The document is a case study on the S11 House in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It investigates how local climatic responsive materials were used in the house to respond to the local climate of being hot and humid. The key materials discussed include timber, steel, concrete, brick, marble and low-e glass. For each material, the document discusses the type used in S11 House, its properties, and how it climatically responds to the hot and humid conditions in Petaling Jaya through providing thermal comfort, resisting deterioration, and achieving sustainability. The overall goal of the case study is to demonstrate how the appropriate selection and application of materials can help buildings adapt to their local climate conditions.
This document proposes a case study on the S11 House in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It will focus on how the building's orientation is a significant part of its passive design strategies for the warm, humid climate. The building orientation influences other passive techniques and governs the overall design. It will also examine how orientation affects neighboring structures and potential drawbacks. The S11 House was designed by a local architect to be energy efficient through clever passive design and materials. Its orientation prevents unnecessary heat gain and sunlight exposure while taking advantage of cool winds, while keeping the design contextual to the traditional surrounding buildings.
Asian architecture [arc2234] case study paperJannah Jailani
This document describes a case study on the Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia. It discusses how the resort utilizes passive design principles of bioclimatic architecture to optimize the use of environmental resources and achieve energy efficiency. Specifically, it examines the passive heating, cooling, and daylighting strategies employed at the resort. Through the use of local materials, proper orientation, shading devices, and high thermal mass construction, the resort is able to maintain thermal comfort naturally without relying on mechanical cooling and heating systems. This allows the development of sustainable architecture suited for the local climate.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates the presence of soft landscape elements like trees and shrubs in buildings in Akure, Nigeria and their importance for thermal control. It finds that most areas studied lack soft landscaping that could help reduce heat gain in buildings. Soft landscaping is an effective way to provide shade and lower surrounding air temperatures, which can reduce energy use for cooling by 25-80%. The research concludes that planned soft landscaping should be incorporated into building design and enforced by the government to reduce cooling loads and energy use in tropical buildings.
A research paper study about Using Natural Vegetation as a Sustainable Approach in Cooling and Humidifying to Achieve Effective Thermal Comfort in Belum Rainforest Resort
This document is a case study report on using Shera as a sustainable building material in Kampung Villa at Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia. It analyzes the indoor environmental quality, applications, and effectiveness of using Shera instead of timber. The report provides an overview of the microclimate conditions at the resort location, describes the composition and characteristics of Shera, and examines how Shera is used in the walls and roof of Kampung Villa. It concludes that adopting Shera enhances sustainability and indoor environmental quality compared to using timber.
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE [ARC 2234]- Project 1: Case Study Paper: Openings as a Met...Angeline KH
This document is a student project report that analyzes and compares the use of openings in adapted vernacular architecture and contemporary architecture at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Pulau Banding, Malaysia. It discusses factors that affect thermal comfort, how openings react to these factors, and describes the types and placement of openings in the Kampung House villas and Deluxe Suites at the resort. The report finds that both building types utilize openings strategically through orientation, size, location and shading elements to maximize natural ventilation and minimize solar heat gain to achieve thermal comfort for occupants.
This document provides details about a case study on the 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia. It discusses the various sun shading strategies implemented in the house to achieve thermal comfort, including a canopy roof with large overhangs and high insulation, vertical metal sun screens, and internal shading devices. The strategies aim to minimize direct solar radiation and heat gain. Factors like materials, building form, landscaping, and surrounding context are considered to influence the effectiveness of these passive cooling methods. The document analyzes how the strategies adopted vernacular design approaches and concluded that shading helps reduce energy consumption and improve occupant comfort in tropical climates.
The document discusses the effective application of recycled materials at the Belum Rainforest Resort in sustaining natural jungle materials. It focuses on four main recycled materials used - rammed earth, bamboo, belian wood saplings and bricks. These materials have low embodied energy, require minimal maintenance energy, and are effective in sustaining natural materials through their lifecycle assessment. Other potential recycled materials discussed include using broken glass bottles for wall cladding and cardboard for honeycomb insulation.
This document proposes a case study on the S11 House in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It will focus on how the building's orientation is a significant part of its passive design strategies for the warm, humid climate. The building orientation influences other passive techniques and governs the overall design. It will also examine how orientation affects neighboring structures and potential drawbacks. The S11 House was designed by a local architect to be energy efficient through clever passive design and materials. Its orientation prevents unnecessary heat gain and sunlight exposure while taking advantage of cool winds, while keeping the design contextual to the traditional surrounding buildings.
Asian architecture [arc2234] case study paperJannah Jailani
This document describes a case study on the Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia. It discusses how the resort utilizes passive design principles of bioclimatic architecture to optimize the use of environmental resources and achieve energy efficiency. Specifically, it examines the passive heating, cooling, and daylighting strategies employed at the resort. Through the use of local materials, proper orientation, shading devices, and high thermal mass construction, the resort is able to maintain thermal comfort naturally without relying on mechanical cooling and heating systems. This allows the development of sustainable architecture suited for the local climate.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates the presence of soft landscape elements like trees and shrubs in buildings in Akure, Nigeria and their importance for thermal control. It finds that most areas studied lack soft landscaping that could help reduce heat gain in buildings. Soft landscaping is an effective way to provide shade and lower surrounding air temperatures, which can reduce energy use for cooling by 25-80%. The research concludes that planned soft landscaping should be incorporated into building design and enforced by the government to reduce cooling loads and energy use in tropical buildings.
A research paper study about Using Natural Vegetation as a Sustainable Approach in Cooling and Humidifying to Achieve Effective Thermal Comfort in Belum Rainforest Resort
This document is a case study report on using Shera as a sustainable building material in Kampung Villa at Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia. It analyzes the indoor environmental quality, applications, and effectiveness of using Shera instead of timber. The report provides an overview of the microclimate conditions at the resort location, describes the composition and characteristics of Shera, and examines how Shera is used in the walls and roof of Kampung Villa. It concludes that adopting Shera enhances sustainability and indoor environmental quality compared to using timber.
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE [ARC 2234]- Project 1: Case Study Paper: Openings as a Met...Angeline KH
This document is a student project report that analyzes and compares the use of openings in adapted vernacular architecture and contemporary architecture at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Pulau Banding, Malaysia. It discusses factors that affect thermal comfort, how openings react to these factors, and describes the types and placement of openings in the Kampung House villas and Deluxe Suites at the resort. The report finds that both building types utilize openings strategically through orientation, size, location and shading elements to maximize natural ventilation and minimize solar heat gain to achieve thermal comfort for occupants.
This document provides details about a case study on the 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia. It discusses the various sun shading strategies implemented in the house to achieve thermal comfort, including a canopy roof with large overhangs and high insulation, vertical metal sun screens, and internal shading devices. The strategies aim to minimize direct solar radiation and heat gain. Factors like materials, building form, landscaping, and surrounding context are considered to influence the effectiveness of these passive cooling methods. The document analyzes how the strategies adopted vernacular design approaches and concluded that shading helps reduce energy consumption and improve occupant comfort in tropical climates.
The document discusses the effective application of recycled materials at the Belum Rainforest Resort in sustaining natural jungle materials. It focuses on four main recycled materials used - rammed earth, bamboo, belian wood saplings and bricks. These materials have low embodied energy, require minimal maintenance energy, and are effective in sustaining natural materials through their lifecycle assessment. Other potential recycled materials discussed include using broken glass bottles for wall cladding and cardboard for honeycomb insulation.
The document summarizes the re-adaptation of Malay vernacular architecture in Sekeping Serendah, Selangor to achieve thermal comfort. Some key features of traditional Malay houses that provide thermal comfort include elevated structures, large openings and overhangs to promote air flow, and use of sustainable materials. Sekeping Serendah incorporates these features, such as elevated rooms within the surrounding tropical forest and large openings covered by overhangs. The document examines how these vernacular design strategies help minimize environmental factors and provide thermal comfort, while maintaining aesthetic qualities in the modern retreat architecture.
This document is a project proposal for a case study paper on the implementation of solar shading strategies in 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia. The proposal includes a title, research questions, 300-word summary of the topic, and annotated bibliography. The summary discusses how solar control is an important issue in hot, humid climates and how vernacular architecture provides inspiration for contemporary design solutions. It describes the context of 8D House and how solar shading devices like overhangs and louvers were used to minimize solar heat gain and improve thermal and visual comfort. The research questions explore the potential solutions from vernacular architecture, the strategies used, how devices address solar heat gain, and factors influencing device
This document proposes a methodology to investigate the effects of strategic vegetation planting on the thermal performance of housing in a tropical environment. The study aims to quantify the temperature reduction and energy savings potential of vegetation for the average tropical residence. The methodology involves examining different planting patterns and structures, quantifying the relationship between vegetation and building energy use through simulations and field measurements, and developing design guidelines based on the results. The research will be conducted on single-family homes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to analyze the impacts of surrounding vegetation of different ages.
This document is a project proposal for a case study paper on the Safari Roof House in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The proposal provides background on the topic, which is the use of a double roof structure as a climate responsive design element in tropical architecture. It identifies several research questions, such as the roles of the roof in tropical climate, the functions of the double roof structure in the Safari Roof House, and the features that help reduce heat gain. An annotated bibliography provides sources on vernacular Malay architecture, details on the Safari Roof House, and climate responsive design strategies for warm-humid zones.
S11 House Contextual Architecture ReportKohSungJie
The document analyzes the building orientation of the S11 House in Malaysia as a passive design strategy for architecture in a tropical climate. It discusses how the building's orientation towards the north-south axis with large overhangs and openings on the north and south facilitates cross ventilation. Materials like insulated concrete blocks are used on the east and west walls to block heat gain. While building orientation and passive design provide benefits, drawbacks can include increased risk of pests, noise pollution, and material damage from heavy rainfall. Overall, the document examines how building orientation governs the S11 House design and passive strategies in response to Malaysia's hot and humid environment.
This document is a student paper analyzing the design of the Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia to achieve thermal comfort through passive design strategies. It discusses how the resort incorporates tropical architecture principles by using passive elements like natural materials, openings, and an open building design. Specifically, it analyzes how the openness design concept contributes to thermal comfort and sustainability. The paper aims to compare thermal comfort levels between open and enclosed spaces at the resort.
This document is a case study paper on the Kampung Villa at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Pulau Banding, Malaysia. It examines how the villa integrates principles of traditional Malay vernacular architecture with modern design in order to achieve thermal comfort. Some key vernacular design elements incorporated include the use of lightweight materials, an open floor plan to enable cross ventilation, and vegetation for shading. The paper aims to understand how this integration improves thermal comfort compared to using either style alone. It will analyze factors of thermal comfort, principles of Malay vernacular design, and how the villa design differs and improves indoor environment conditions.
The document provides a case study analysis of the passive cooling design strategies used in the Wind and Water Café in South Vietnam. It discusses the challenges of applying passive cooling in a tropical climate with high humidity. It analyzes how the café uses spatial arrangement, shading, evaporative cooling from an artificial lake and bamboo forest, and natural ventilation to create comfortable indoor conditions without mechanical cooling. While evaporative cooling is less effective due to high humidity, solar control and air ventilation strategies are shown to be moderately and highly effective, respectively. The café successfully demonstrates sustainable architectural design responding effectively to its tropical context.
The document discusses how passive design in Phases 1 and 2 of the Belum Rainforest Resort helps reduce heat gain and improve thermal comfort. It analyzes the orientation of buildings, roof structures, materials used, and openings for ventilation. Buildings are oriented to utilize natural ventilation and shading from surroundings. Roofs provide double layers for more airflow. Sustainable and recycled materials like timber and demolished bricks are used. Openings maximize cross ventilation between spaces. The resort successfully incorporates vernacular Malay and Orang Asli architectural elements in a contemporary design to passively achieve thermal comfort.
Asian architecture 0321577 - implementation of sun shading strategies in 8D h...Wmin fOO
The document discusses sun shading strategies implemented in the 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia to achieve thermal comfort. It analyzes the use of a large overhanging canopy roof made of reflective metal, vertical sun screens, surrounding vegetation, and orientation to minimize heat gain. Internal shading devices like curtains are also used. The strategies are effective because the materials and design allow solar radiation to be reflected away while promoting cross ventilation. However, some fenestrations require deeper shading. Future designs could utilize longer sun screens and trees to block more sunlight.
This research paper aims to discuss how effective the passive designs adopted in Phases 1 and 2 of Belum Rainforest Resort are at solving heat gain. Passive designs achieve thermal comfort without mechanical systems through factors like orientation, structural roof components, material selection, and ventilation. The resort's remote location necessitated a sustainable design that utilized the surrounding microclimate through techniques like building orientation for shading and airflow, ventilated "safari" roofs, and using tree saplings as façade screens. By investigating these passive design elements, the paper seeks to understand how well the resort achieves thermal comfort in a sustainable way.
This document is a project proposal for a case study paper on passive design solutions used to reduce heat gain at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia. The proposal includes a concept map identifying key issues related to heat gain such as material selection, ventilation, roof structure, and building orientation. It also lists five research questions that will be addressed in the case study analysis. A 300-word summary provides background on vernacular architecture and outlines how the resort aims to minimize environmental and social impacts while providing a rich visitor experience. The proposal concludes with an annotated bibliography of two sources on climate responsive and ecologically-oriented design.
The document discusses the reuse of rural buildings as the first step towards more sustainable construction. It argues that reusing existing buildings can significantly reduce environmental impacts compared to new construction by saving embodied energy and reducing construction waste. Specifically:
- Reusing rural buildings that were abandoned can preserve rural heritage while supporting new uses like rural tourism.
- Existing buildings already have embodied energy from initial construction materials. Reuse avoids adding new embodied energy of newly extracted and manufactured materials.
- Many traditional rural buildings employed passive design strategies well-suited to the local climate, like thick stone walls providing high thermal mass.
- Reuse can reduce a building's total energy needs over its lifetime by 14-30% compared to
This document provides a case study on bioclimatic architecture at Sekeping Serendah, a private eco-retreat in Malaysia. It discusses how the retreat's shed designs use passive strategies like natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading to maintain thermal comfort without mechanical systems. The strategies are analyzed in relation to building comfort factors like temperature, humidity, and light levels. The document concludes that Sekeping Serendah successfully achieves comfort through bioclimatic principles that harmonize its buildings with the local climate and environment.
This document discusses bioclimatic design strategies for residential buildings in warm humid climates like Enugu, Nigeria. It begins by defining bioclimatic architecture as design that considers climate and environmental conditions to optimize thermal comfort and energy efficiency. It then outlines the study's objectives of reviewing bioclimatic principles, analyzing their application, and proposing a framework for residential buildings in Enugu. Key bioclimatic strategies discussed include natural lighting, cooling through shading and ventilation, and heating through passive solar gain and heat storage and distribution. The document also provides climatic data for Enugu to establish it as a warm humid tropical location.
The document discusses the impact of climate on architectural design. It begins by explaining that all living creatures depend on suitable climate conditions and that humans have long sought to control their interior environments. Climate is one of the most important factors influencing both architecture and urban planning. The document then examines how architectural design should be based on climatic data and conditions. It discusses how design is affected by macro, mezzo, and micro climates as well as factors like sun, wind, and precipitation. The paper also analyzes how urban planning and building design should respond to different climate regions like cold, mild, and hot-humid areas. Overall, the document stresses the importance of considering climate in architectural design to provide comfortable indoor environments while efficiently using
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Asian Architecture Case Study Report Louvrebox HouseCalvinSuah
This document provides a case study on adapting nature design approaches from traditional Malay kampong houses to achieve thermal comfort in contemporary architecture. It discusses factors for thermal comfort like human, climatic, and building factors. It outlines the design approaches of kampong houses like large roof overhangs, fully openable windows, minimal partitions and tall surrounding trees. The Louvrebox house case study adapts these approaches through features like orientation, landscape integration, openings for cross ventilation, and sustainable materials. The goal is to design modern homes that provide thermal comfort through natural strategies like in traditional vernacular architecture.
Vernacular as a model for contemporary designJ.j. Hayashi
This document is a case study on the Deck House in Janda Baik, Pahang, Malaysia. It analyzes how the house integrates Malay vernacular design features with modern design to achieve thermal comfort in the tropical climate. The Deck House incorporates elements of traditional Malay house design such as orientation, building form, openings, materials, and lightweight construction. It is presented as a model for how contemporary architecture can learn from vernacular design to be environmentally responsive without compromising modern aesthetics and functions. The study aims to show how the integration of these features helps regulate heat and maintain internal comfort through passive means.
This document discusses the importance of considering environmental aspects when selecting materials for the Sekeping Terasek retreat house in Bangsar, Malaysia. It analyzes how the hot and humid climate influences the choice of clay bricks and concrete. Clay bricks provide benefits like thermal mass and fire resistance, while concrete is durable, low maintenance, and can be reused. The properties of these materials make them suitable for the retreat house's context in the dense, sunny urban location. Selecting materials based on the local climate helps assure the building's sustainability.
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
The document summarizes the re-adaptation of Malay vernacular architecture in Sekeping Serendah, Selangor to achieve thermal comfort. Some key features of traditional Malay houses that provide thermal comfort include elevated structures, large openings and overhangs to promote air flow, and use of sustainable materials. Sekeping Serendah incorporates these features, such as elevated rooms within the surrounding tropical forest and large openings covered by overhangs. The document examines how these vernacular design strategies help minimize environmental factors and provide thermal comfort, while maintaining aesthetic qualities in the modern retreat architecture.
This document is a project proposal for a case study paper on the implementation of solar shading strategies in 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia. The proposal includes a title, research questions, 300-word summary of the topic, and annotated bibliography. The summary discusses how solar control is an important issue in hot, humid climates and how vernacular architecture provides inspiration for contemporary design solutions. It describes the context of 8D House and how solar shading devices like overhangs and louvers were used to minimize solar heat gain and improve thermal and visual comfort. The research questions explore the potential solutions from vernacular architecture, the strategies used, how devices address solar heat gain, and factors influencing device
This document proposes a methodology to investigate the effects of strategic vegetation planting on the thermal performance of housing in a tropical environment. The study aims to quantify the temperature reduction and energy savings potential of vegetation for the average tropical residence. The methodology involves examining different planting patterns and structures, quantifying the relationship between vegetation and building energy use through simulations and field measurements, and developing design guidelines based on the results. The research will be conducted on single-family homes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to analyze the impacts of surrounding vegetation of different ages.
This document is a project proposal for a case study paper on the Safari Roof House in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The proposal provides background on the topic, which is the use of a double roof structure as a climate responsive design element in tropical architecture. It identifies several research questions, such as the roles of the roof in tropical climate, the functions of the double roof structure in the Safari Roof House, and the features that help reduce heat gain. An annotated bibliography provides sources on vernacular Malay architecture, details on the Safari Roof House, and climate responsive design strategies for warm-humid zones.
S11 House Contextual Architecture ReportKohSungJie
The document analyzes the building orientation of the S11 House in Malaysia as a passive design strategy for architecture in a tropical climate. It discusses how the building's orientation towards the north-south axis with large overhangs and openings on the north and south facilitates cross ventilation. Materials like insulated concrete blocks are used on the east and west walls to block heat gain. While building orientation and passive design provide benefits, drawbacks can include increased risk of pests, noise pollution, and material damage from heavy rainfall. Overall, the document examines how building orientation governs the S11 House design and passive strategies in response to Malaysia's hot and humid environment.
This document is a student paper analyzing the design of the Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia to achieve thermal comfort through passive design strategies. It discusses how the resort incorporates tropical architecture principles by using passive elements like natural materials, openings, and an open building design. Specifically, it analyzes how the openness design concept contributes to thermal comfort and sustainability. The paper aims to compare thermal comfort levels between open and enclosed spaces at the resort.
This document is a case study paper on the Kampung Villa at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Pulau Banding, Malaysia. It examines how the villa integrates principles of traditional Malay vernacular architecture with modern design in order to achieve thermal comfort. Some key vernacular design elements incorporated include the use of lightweight materials, an open floor plan to enable cross ventilation, and vegetation for shading. The paper aims to understand how this integration improves thermal comfort compared to using either style alone. It will analyze factors of thermal comfort, principles of Malay vernacular design, and how the villa design differs and improves indoor environment conditions.
The document provides a case study analysis of the passive cooling design strategies used in the Wind and Water Café in South Vietnam. It discusses the challenges of applying passive cooling in a tropical climate with high humidity. It analyzes how the café uses spatial arrangement, shading, evaporative cooling from an artificial lake and bamboo forest, and natural ventilation to create comfortable indoor conditions without mechanical cooling. While evaporative cooling is less effective due to high humidity, solar control and air ventilation strategies are shown to be moderately and highly effective, respectively. The café successfully demonstrates sustainable architectural design responding effectively to its tropical context.
The document discusses how passive design in Phases 1 and 2 of the Belum Rainforest Resort helps reduce heat gain and improve thermal comfort. It analyzes the orientation of buildings, roof structures, materials used, and openings for ventilation. Buildings are oriented to utilize natural ventilation and shading from surroundings. Roofs provide double layers for more airflow. Sustainable and recycled materials like timber and demolished bricks are used. Openings maximize cross ventilation between spaces. The resort successfully incorporates vernacular Malay and Orang Asli architectural elements in a contemporary design to passively achieve thermal comfort.
Asian architecture 0321577 - implementation of sun shading strategies in 8D h...Wmin fOO
The document discusses sun shading strategies implemented in the 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia to achieve thermal comfort. It analyzes the use of a large overhanging canopy roof made of reflective metal, vertical sun screens, surrounding vegetation, and orientation to minimize heat gain. Internal shading devices like curtains are also used. The strategies are effective because the materials and design allow solar radiation to be reflected away while promoting cross ventilation. However, some fenestrations require deeper shading. Future designs could utilize longer sun screens and trees to block more sunlight.
This research paper aims to discuss how effective the passive designs adopted in Phases 1 and 2 of Belum Rainforest Resort are at solving heat gain. Passive designs achieve thermal comfort without mechanical systems through factors like orientation, structural roof components, material selection, and ventilation. The resort's remote location necessitated a sustainable design that utilized the surrounding microclimate through techniques like building orientation for shading and airflow, ventilated "safari" roofs, and using tree saplings as façade screens. By investigating these passive design elements, the paper seeks to understand how well the resort achieves thermal comfort in a sustainable way.
This document is a project proposal for a case study paper on passive design solutions used to reduce heat gain at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Malaysia. The proposal includes a concept map identifying key issues related to heat gain such as material selection, ventilation, roof structure, and building orientation. It also lists five research questions that will be addressed in the case study analysis. A 300-word summary provides background on vernacular architecture and outlines how the resort aims to minimize environmental and social impacts while providing a rich visitor experience. The proposal concludes with an annotated bibliography of two sources on climate responsive and ecologically-oriented design.
The document discusses the reuse of rural buildings as the first step towards more sustainable construction. It argues that reusing existing buildings can significantly reduce environmental impacts compared to new construction by saving embodied energy and reducing construction waste. Specifically:
- Reusing rural buildings that were abandoned can preserve rural heritage while supporting new uses like rural tourism.
- Existing buildings already have embodied energy from initial construction materials. Reuse avoids adding new embodied energy of newly extracted and manufactured materials.
- Many traditional rural buildings employed passive design strategies well-suited to the local climate, like thick stone walls providing high thermal mass.
- Reuse can reduce a building's total energy needs over its lifetime by 14-30% compared to
This document provides a case study on bioclimatic architecture at Sekeping Serendah, a private eco-retreat in Malaysia. It discusses how the retreat's shed designs use passive strategies like natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading to maintain thermal comfort without mechanical systems. The strategies are analyzed in relation to building comfort factors like temperature, humidity, and light levels. The document concludes that Sekeping Serendah successfully achieves comfort through bioclimatic principles that harmonize its buildings with the local climate and environment.
This document discusses bioclimatic design strategies for residential buildings in warm humid climates like Enugu, Nigeria. It begins by defining bioclimatic architecture as design that considers climate and environmental conditions to optimize thermal comfort and energy efficiency. It then outlines the study's objectives of reviewing bioclimatic principles, analyzing their application, and proposing a framework for residential buildings in Enugu. Key bioclimatic strategies discussed include natural lighting, cooling through shading and ventilation, and heating through passive solar gain and heat storage and distribution. The document also provides climatic data for Enugu to establish it as a warm humid tropical location.
The document discusses the impact of climate on architectural design. It begins by explaining that all living creatures depend on suitable climate conditions and that humans have long sought to control their interior environments. Climate is one of the most important factors influencing both architecture and urban planning. The document then examines how architectural design should be based on climatic data and conditions. It discusses how design is affected by macro, mezzo, and micro climates as well as factors like sun, wind, and precipitation. The paper also analyzes how urban planning and building design should respond to different climate regions like cold, mild, and hot-humid areas. Overall, the document stresses the importance of considering climate in architectural design to provide comfortable indoor environments while efficiently using
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Asian Architecture Case Study Report Louvrebox HouseCalvinSuah
This document provides a case study on adapting nature design approaches from traditional Malay kampong houses to achieve thermal comfort in contemporary architecture. It discusses factors for thermal comfort like human, climatic, and building factors. It outlines the design approaches of kampong houses like large roof overhangs, fully openable windows, minimal partitions and tall surrounding trees. The Louvrebox house case study adapts these approaches through features like orientation, landscape integration, openings for cross ventilation, and sustainable materials. The goal is to design modern homes that provide thermal comfort through natural strategies like in traditional vernacular architecture.
Vernacular as a model for contemporary designJ.j. Hayashi
This document is a case study on the Deck House in Janda Baik, Pahang, Malaysia. It analyzes how the house integrates Malay vernacular design features with modern design to achieve thermal comfort in the tropical climate. The Deck House incorporates elements of traditional Malay house design such as orientation, building form, openings, materials, and lightweight construction. It is presented as a model for how contemporary architecture can learn from vernacular design to be environmentally responsive without compromising modern aesthetics and functions. The study aims to show how the integration of these features helps regulate heat and maintain internal comfort through passive means.
This document discusses the importance of considering environmental aspects when selecting materials for the Sekeping Terasek retreat house in Bangsar, Malaysia. It analyzes how the hot and humid climate influences the choice of clay bricks and concrete. Clay bricks provide benefits like thermal mass and fire resistance, while concrete is durable, low maintenance, and can be reused. The properties of these materials make them suitable for the retreat house's context in the dense, sunny urban location. Selecting materials based on the local climate helps assure the building's sustainability.
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
This document discusses research on adapting Malay vernacular architecture to achieve thermal comfort through sustainable design in Sekeping Serendah, Selangor. It outlines 5 research questions, including defining thermal comfort and factors affecting it, traditional Malay architectural features for thermal effectiveness, how natural aspects are incorporated into modern design, how methods minimize environmental factors, and the extent vernacular features can be adapted. The summaries key thermal comfort strategies used in traditional Malay architecture, such as elevated structures, natural materials, large overhanging roofs, ventilation, and integration with the surrounding tropical forest, and how a contemporary retreat center in Sekeping Serendah adapted these strategies in its design.
Chapter 2 environmental strategies for building design in tropical climatesLokman Hakim Ismail
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Importance of climate to architectural designs in nigeriaAgboola Paul
This paper reiterates the need for
architects/designers to design in relation to climate, in order to achieve pleasantly,
comfortable and conducive structures that ensure physiological and psychological
the comfort of the occupants. As a result of which, there will be a reduction in
the substantial amount expended by people to achieve thermal comfort within and
around the building, through the use of mechanically controlled measures
Asian Architecture - Telegraph Poles House Case Study ReportAlfred Tan
Telegraph Poles House in Langkawi acts as an example of passive design architecture adapted for the tropical climate of Malaysia. It is built on stilts with an open floor plan and large overhanging roof to promote cross ventilation. Reclaimed materials like telegraph poles and salvaged wood are used for the structure and roof to reduce environmental impact. The orientation, surrounding vegetation, and design features allow for passive cooling through airflow while achieving thermal comfort for occupants.
The document is a case study on the passive cooling and natural lighting strategies used in the warehouse at Sekeping Serendah, Selangor, Malaysia. It discusses how large overhanging roofs, surrounding vegetation, and an open layout with minimal internal walls promote passive cooling through shading and cross ventilation. Skylights are also used to provide natural lighting. These passive design features help minimize energy consumption for cooling and lighting in the warehouse, reducing its environmental impact.
Research and application of climate-responsive design of traditional vernacul...IEREK Press
Chaoshan vernacular house is an important branch of Lingnan traditional houses in South China, with a long architectural history and excellent climate responsiveness to the hot-humid climate. The modern rural houses learn the traditional experiences mainly in the form but fail to inherit the climate-responsive design and wisdom of the traditional houses. This study took the widely distributed Xiashanhu houses in Chaoshan as the object, generated 128 Xishanhu parametric models by combinations of various parameters on design factors of building, opening, shading, construction, and street layout, and investigated the climate-responsive design techniques by using the parametric methods. The results show that the hall width, room width, cornice height, orientation, and wall construction are the key climate-responsive design factors oriented towards thermal performanceof Xiashanhu houses. The optimized designs are: the smaller hall width (4.05m,4.32m,4.59m), the smaller room width (2.7m,2.97m,3.24m), the larger cornice height (4.92m,5.1m), the orientation ranged from 30° north by west to 30° north by east, and the brick and concrete wall. The rationality and validity were verified by applying the optimized climate-responsive designs to the re-construction of a new rural house. Compared to the original case, the thermal performance is significantly improved by 5.18-9.98%. A detailed discussion was also provided on considering the actual situation and needs of the modern buildings in the process of "using the past for the present." This study is believed to provide valuable references for the research and modern applications of climate-responsive designs of traditional vernacular houses. It also contributes to the preservation of architectural and cultural regional characters and the inheritance of architectural climate responsiveness in contemporary times.
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Project Part B: Case Study Paper
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Asian Architecture: 8D House Case Study Paperdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Asian Architecture (ARC 60403)
Project Part B: Case Study Paper
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1. Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234]
Project 1: Case Study
The use of climatic responsive materials in S11 House as an approach to respond to
local climate patterns in PJS11, Petaling Jaya in order to provide user comfort and
achieve sustainability.
Student Name and ID:
Andrew Law Zi Hang 0322670
Ng Hong Bin 0319735
Lee Kai Yung 0318314
Chong Yu Xuan 0317950
Alan Koo Ka Lok 0318757
Liew Yu Xian 0319713
Tutor: Mr. Koh Jing Hao
Submission Date: 29/11/2016
2. Table of Contents
Abstract
1.0 Research Framework
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of S11 House
1.3 Concept Mapping
1.4 Research Objectives
1.5 Scope of study
2.0 Climatic condition in PJS11, Petaling Jaya
2.1 Hot
2.2 Humid
2.3 Wind Direction
2.4 Conclusion
3.0 Timber
3.1 Type and properties of timber used in S11 House
3.2 Climatic Response of timber used in S11 House
3.2.1 Chengal Wood
3.2.2 FSC Timber
3.2.3 Recycled plywood
3.3 Vernacular approach of S11 House with the use of timber
3. 4.0 Steel
4.1 Type and properties of steel in S11 House
4.1.1 Carbon Steel
4.1.1.2 Properties
4.1.1.3 Climatic Response of carbon steel
4.1.2 Galvanized Steel Roof
4.1.2.1 Properties
4.1.2.2 Climatic Response of Galvanized Steel Roof
5.0 Concrete
5.1 Type and properties of concrete used in S11 House
5.2 Climatic Response of concrete used in S11 House
5.2.1 Aerated Lightweight concrete blocks
6.0 Brick
6.1 Type and properties of brick in S11 House
6.2 Climatic Response of brick used in S11 House
6.3 Salvaged materials
7.0 Low-E Glass
7.1 Low-E Glass used in S11 House
7.2 Climatic Response of Low-E glass in S11 House
7.3 Vernacular approach of S11 House by using full stretch of low-e glass window
design
4. 8.0 Marble
8.1 Type and properties of marble used in S11 House
8.2 Climatic Response of marble used in S11 House
9.0 Conclusion
10.0 Reference
5. Abstract
The intention of this paper is to investigate on how local climatic responsive
materials used in S11 House can be used as an approach to tackle climatic condition
in PJS11, Petaling Jaya in order to achieve sustainability and thermal comfort. Material
and climatic study, literature review was conducted in order to gain basic
understanding on the materials used in S11 House and to achieve a smoother
research process. Under the similar climatic context, close similarities with the use of
materials and approach can be observed in both S11 House and local Malay
Vernacular architecture which helped in the understanding of the concept of
application of materials within the climatic context of Malaysia. The scope of study is
limited to materials in S11 House and local climatic condition rather than the building
as a whole. Materials are discussed together with their specific climatic condition in
each chapter in order to evaluate how both materials and climatic conditions can
work in harmony. Materials used are mainly recycled from site or from local to be
contextually responded and adapted to local climatic and cultural context.
Materials used in S11 House have the properties of being able to shed heat away,
resisting effect caused by humidity, prevent deterioration caused by long exposure to
sun. The materials studied in this paper are included of concrete, timber, steel, brick,
marble and low-e glass which they respond to either or both of the climatic conditions
that includes hot which is caused by long exposure of sunlight and high humidity
which is caused by abundant rainfall at PJS11, Petaling Jaya. Hence, the application
of each materials in a building plays a major role in achieving thermal comfort and
sustainability within a specific context. Result of this case study can be anticipated as
an approach that uses material towards specific context to achieve various quality
as observed in S11 house.
6. 1.0 Research framework
1.1 Introduction
Sustainability has dubbed as a major role in architecture nowadays. Building must
adapt to local climate patterns in order to provide maximum user comfort through
design. Green building are designed to save energy used and recycle materials,
resources used are able to minimise the impact with the environment. GBI Malaysia
is integrated as a grading system to the sustainability and green approach of a
building. The use of materiality also play an importance role which, if ignored, may
cause problem for the building adaptability, compatibility to the site. Thermal
comfort is vital in Malaysia where heat gain lies with the use of materiality. (Juan,
n.d., p.79)
S11 house is located in an established older suburb of Petaling Jaya and designed
by Ar. Tan Loke Mun. The existing old house on the site was built in the early 1960’s
and was ruined and run-down over the years with the materials are being reuse on
the S11 house. "S11 House was designed to achieve the highest level Platinum rating
of Malaysia’s Green Building Index (GBI)." (Archdaily, 2013) The architect's approach
to design the S11 House is basically based on the objective to solve the problems
and to be responsive to the local climate pattern of PJS11, Petaling Jaya. (Mun, n.d.,
p.1) The climatic conditions of Malaysia is hot and humid throughout the years
where there are dry and wet season. S11 House is orientated North-South such that
the activity area is not exposed to direct sun from east-west as there is
approximately 12 hours of daytime throughout the years. (Archdaily, 2013) There are
2 monsoon winds seasons, which is Southwest Monsoon from late May to September,
and Northeast Monsoon from October to March. (Weather and Climate, 2016) The
amount of rainfall is high which caused a high moisture level. Therefore, the materials
application are very vital and are all based on the local climatic condition and also
defining the spatial planning.
This paper will investigate on how the use of materials in S11 house can be acted as
an approach to respond to local climatic condition which is hot caused by long
exposure to sun and humidity caused by abundant rainfall by responding to the
following research questions:
1) What are the climatic conditions of PJS 11, Petaling Jaya?
2) How the application of aerated concrete respond to long hours exposure of
sunlight and humidity caused by abundant rainfall?
7. 3) How the application of Timber respond to long hour’s exposure of sunlight and
humidity caused by abundant rainfall?
4) How the application of Low-E Glass respond to long hours exposure of sunlight?
5) How the application and arrangement of old clay bricks respond to long hours
exposure of sunlight?
6) How the application of steel respond to long hours exposure of sunlight and
humidity caused by abundant rainfall?
7) How the application of marble respond to long hours exposure of sunlight?
1.2 An Overview of S11 House
Fig.1 Location plan of S11 House (Not to scale)
S11 House is a sustainable residential building located in PJS11, Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia. It is a 12,000-square-foot home that is based on the characteristics of a tree
in the tropics. (Goodwin, 2013) S11 House is designed as a response to weather of
tropics which is hot and humid by using various materials. Located in within a
residential area which it harmonically blended into the context with its rigid form and
can also be reinterpreted as a modern approach of Malay Vernacular architecture
which emphasize on the selection of materials and orientation, features that respond
to local climates to solve the issues such as ventilation, humidity and thermal comfort.
S11 House can be distinguished by the variety of materials used that contributes to
their own functional and aesthetic quality in respond to local context. Materials in S11
house in relation to climatic condition in order to provide various quality will be greatly
emphasized.
8. 1.3 Concept mapping
Fig.2 Concept Mapping
1.4 Research Objectives
The objective of this study identify the extent of success of materials used in S11 House
in:
Responding to specific climatic condition
Providing user comfort
Achieving sustainability
1.5 Scope of study
The scope of study for this research is limited to the use of materials in S11 House on
responding to climatic condition, providing user comfort and achieving sustainability.
This scope of study only cover materials in S11 House in relation to the site condition
rather than the building as a whole.
9. 2.0 Climatic Condition in PJS11,
Petaling Jaya
Malaysia is located in the region of equator which has the climate of tropical
rainforest. As being located near the equator, Malaysia is characterised by high
temperatures and humidity throughout the year. (Yuan, n.d., p.78) In the region of
PJS11, Petaling Jaya, hot and humid is caused by the long exposure of sun causing a
temperature and abundant rainfall that is averagely 2500 millimetres and an average
temperature of 27°C. It also involves with the monsoon, dry and wet seasons.
(Weather and Climate, 2016)
2.1 Hot
The temperature is always high (not as high as desert region due to abundant
rainfall) throughout the year due to long hour exposure of sun in equatorial region.
Evidence can be seen from data diagrams collected below. (Fig.1 & Fig.2)
Monthly temperature diagrams (Fig.3)
(Source: Weather and Climate, 2016)
From the above diagram, it can be observed that the maximum temperature of each
month can exceed 30 degree Celsius which is considered high which user comfort is
vital that should be achieved through design.
Monthly sun hours diagram (Fig. 4)
(Source: Weather and Climate, 2016)
10. Exposure of long hour of sunlight in the equatorial region is the major cause of high
temperature in this region. It is observed that each month have average 180-200
hours of sun hours excluding autumn season (Sept to Dec) which have lesser sun
hours.
2.2 Humid
In this tropical region, abundant rainfall can be observed. Therefore it is always rainy
season throughout the year which has caused the high humidity in this region. The
only difference is between the dry season (June to August, January to February) and
wet season (September to December, March to May) in which the occurrence of
rainfall may differ. Rainfall become more intense with the monsoons. Evidence can
be observed from data diagram below (Fig. 3 & Fig.4). The condition high humidity
accelerates rotting, rusting and the growth of algae and mould on materials. (Yuan,
n.d., p.78)
Monthly precipitation diagram (Fig. 5)
(Source: Weather and Climate, 2016)
It can be observed that there's precipitation throughout the year with an average of
more than 200mm of precipitation. Therefore, rainfall is abundant in this region.
Monthly Relative Humidity diagram (Fig. 6)
(Source: Weather and Climate, 2016)
From the data diagram above, Humidity exceeds 80% throughout the year caused
by the abundant rainfall. Therefore, this region has high humidity.
11. 2.3 Wind Direction
Wind plays a major role in building design therefore it's vital to know the wind
direction and wind speed in the region. Wind speed is generally low variable sleep
with an average of 5 mph throughout the year. Strong winds often occurs with rain.
Most wind normally comes in two dominant directions which is from the northeast
and southwest. (Yuan, n.d., p.78) Evidence can be observed from data diagrams
below (Fig.5 and Fig.6)
Monthly Wind Diagram (Fig. 7)
(Source: Meteoblue, 2016)
Wind Direction Diagram (Fig. 8)
(Source: Meteoblue, 2016)
12. 2.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, in this region (PJS11, Petaling Jaya), the climatic condition can be
concluded as hot and humid throughout the year caused by various factors
(Abundant rainfall, exposure to long hour sun). Therefore, these condition can be
tackled by design consideration through the use of materials and systems. Evidence
can be seen in discussion in later chapters which talked about how S11 House respond
to climatic condition through the use of various materials.
13. 3.0 Timber
Various type of timbers are used in both outdoor and indoor as flooring or decking
depending on properties. They responded to both hot and humid condition with their
climatic responsive properties such as lightweight, low thermal mass and low
shrinkage in order to achieve sustainability, spatial quality and user comfort.
3.1 Type and properties of timber used in S11 House
I) FSC certified mahogany timber
Figure 9: FSC Certified mahogany timber
(Source: http://www.floorboardsonline.com.au/)
FSC certified mahogany timber (Figure 1) is a good CO2 absorber which tends to
absorb CO2 gases from the high traffics within the region. It is very stable due to its
straight-grain, close pattern and lack of soft grain. It also serves the best thermal
insulation properties of any mainstream construction material which heat can be lost
easily. It is renewable and durable which it can respond to the climate in a longer
duration of time. (Shaddy, n.d.)
*FSC Certified: a system to identify forest products produced from well-managed
forests and/or recycled materials certified by Forest Stewarship Council. (H, n.d.)
14. ii) Chengal
Figure 10: Chengal timber
(Source: http://blog.myfatpocket.com/)
Chengal (Figure 2) is a local wood which has been widely use by our ancestors, it is
"naturally durable and is normally very resistant to termite attack and fungal
infestation."(The Floor Galley, 2015) It has high durability as long as 60 years and it
provides termite resistant. Most importantly, it has a very low shrinkage therefore
suitable to use in humid region especially application at outdoor area. (The Floor
Gallery, 2015)
Iii) Plywood
Figure 11: Plywood
(Source: http://jalaramtimber.co.in/)
Plywood (Figure 3) has high-impact resistance, chemical resistance and high strength-
to-weight ratio. The cross laminated construction of plywood ensures that plywood
sheets remain relatively stable under changes of temperature and moisture. (Gurvich,
n.d.)
15. 3.2 Climatic response of timber used in S11 House
Abundant rainfall has caused humidity in the region while hot is caused by long
exposure of sun. Humidity will cause deterioration of timber and heat will be corrupted
in the interior if types of timber are wrongly chosen. With the sustainability approach
of S11 House, the selection of types of timber is vital in compromising the sustainability
approach. They are applied at frequent-used space such as living space, verandah
& etc, both interior and exterior or even as a material for furniture making. Timber also
stores carbon throughout its lifecycle, therefore it is able to counter the issues of gases
emitted by high traffic beside the neighborhood.
3.2.1 Chengal timber
Chengal is the main timber material used in S11 House as outdoor decking. It is
applied at various spaces such as outdoor dining area and verandah as decking
(Figure 4). It is use for outdoors application as it is sturdy, durable and have resistance
against termites. (Shaddy, n.d.) Furthermore, with Chengal wood's properties of being
low shrinkage, it has the capability to respond to the high humidity of the region. The
exposure of chengal to the sun at the outdoor area will not cause any deterioration
with its high durability. Therefore, It will not rot easily when exposed to alternating wet
and dry conditions with fluctuating temperatures. (L., 2014) Therefore, it is able to
respond to local climatic condition, minimizing the problem of deterioration of timber,
achieving sustainability. Even with the exposure towards the strong east sun, the
properties of this sturdy chengal timber has the capability to withstand the condition.
Figure 12: Outdoor chengal decking at ground floor (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
16. Figure 13: Chengal wood as outdoor decking (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
3.2.2 FSC Certified Mahogany Timber
FSC Certified Mahogany Timber is mainly applied as interior flooring, decking. It
is applied at living spaces such as bedrooms (Figure 7), living rooms (Figure 8), study
room (Figure 6) where thermal comfort is important. It ensures airtightness and avoid
thermal bridges with its properties of low thermal conductivity therefore much heat
will be lost and shed away in the process and provide spaces with excellent user
comfort which it will stay cool most of the time. FSC certified Mahogany Timber is also
used for strutting and propping for roofing. Other than that, it also gives a rich look for
the interior which enhanced the spatial quality.
Figure14: FSC Certified Mahogany Timber flooring at ground floor and first floor (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
17. Figure 15: FSC certified Mahogany timber application at master bedroom (Source: MTC, 2014)
Figure 16: FSC certified Mahogany timber application at living room (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
3.2.3 Recycled plywood
Plywood is reused from project rejects therefore it lessens the tree cut down for
construction. It is cross laminated therefore it remain relatively stable under the
changes of temperature and moisture level. It is used to make furniture for the interior
such as modular book shelves (Fig. 9). It is also off-cuts with low VOC coatings.
(Archdaily, 2013) Therefore, furniture made can have longer life span with plywood's
properties.
Figure 17: Modular book shelves made from recycled plywood. (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
18. 3.3 Vernacular approach of S11 House by using timber as material
F
Figure 19: Use of timber as flooring in interior of Malay Vernacular house (Source: Virtual Malaysia, 2014) and S11
House (Source: Archdaily, 2013).
S11 House practices one of the main design approach of Malay Vernacular
house. The use of lightweight timber shed heat away very fast as it is a low thermal
mass material and has been widely used in Malay Vernacular House which
emphasizes on thermal comfort. Especially Chengal timber, which is a wood
produced locally in Malaysia, it is used for columns, beams and roofs or installed on
floors of traditional houses for its sturdiness and durability. (Yuan, n.d., p.89)
By comparing to the other materials such as concrete, timber has the properties
of having low thermal capacity therefore it is able to shed heat gained from the
surrounding away and keep the interior cool therefore preserving interior user comfort.
Sustainability is achieved as much mechanical system is not needed. The use of timber
also greatly enhance the status of Malay Vernacular house. (Yuan, n.d., p.96)
19. 4.0 Steel
Steels that being use in this particular house are mostly recycled steels, which
is hot rolled steels. These hot rolled steels are made from new billet steel and rolled into
shapes specifically which are able to make into large or larger steel due to its strength.
(Brad, 2016) The properties of steel are durability and strength. Steels are suitable and
able to counter the weather in Malaysia which is the hot and humid climate. Basically
steels are resistance to most of the chemical substance, hence it is suitable for outdoor
usage with great expose to weather. The strength-to-weight of steel is very high, little
mass can withstand very high load, with its extra properties of weldability and ductility,
and it’s able to held large amount of weight with little mass, but when steel exposed
to weathering too much it will experience corrosion. To overcome this problem,
coating or painting is needed to prevent corrosion, which resulting a high amount of
maintenance.
4.1 Types, properties and climatic response of each type of steel
used in S11 House
4.1.1 Carbon Steel
4.1.1.2 Properties
Carbon steel, mostly being used as windows frame and staircases in s11 house. The
intention of using steel for these component is because of it is incalculable strong and
durable, also its high strength-to-weight ratio which elongate the span of beams or
column that made from steel. It will not crack when bend, it is immensely flexible, and
it is ductile and has great plasticity, along with fact that it can endure calamities
without receiving any damage. The thermal resistance of steels are consider above
average, and with the strength of steel enabling a narrow sightline. (Capudean, 2003)
Steel will be coated with “Micaceous Iron Oxide” to reduce the diffusion of moisture,
enhancing corrosion resistance.
20. Figure 20: Appliances of steel as window frame at ground floor
(Plan Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Figure 21: Appliances of steel as stairs at First Floor Plan
(Plan Source: Archdaily, 2013)
21. 4.1.1.3 Climate Response of Carbon Steel
Based on the climatic issue of Malaysia, steel is able to handle the transmission of heat
very well due to its high heat resistance. With its high heat capacity, it is able to
withstand heat up to 1500 °c, it’s very self-sustain with unchanged properties even
with long exposure to heat from long exposure of sun radiation. Another properties of
carbon steel is its high thermal conductivity. Steel absorb heat very fast, but also
release fast, absorbing most of the heat from surrounding to minimize the temperature
during the day while releasing heat to the surrounding air causing a rapid cooling
effect during night time.
Figure 22: Steel staircase (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Figure 23: Steel stair case located at living room at north-west corner (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Stairs and window frame are located right at the edge of the building, which
is exposed to direct sunlight from the surrounding. With its strong and durable
properties, it is able to minimize the material used in construction, hence less heat will
be absorbed due to its small surface area that is exposed to heat and therefore
helps to cool the surrounding environment.
22. Figure 24: Steel window frame (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Humidity level in Malaysia is constant in between 80% to 85% which is considered as
very high, exposure to excessive moisture is the key problems that cause corrosion. It
also tend to weaken it and reducing its lifespan. In order to overcome this issue,
coating is applied to steel frame. The steel frame in S11 House is coated with”
Micaceous Iron Oxide” which is one of the best solution to overcome this problem.
This coat layer act as a barrier that reduce the diffusion of moisture, thus reducing the
chance of corrosion and blistering. It also helps to enhance the binder and prevent
cracking due to long exposure of sunlight which caused expansion of material. It also
enhance the adhesion of paint layers and help obtain a better recoatibility. (Kakaei,
Danaee, and Zaarei, 2012)
Figure 25: Steel window frame at living area (Source: Photo taken by Ng Hong Bin, 2015)
4.1.2 Galvanized Steel Roof
4.1.2.1 Properties
As for the roof panels, galvanized steel are being use. Galvanized steel is a steel panel
coated with a layer of zinc, it’s a highly reflective surface. Galvanized steel is usually
lighter in weight compare with other steel material but in term of strength it is still
23. competent with durable and strong material. Galvanized room able to sustain wind
gusts up to 55mps, which exceed the average wind speed of Malaysia on constant
4mps. In another way, it should be able to withstand any kind of weathering that will
be occur in Malaysia also together with its impact resistant. When exposed to
excessive moisture, corrosion also might occur although with minimum chance, so
painting will be apply as a protection coat to resist corrosion.
Figure 26: Galvanized Steel Roof Painted in White (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Figure 27: Application of Galvanized Steel Roof (Plan Source: Archdaily, 2013)
4.1.2.2 Climatic Response of Galvanized Steel roof
The amount of sunlight exposed daily is about 10 hours throughout the year,
galvanized steel have a reflective surface which is able to reflect off radiant heat and
UV ray which both will transfer heat into the building interior, therefore the application
of it in S11 House help to reduce heat gain to 2-3°C by reflecting off some of the heat
waves direct from sun, hence minimizing heat gain during mid-day and helps cool the
interior.
24. Figure 28: Diagram of how galvanized steel roof reflect direct heat from sun. (Vandervort, 2016)
Reaction for the humidity level that will cause corrosion is a layer of paint. Paint will
act as a protective coat which restrict the moisture from diffuse into the galvanized
steel hence reduce the chance of corrosion. Galvanized steel is painted as white to
enhance the reflective effect against the sun therefore minimize the heat transferred
into the interior. Galvanized steel also come with high thermal conductivity. Heat
gained from the sun will be transmitted from the roof to the ground through the
connection of beam or column or walls, which resulted in a rapid cooling for the roof
which kept the area below cool and able to withstand the heat radiated by the sun.
(Vandervort, 2016)
25. 5.0 Concrete
5.1 Type and properties of concrete used in S11 House
I) Concrete
Figure 29: Concrete
(Source:http://www.istockphoto.com/my/photos/concrete?excludenudity=true&sort=best&mediatype=photograph
y&phrase=concrete)
Properties
Concrete requires minimal manufacturing processing and is an efficient
resource. The amount of CO2 produced during processing and the environmental
impact of using as the sustainable building material is relatively small. Concrete has
high thermal mass and high capacity to store heat making the indoor temperature
cool. It has low air filtration which reduces the exposure of high moisture content and
weather. Hence, the energy required to cool the building artificially is reduced
relatively. It is a durable material which has low operational and low embodied
energy that reduces the energy for maintenance. In addition, it also has high
compressive strength which gains strength over time so it is used mainly as the load
bearing wall in the house and has good fire resistance compared with timber
construction. A well planned and proper application of the concrete could have
done a great work in providing cooling and reducing heat in a space (Sussane, 2010).
26. ii) Aerated Light Weight Concrete Blocks
Figure 30: Aerated Light Weight Concrete Blocks
(Source: http://www.brickmakingmachinetm.com/news/Web/ahtml/A__92.htm)
Properties
The equivalent strength of lightweight concrete is lower than the normal weight
concrete. It has lower building cost which is efficient for the building design and can
be relatively simple and rapid constructed which can help save cost. Moreover,
thermal insulation is one of the outstanding characteristics of this concrete which gives
energy conservation advantages that responds to climatic condition and also
significantly reduces operating costs. The high insulating value of the material
becomes important as energy is saved by cutting both heating and air conditioning
requirements, providing greater comfort in the hot and humid climatic conditions. Its
high thermal insulation and fire resistance properties make it an ideal material while
eliminating the need for autoclave curing. Due to its cellular structure, aerated
lightweight concrete offers a very low transmission of heat. This means that in most
cases the use of supplementary insulation in floors and walls is unnecessary. Aerated
lightweight concrete's thermal performance greatly reduces the process of
condensation from air humidity which makes changes in the ambient temperature of
the house (Dodge Woodson, 2011).
27. 5.2 Climatic Response of Concrete Used in S11 House
The environmental impact of using concrete as the sustainable building material
is relatively small, the high thermal property and low air filtration properties that
respond to the climatic condition cause it to be widely used in the exterior and interior
of the building. The architect emphasizes the horizontality of the concrete which
makes the brutalist architecture style blending into the surrounding landscape and
context. The off form concrete ages and responds well to the exposure of humidity
and sunlight throughout the time providing a sense of coolness and stoic poetry of the
modernistic style.
Figure 3: Application of concrete at ground floor (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Figure 32: Concrete application at living and dining rooms (Source: Photo taken by Ng Hong Bin, 2014)
28. Figure 33: Concrete application at washroom (Source: Photo taken by Ng Hong Bin, 2014)
Concrete has high thermal mass and heat capacity making it good thermal
insulator. Concrete is suitable and mainly used to respond to the hot and humid
climatic condition. Due to the low maintenance cost and low energy requirement to
cool the building, concrete is widely applied at the interior walls, ceilings, pavement
and exterior cladding to conserve energy. As it tends to keep the heat away from the
house, it is mainly use in the interior spaces of the house which are frequently been
used such as the living area, dining area, kitchen and washrooms. The interior
concrete wall and pavement is naked in expression without any painting or coating
as it has high heat capacity which is able to store heat and keep the interior spaces
cool naturally. Besides, it has high resistance to weather and humidity as it has low air
filtration which reduces the exposure of high moisture content and weather.
29. 5.2.1 Aerated Lightweight Concrete Blocks
Figure 34: Application of aerated light weight concrete blocks at east and west walls (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Figure 35: Application of aerated light weight concrete blocks with reflective paint (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
30. Figure 36: Application of green wire netting screen wall at aerated light weight concrete blocks (Source:
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/547257792202654411/)
The light weight characteristic means that this type of concrete has higher
thermal mass and provide air tightness. It also gives a high sound reduction for privacy,
both from outside noises and from other rooms when used as interior partition walls
which provides peaceful and cool living environment. For the exterior façade of the
east and west walls which have high exposure of sun intensity, they are constructed
of insulated light weight concrete blocks which offer low transmission of heat and
large openings instead of traditional heavy weight concrete (Josh, 2014). Although it
has high thermal insulation, it is treated with heat reflective paint in camouflage motif
to reflect sunlight more effectively and is shaded by the wire netting screen wall of
vegetable climbers. The green wall of low growing plants blocks sunlight and lowers
the concrete wall temperature while providing aesthetic effect. With the dense
growth of lush trees and the application of the green wall which acts as the secondary
barrier, the direct solar heat gain from the sun is significantly reduces and the energy
requirement is minimized (Archicentre, 2014). As this material has high insulating value,
the energy is saved and greater comfort in the hot and humid climatic conditions is
being provided.
31. 6.0 Brick
Bricks are used in both outdoor and indoor as non-load bearing walls or feature
walls. They respond to both hot and humid condition with their climatic responsive
properties such as high thermal mass, low shrinkage and weather resistant help
achieve sustainability, spatial quality and user comfort.
6.1 Type and properties of bricks used in S11 house
I) Old Clay bricks
Fig.37 Old Clay bricks Source:
Clay bricks are the only type of brick used in the S11 house. Clay bricks are a
good heat insulator and it is resistant to fire. Bricks generally has high compression
strength but has low tensile strength making it easy to break if bent the wrong way.
High compressive strength results in it often used as a material for load bearing walls.
Bricks could be painted or left bare as a raw finish to the structure, this results in a low
maintenance material that practically needs low to no attention after installation.
6.2 Climatic response of bricks used in S11 house
Environmentally responsive planning includes consideration of selection,
disturbance, rainwater management and effects of the building on its surroundings.
The use of brick masonry is an appropriate choice for achieving several elements of
environmentally responsive planning.
Fig.38 Brick application at outdoor area (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
32. Because of aesthetic appeal, durability and historic value frequently associated
with brick masonry buildings, they often are chosen for reuse. In this case of the S11
house, load-bearing brick from the old buildings are reused in their entirety. They are
reused as feature walls and non-loadbearing walls of the S11 house. This adaptive
reuse of brick masonry buildings is a testament to the longevity and durability of brick
masonry. (LEED 2009 MR credit Building Reuse; LEED v4 MR credit Building Life-Cycle
Impact Reduction; ASHRAE 189.1 Sec. 5.3.1.1; ICC 700 Sec. 305, 403.9 and Ch. 11)
Fig.39 Application of brickwall can be seen at various space (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Fig.40 Brick wall at living room (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
Clay brick walls are used as most of the interior wall of the S11 house due to it’s
superior performance in heat insulation and acoustic
In interior applications of the house, brick masonry has good ability of control over
the gain or release of heat. The continuous heat wave present in the site is shielded
by the brick walls of the S11 house. Studies of residential wall systems indicate that
assemblies with exposed interior brickwork or brick cavity walls would use up to 23
percent less energy than similarly insulated wood-framed wall assemblies with
lightweight claddings (LEED 2009 and v4 EA credit Optimizing Energy Performance;
ASHRAE 189.1 Sec. 7.5; IgCC Sec. 602; LEED-Homes EA credit Annual Energy Use; ICC
700 Sec. 702 and 703.1.3)
Interior brick walls of the S11 house can be used to store heat and moderate
temperature swings. A University of Newcastle study demonstrated that the amount
of energy needed for heating and cooling decreased by 14 to 34 percent when an
exposed brick thermal storage wall was added to the interior of housing units.(IgCC
33. Sec. A106.5; LEED-Homes EA credit Building Orientation for Passive Solar; ICC 700 Sec.
403.2, 703.1.3 and 703.6)
Brick masonry walls of the S11 house provide superior resistance to sound
penetration as compared with other wall systems. Brick masonry walls are far superior
to vinyl and other lightweight cladding materials in acoustic performance. (LEED v4
IEQ credit Acoustic Performance; ASHRAE 189.1 Sec. 8.3.3; IgCC Sec. 807)
6.3 Salvaged Materials
Bricks of the S11 house are old clay bricks cleaned and re-used for from the old
building .Use of salvaged materials avoids the environmental impacts associated with
new products. Brick is unique in that after many decades of use, brick used on exterior
and interior walls, as well as in paving applications, can be salvaged and provide
many more decades of benefits (LEED 2009 MR credit Materials Reuse; LEED v4 MR
credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Sourcing of Raw Materials;
ASHRAE 189.1 Sec. 9.4.1; IgCC Sec. 505.2.1 and A105.3; LEED-Homes MR credit
Environmentally Preferable Products; ICC 700 Sec. 603 and 11.603)
34. 7.0 Low-E Glass
7.1 Low-E Glass used in S11 House
Fig. 41 Process of low-e glass reflecting sunglight and heat (Source: http://glasswindowsprinyal.blogspot.my/)
Low e glass have been developed to minimize the amount of ultraviolet and
infrared light that can pass through glass without compromising the amount of visible
light that is transmitted. Glass is commonly use in any building like windows, doors,
partition wall and etc. With nowadays the increase of solar and thermal
performance of the glass, glass material getting more and more popular in the
construction field. It has alot of advantages that makes it popular in construction
field like it’s light, cheap, flexible in terms of shapes, sizes and thickness. It’s also
come with safety type which is laminated, toughened and reinforced. Glass can
archive various effect in a building. It can enhance huge spatial feelings, conduct
daylight into areas, decorative features inside the building and etc. (PPG Glass
technology , n.d.)
Fig 42 & Fig.43 Application of Low-E Glass in S11 House (Source: Archdaily, 2013)
35. Local tropical climate is hot and humid in Malaysia and also highly exposed to
sunlight along the year S11 House Have a clear North-South orientation for all the
openings to prevent direct light enter the building. The east and West walls are
constructed using the Low E glass to minimize the infrared light that went in the
building.
Most of the floor to ceiling window were constructed with thick glazed Low E safety
laminated glass with 90% openable area that further reduce the heat gain of the
building. Ventilation is also important in Local Tropical Climate. The double volume
family room in S11 house consist of 7m height Low E glass to reduce the infrared light
that get into the room and also to improve the cross ventilation in the area. (S11
House, n.d.)
7.2 Climatic response of Low-E Glass in S11 House
Fig.44 Application of Low-E Glass in S11 House (Plan source: Archdaily, 2013)
Low E glass which is glass material with passive and solar control low-e coating. The
heat and light energy that been absorbed by the glass will be transfer away either
carrying away by moving air or reradiated by the glass surface itself. The concept of
reradiate the solar energy is material with high reflectivity have lower emissivity and
on the opposite side dark material has high emissivity. Thus, Low E glass is coated or
laminated with material that lower it’s emissivity and allow it to reradiate the solar
energy in order to protect the interior of the building. (PPG Glass technology, n.d.)
36. The Low E glass not only work for external heat, it’s also work for the internal heat. In
a building, there’s rooms within the building. Thus, internal heat gain or the heat
energy that not completely filter by the external wall can be filter or reradiated so
that the rooms or areas in the building will have least solar heat gain even during hot
hours. The Low E glass have a clear coating that allow the natural lighting to reach
inside the building but the solar energy is being filter and reradiated to keep the
interior cooling and harmless.
Other than the hot climate condition, Low E glass is immune to the humid condition
in the tropical climate condition which makes the Low E glass last longer and
suitable material to respond to the tropical climate.
7.3 Vernacular approach of S11 House by using full stretch of low-
e glass window design
Fig.45 S11 House (Source: Archdaily, 2013) & Fig.46 Traditional Malay vernacular house (Source: Wikipedia)
Ventilation is also important in Local Tropical Climate. The double volume family
room in S11 house consist of 7m height Low E glass to reduce the infrared light that
get into the room and also to improve the cross ventilation in the area. Full stretch
window all along the façade of the house metaphors the one long strecth window
design of vernacular malay house which provide a good view from the house and
also maximize the ventilation.
37. 8.0 Marble
8.1 Types and properties of marble used in S11 House
Fig.47 Marine Black Indian Marble (Source: http://www.ggtrust.com/)
The marble used in S11 House is Marine black Indian marble. It is
a metamorphic rock that may be foliated or non-foliated, composed of recrystallized
carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the term
"marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however, stonemasons use the term
more broadly to encompass un-metamorphosed limestone. (Wikipedia, 2016)
Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material. It is used
for its chemical properties in pharmaceuticals and agriculture. It is used for its optical
properties in cosmetics, paint, and paper. It is used because it is an abundant, low-
cost commodity in crushed stone prepared for construction projects. Marble has
many unique properties that make it a valuable rock in many different industries. (King
H, 2016)
Fig.48 Marble built kitchen island is placed in the centre of the dining area.
(Photo taken by Ng Hong Bin, 2015)
38. 8.2 Climatic response of marble used in S11 House
Due to the orientation of dining and living area in the position of floor plan, facing
towards east, the space are having relatively high humidity and temperature, as the
exposure of walls are facing towards the sun. In order to withstand such climatic
condition, the material used in living & dining area need to have better thermal
insulation compared to materials used in other areas. (Archdaily, 2013)
Marine black Indian marble is mainly used for living & dining area in the S11 house.
They were used to build kitchen island and flooring tiles. With the properties of high
heat capacity (880J/kgC), they help to keep the shielded floor cool efficiently. While
its high thermal insulation and fire resistance properties helps to control the heat
transmission within the interior space, creating a cool and sustainable environment
within living & dining area. (GSA, 2016)
Fig. 49 Marine black indian marble used as flooring tiles in the living area and dining area (Photo taken by Ng Hong
Bin, 2015)
39. On the other hand, marble has high building cost which is also one of the reason
why they are only used in the main activity area(area with higher user flowing rate:
living room, dining area), however they do provide high aesthetic value as their
appearance creates a sense of classy and grand. (Jain V, 2014)
Fig. 50 Marine black indian marble flooring in the living area. (Photo taken by Ng Hong Bin, 2015)
40. 9.0 Conclusion
The materials used in S11 House is well chosen which is an efficient integration of
achieving sustainability and thermal comfort. The diversity of materials used in S11
House is not solely about the quality created in space, but has the function and
adaptability to counter the impact from the local climatic pattern. The extensive use
of recyclable materials from the site and local materials has respond to local
economical context. Similarities can be observed between S11 House and
Vernacular architecture such as the use of materiality in respond to local climatic
context of being hot and humid. It can be concluded that the use of materials is
very vital in achieving sustainability and user comfort within a specific given context
and S11 House has well excelled in this category and it's the reason why it is a
Platinum Rated GBI Building. S11 House has shown that sustainability can be
achieved in tropical country through the use of materials.
41. 10.0 References
General
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Timber
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42. Concrete
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