment of shallow aquifers contamination by failure of on site sewage disposal system in ughelli, western niger delta, nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
208
Assessment of Shallow Aquifers Contamination by Failure of on-
Site Sewage Disposal System in Ughelli, Western Niger Delta,
Nigeria
Ohwoghere –Asuma, O and Adaikpoh, E. O1
Department of Geology, Delta State University, Abraka
1
Corresponding author; adaikpoh_edwino@yahoo.com
Abstract
Hydrochemical quality of shallow groundwater aquifers was investigated to assess the potential of contamination
by on-site sewage disposal systems in Ughelli. The results are; pH(5.47 – 7.45 ), Ec (105-483.2µscm), TDS(
58.95-294.7mg/l), Na+
(1.8-10.95mg/l ), K+
(2.64-9.87mg/l ), Mg2+
( 2.40-9.89mg/l), Ca2+
(3.01-14.90mg/l) and
Fe2+
( 0.02-0.87mg/l). Others include NO3 (0.04-31.24mg/l), NH3
+
(0.015-6.98 mg/l), Cl-
(8.5 - 104mg/l), SO4
-
(2.24-45.75mg/l), PO4
-
(0.21-2.25mg/l). The quality of most groundwater samples from shallow aquifers falls
within the tolerance limits stipulated by the WHO and NSDWQ. However, some groundwater samples revealed
the presence of high microbial population including total coliform bacteria count (1.78 – 25MNP/100ml) and
Escherichia coli (1.35-9.66 MNP/100ml) above the WHO and NSDWQ standards. Interaction between on-site
sewage disposal systems and shallow groundwater aquifers was established by the presence of microbial
population, high concentration of NH3
+
and slightly elevated concentration of NO3, electrical conductivity and
TDS in some the groundwater samples. The extent of contamination of groundwater is strongly influenced by
depth of the aquifers, high recharge rate during the wet seasons and availability of permeable soil beneath on-site
sewage disposal systems. Consequently the paper recommends that groundwater should be sourced from deeper
aquifers and those sourced from shallow aquifer in the area should be disinfected before being used.
Key words; Groundwater, aquifer, coliform, contamination, on-site disposal systems, WHO and NSDWQ
Introduction
Groundwater is an important natural water resource which serves as a source of portable drinking water for
several millions of people in most parts of Nigeria. The quality of groundwater tends to degrade and also become
scarce as the population of any geographical region increases. An increase in population invariably translates
into building of more houses, septic tanks for disposal of domestic sewage and more generation of wastes.
Septic tank disposal systems are constructed in households for disposal of human wastes. The discharge of
sewage into soil overlying groundwater aquifers is often common in Nigeria and many developing countries
which lack centralized sewage disposal systems.
The absence of centralized on-site deposal of sewage system for households has made every household to have
on-site sewage disposal system for disposal of human wastes emanating from toilets, bathrooms, kitchens and
laundries. The effectiveness of on-site sewage system in developing countries is influence by the types of soil
and the ability to remove solids from the effluents. Furthermore, in the case of failure, quality of groundwater
underneath an on-site sewage disposal system depends to a large extent on the soil types overlying it. The failure
of an on- site sewage disposal system affects the quality of groundwater aquifers only when the attenuating
capacity of the soil is absent.
According to USEPA (2002), certain urban areas where on–site sewage disposal systems are sited close to
shallow aquifers, there is the tendency of interaction of the aquifers with the septic tanks in that area. This is
common in karst terrane and in basement rocks (Miller and Ortiz, 2007) and where there is little or absence of
soil covering (Miller, 1980). In the Niger delta, groundwater aquifers are prone to contamination by on-site
sewage due to the presence of permeable aquifers, high water levels, high hydraulic conductivity and porosity.
Thus aquifers of this nature usually enhance the movement of contaminants, not only from septic tanks systems
but also from other sources of contaminants downgradients of groundwater flows.
The consumption of water from wells that interacts with an on-site sewage disposal system has some health
implications as such has resulted in occurrence of epidemic in certain areas. A relationship between health and
quality of water from septic tank that is poorly managed or where high densities of households with septic tanks
has already been established by Groundwater Protection Council (2007). The clusters of high densities of septic
tank system have been linked to endemic diarrheal illness, and other studies have also demonstrated same
relationship between diseases outbreaks and septic tank systems (Craun, 1979, 1984; Bellers et al., 1997 and
Borchardt et al., 2003b). Bacteria and viruses which are waterborne can be transported along groundwater flow
direction from source points to other areas down gradient of flow. The work of DeBorde et al., (1998) has
demonstrated the movement of seeded virus through sandy aquifer for 9 months in the presence of viable seeded
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
209
virus. Several studies have also shown the susceptibility of shallow water wells to contamination by septic tank
systems (Jin et al., 2004; Francy et al., 2004; Gardner and Vogel, 2005; Panno et al., 2007; Landon et al., 2008
and Brown et al., 2009). More also, high contents of nitrate, orthophosphate, chloride, sodium, calcium,
potassium, dissolved organic carbon, boron and depleted in dissolved oxygen and depressed in pH in
groundwater beneath on-site sewage disposal system have been reported by (Peavy,1978, Robertson et al.,1991
and Panno et al.,2007). Furthermore high concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Al, Mn and Cr) has been reported
by Robertson and Blowes (1995) to develop under anoxic condition in plumes downgradient of on-site sewage
system in groundwater beneath on-site disposal sewage system.
In recent times Ughelli has experienced massive expansion and as such, one of the fastest developing urban
towns in Delta state. The expansion is adduced to its proximity to Warri; the heart of the hydrocarbon industry in
western Niger Delta; availability of affordable accommodation and couple with its strategic location in the heart
of western Niger delta. Ughelli and its surrounding environs is host to several oil wells, trunk line, oil fields and
flow stations. Consequently, there is rural- urban migration into it, thus increasing the population. Currently, it
has over 80,000 houses and about 160,000 septic tanks. Over 80% of the water abstracted from aquifers for use
in the 80,000 houses finds its way back to the underlying aquifer from septic tanks. The construction of an on-
site sewage system by individuals often lack institutional control and thus quality is compromised, thus
susceptible to failure. The lack of inspection to determine the failure of old septic sewage disposal systems is
potential source of groundwater contamination. Consequently, the groundwater quality beneath Ughelli is
threatened by proliferation of on-site sewage disposal systems emanating from urbanization. This investigation
becomes necessary since the extent of groundwater contamination by on-site sewage disposal in the study area is
unknown.
Geologic setting
Ughelli is underlain by sequence of the known Niger Delta Formations. The formations from the top to the base
are Somebreiro-Warri Deltaic Plain sands, Benin Formation, Agbada Formation and the Akata Formation have
been described in details by (Allen, 1965; Reyment, 1965; Short and Stauble, 1967; Weber and Daukuro, 1975).
According to Wigwe (1975), the Somebreiro-Warri Deltaic Plain sand is about 120 meters thick and it is
Quaternary to Recent. Texturally, the unconsolidated sediments range from fine plastic clay - through- medium-
to -coarsed grained sands and rarely gravelly.
The Benin Formation consists predominantly of unconsolidated sand, gravel and occasionally intercalation of
shales. It is a freshwater bearing formation in the Niger Delta region and it provides all the freshwater need of
the people. Its thickness is about 2000metres and ranges from Oligocene to Pleistocene in age.
The Agbada Formation is the oil bearing formation of the Niger Delta sedimentary basin. It is of Eocene to
Oligocene in age. It consists of alternate sand and shale sequence and about 3000 meters thick. The Akata
Formation is the basal units of the Niger Delta sedimentary basin and overlies the basement complex. This
formation is highly pressured and compositionally it is made up of open marine facies. Its thickness is estimated
to be 1000km and the age is from Eocene to Oligocene.
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
210
Figure1. Map of the study area showing sample locations
Hydrogeology
The study area consists of unconfined, confined and semi-confined aquifers. They are very productive aquifers,
high yielding and characterized by high specific capacities, as well as high recharge rate. The static water level
of the aquifers is very high; it often ranges from less than 0.2 to 4meters. The water level fluctuates in
accordance with the regimes of the season in a year. It is almost at the ground surface during the wet season and
decreased during the dry season. The town is drained by one major river that flows throughout the season and,
many streams that are perennial in nature, which flow during the raining season and stagnant in the dry season,
these streams are part of wetlands and sometime contribute to the recharge of the aquifers. The aquifers are
characterized by grain sizes that range from fine through medium to coarse grained sand.
Geographical setting
The study area is situated in the centrally part of Delta state and located between Latitude 50
281
39.011
N and
50
581
301
.511
E and longitude 50
301
5311
N and 60
011
04.511
E (Fig 1). It has two climate regimes: the dry season,
which spans from November to March; and the wet season which lasts from April to October. The mean annual
rainfall is above 2500mm with temperature that ranges from 20o
C to 34 o
C; temperatures are usually higher
during the day and lower at night. Relative humidity varies between 55% and 75% throughout the year.
Vegetation of the area is typical of tropical rain forest region, which have been subjected to suffered quantum
deforestation emanating from urbanization, sand dredging, farming and exploration and exploitation of oil and
gas activities.
Materials and Methods
Sampling
About 20 samples of water were collected from shallow hand-dug wells in August, 2012. As a principle of
precaution sample containers were washed with detergent, rinsed with de-ionized water and rinsed with the
sample water prior to collection. Each sample was labeled according to location, preserved at 40
C and
transported to the laboratory for analysis. To determine flow direction, coordinates of position of hand- dug
wells were taken with portable GPS equipment; water levels and depth to water levels from shallow wells were
measured. Surfer -8 was used to plot contours for the depth to water level and water level respectively.
Analytical Method
Laboratory analysis was performed immediately on the samples on arrival at the laboratory in accordance with
the American Public Health Association (APHA, 1994) methods. The various physico-chemical parameters
analyzed include pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (Ec), Sulphates (SO4
-
), chlorides (Cl-
),
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nitrates (NO3
-
), phosphates( PO4
-
), ammonia(NH3
+
), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+
), Calcium( Ca+
),
potassium( K+
). Of the heavy metals only iron (Fe2+
) was the analyzed. Results of laboratory analysis were later
subjected to descriptive statistical analysis.
Results and Discussion
The results of the physio-chemical analyses and microbial composition of groundwater samples collected from
shallow hand-dug wells are summarized in tables 1 and 2. The pH of the groundwater samples analyzed ranged
between 5.4 and 7.4, with a mean of 6.7675 ± 0.508971. All pH values are within the standard stipulated by
World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) for portable
drinking water, except those of Gw3, Gw 4 and Gw 20 (Figure 2), which are below the recommended standards.
According to Robertson and Blowes (1995) the concentration of trace inorganics in sewage plume in
groundwater may be promoted by pH values below 6.0. Consequently, the very low values of 5.45 and 5.55
recorded for Gw3 and Gw4 may have been caused by leakage from on-site disposal system to the groundwater.
The electrical conductivity (EC) values ranged between 105.6 and 483.1us/cm with mean value of 265.0488
±130.0869, while the Total dissolve solid (TDS) varies from 58.95 to 294.7mg/l, with mean value of 155.3325 ±
71.20815. Both the EC and TDS values are below the permissible limit stipulated by WHO and NSDWQ for
portable drinking water (Figure 2).
Human wastes contain sodium (Na+
) and chloride (Cl-
) and they are often disposed in on-site septic systems.
Consequently, elevated concentrations of Na+
and Cl-
in groundwater reflect groundwater which may have been
affected by failure of an on-site sewage disposal system (Fig.2). The obtained Cl-
concentrations ranged between
8.5 and 104mg/l, with mean value of 42.2115± 34.32409 and Na+
ranged between 1.8 and 10.95mg/l and with
mean value of 4.4±2.193705. The concentrations of Na+
ions determined fall below the stipulated standard by
WHO and NSDWQ for portable drinking water.
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of the Physico-chemical qualities of groundwater samples analyzed.
Variables n = 20
Parameters Min Max Mean+STD WHO Recommended standard
(1996)
pH 5.4 7.4 6.7675 ± 0.508971 6.5-8.5
EC (µs/cm) 105.6 483.1 265.0485 ± 130.0869
TDS(mg/l) 58.95 294.7 155.3325 ± 71.20815 500
Na+
(mg/l) 1.8 10.95 4.4 ± 2.193705 200
K+
(mg/l) 2.64 9.87 5.85 ± 2.250534 12
Mg++
(mg/l) 2.4 9.89 5.4375 ± 2.205674 50
Ca++
(mg/l) 3.01 14.90 7.405 ± 2.894511 200
Fe2
++
(mg/l) 0.02 0.87 0.276 ± 0.326886 0.03
NO3
-
(mg/l) 0.04 31.24 4.981 ± 7,119029 50
NH3
+
(mg/l) 0.015 6.96 0.9123 ± 1.599319 0.5
SO4
-
(mg/l) 2.24 45.78 16.12 ± 13.99089 250
CL-
(mg/l) 8.5 104 42.2115± 34,32409 250
PO4
-
(mg/l) 0.21 2.25 0.7985± 2.508791 5.0
Of all the samples of groundwater analyzed, 40 percent has concentrations of Cl-
above the mean value of
42.111mg/l, while 60 percent is below it. Also, 50 percent of the groundwater samples analyzed have
concentrations of Na+
below the mean value of 4.4mg/l and the other above it. The groundwater is regarded as
fresh but observed variation in the concentrations of Cl-
and Na+
did indicate minute level of contamination by
on-site sewage disposal systems. The content of K+
varies from 2.64 to 9.87mg/l and mean value of 5.85mg/l
(Table 1). Greater proportion of samples has their concentrations above the mean concentration, which
represents 65 percent of the entire samples. The concentration of K+
is relatively high and close to the limit of
12mg/l stipulated by WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water quality. The spatial distribution in the
concentrations of K+
in the groundwater samples is a clear evidence of the effect of on-site deposal systems
failure. The mean content of Mg+
concentration is 5.4375mg/l and also ranges between 2.4 and 9.89mg/l, 60% of
the entire samples have concentration that is below the mean. Furthermore, the concentration of Mg+
is lower
that the allowable limit recommended by WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water quality. The presence of Ca+
in
groundwater is a good indicator of its contamination by sewage. The measured concentration of Ca+
varies from
3.01 to 14.90mg/l, with a mean of 7.405mg/l. Of all the samples analyzed, 35 % of them have concentration
above the mean and 65% lesser than it. These concentrations of Ca+
however fall below the standard stipulated
by WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water quality. It is clear from Table 1 that the concentration of ions of
calcium is higher in that order; Ca++
> Na+
> Mg++
> K+
. The concentration of Fe2+
ranges between 0.02 to
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0.87mg/l, with mean value of 0.276mg/l. The majority of the groundwater samples (65%) have Fe2+
concentrations higher than the 0.03mg/l stipulated by WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water. The high
preponderance of Fe2+
in the groundwater samples measured is similar to those obtained by Ophori et al., (2007).
The source of Fe2+
in shallow water aquifer is yet to be ascertained in most parts of the Niger Delta. It is
suggested that the preponderance of Fe2+
, which characterized some shallow groundwater aquifer, is probably
due to leakage from on-site septic disposal systems failure. This suggestion is supported by the results of Chilton
et al., (1999), who demonstrated that under anaerobic condition, iron sulphide is usually precipitated from the
seepage of sewage through the subsurface underneath failed on-site disposal systems. In addition, Fe2+
may have
been transported in suspension form weathering of sources rich in iron and subsequently deposited along with
clays and sediments in the coastal plains of the Niger Delta. The Fe2+
is subsequently released into the porewater
when the Eh become negative.
Table2: Statistical summary of Microbial composition of groundwater from shallow aquifer in Ughelli.
n=20
Parameters Min Max Mean WHO (1996)
Guideline
Total Coliform 1.78 25 6.5685±7.119734823 0.05 (MNP)/100ml
E.Coli 1.35 9.66 3.7215±3.136275 0(MNP)/100ml
The availability of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in groundwater is a reflection of contamination by on-
site disposal systems (Miller, 1980). Of these compounds, NO3
-
, NH3+
and PO4
-
were determined (Fig.2). The
results revealed that NO3
-
concentration vary from 0.04 to 31.24mg/l, with mean of 4.981mg/l, 65 and 35 percent
of the samples concentrations are lower and higher than the mean concentration respectively. The low
concentrations of NO3
-
ions measured in groundwater samples may be attributed to gradual attenuation of NO3
-
due to mixing of recharge water and dispersion in the aquifer (Groundwater and assessment programme, 1999).
From the total 20 samples of groundwater analyzed, 60 and 40 percent of the samples have concentration of
NH3+
lower and higher than the mean of 0.912mg/l respectively. While the concentration of NO3
-
is less than the
allowable limits, NH3+
is more than WHO and NSDWQ for portable drinking water. The elevated concentration
of NH3+
in the groundwater above the recommended standard indicates that the quality of groundwater has been
affected by on-site disposal systems. Sulphate (SO4
-
) was detected in all samples but in low concentrations,
however, all were within the required tolerance limits of WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water (Table.1). The
obtained concentration of SO4
-
varies from 2.24 to 45.78mg/l and mean value of 16.12mg/l. 65 percent of the
samples have their SO4
-
concentrations below the mean, while 35 percent above the mean. The low
concentration of SO4
-
values determined in the study area may be adduced to sulfurization process in the
anaerobic groundwater according to Chilton (1999).
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Figure 2: Indicators of septic tank disposal system failure in groundwater (elevated level of A- K in groundwater
reflects contamination by sewage system) the presence of F, I, J and K strongly indicate water quality that has
been impacted upon by septic tank failure.
Furthermore, phosphate (Po4
-
) has a mean concentration of 0.93mg/l. Of all 20 samples analyzed, 80 percent has
concentrations of PO4
-
lower and 20 percent is higher than mean respectively. These concentrations of PO4
-
ions
are below the standard stipulated by WHO and NSDWQ drinking water quality. Small amount of PO4
-
as small
as to 0.1mg/l in water can leads to the development of slimes and algal growths (Adekunle et al., 2007). In a
poorly buffered system higher concentration of PO4
-
should be of concerned due its detrimental effects on food
preparation (Longe and Balogun, 2009).The low concentrations of PO4
-
ions observed in the groundwater
samples was caused by the attenuation of PO4
-
in the unsaturated zones. The Groundwater and assessment
program (1999) has shown that low concentration of PO4
-
in urban groundwater is due to attenuation of PO4
-
in
the unsaturated zones, which retards its movement into groundwater. Once PO4
-
reached the saturated zones, it
cannot be attenuated (Noss and Billa, 1988; Kaplan, 1987).
Figure 3: water level contour plot of the study area, water level in some shallow hand-dug wells are less
than 1metre especially during the wet season
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On-site disposal system is repository for human wastes. Apart from the laundries and bathrooms wastes, there
are those generated from the gastrointestinal tracks of humans. The gastrointestinal tracks of human contain
bacterial such as Coliforms. The presence of feacal coliforms in groundwater aquifers signifies effluents from
on-site disposal systems. The bacterial composition of the groundwater analyzed ranged from not-detected (ND)
to 25MNP/100ml and ND to 9.66 for the total coliform counts and Escherichia coli, with mean value for 6.5685
and 3.7215MNP/100ml respectively (Table 2). The obtained values for the total coliform counts and Escherichia
coli in the groundwater samples are significantly higher than the WHO, 1996 guidelines, which indicates that 75
percent of shallow groundwater samples are hydraulically connected to on-site disposal systems and as such not
fit for drinking. The observed contaminations of groundwater by pathogens may be attributable to the existence
of high water table (Figure 3), flow by-passing the clogging mats, which is common during higher recharge
period of the year and the shallowness of the aquifers (Figure 4). When the clogging mat is by-passed by
percolation of wastewater from septic tanks, it may results in the introduction of microbes into aquifers (Ground
water and assessment program, 1999). The reason for this is that attenuation of pathogens usually takes place at
the clogging mats, which is often situated between the soils and the drainfield media.
Figure 4: Depth to water level contour
The contribution of soils to the attenuation of contaminants and effluents from on-site disposal systems cannot
be overemphasized. They assist in the reduction of effluents from septic tanks by way of absorption, dispersion
and retardation of the migration of contaminants within the vadose zone, thereby reducing the degree of
groundwater contamination. The characteristics of soils (Figure 5) in the study area may have played significant
roles in attenuation of effluents from septic tank disposal systems, thus most of the groundwater samples were
not affected by failure of septic tanks.
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Figure 3; Lithologies description of some boreholes and water levels in study area
Conclusion
The slightly elevated concentration of NO-
3, electrical conductivity and TDS, the spatial distribution of other
anions and cations and, coupled with strong evidence of the presence of feacal coliform and E-coli as well as
concentrations of NH3+
that were above the tolerance limit of the standard recommended by WHO and NSDWQ,
suggest that the groundwater samples may have been contaminated by on-site sewage disposal systems.
Therefore, the hydrogeochemical investigation of shallow groundwater aquifers has demonstrated hydraulic
connection between on–site sewage disposal systems and some of the shallow groundwater aquifers in the study
area. This is reflected more among the shallowest of the shallow aquifers, which are more hydraulically
connected to the on-site sewage disposal system than the deeper shallow aquifers, especially during the wet
seasons.
The few contaminations recorded in groundwater samples may have emanated from the inability of soils in the
unsaturated zones to attenuate the effluents, as result of the presence of permeable soils below septic tank and
high aquifers recharge rate common during the wet seasons. During the wet seasons the clogging mats that
usually help in natural attenuation are often by-pass by groundwater percolation. However, the low concentration
of anions and cations measured in the hydrogeochemical investigation also shows that naturally attenuation by
the unsaturated zone may have contributed significantly in causing the reduction in the measured concentrations,
which are below the WHO and NSDWQ standards. The conclusion therefore is that some of the shallow aquifers
are not fit for drinking and it is recommended that drinking water in Ughelli area should be sourced from deeper
aquifer by drilling rather than hand-dug wells, which are often prone to contamination by effluent from on-site
sewage disposal systems as demonstrated in the study.
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