Provides some information about Artificial Intelligence of Robots

1. Artificial Intelligence
in Robotics
P. Maria Sheeba , Communication

2. What is a Robot?
Robotics
A robot is a machine that gathers
information about its environment
(senses) and uses that information
(thinks) to follow instructions and to
do work (acts).

3. What is a Robot?
A robot is an electro-mechanical or
bio-mechanical device or group of
devices that can perform a
repetitive or preprogrammed
tasks.

4. Robot may act under the direct
control of a human, such as the
arm on a space shuttle, or under
the control of a programmed
computer.
What is a Robot?

5. What is A.I. ?
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is a branch
of Science, which deals with
helping machines find solutions to
complex problems in a more
human-like fashion.

6.  generally associated with
Computer Science, but it has many
important links with other fields
such as Math, Psychology,
Cognition, Biology and Philosophy,
among many others.
What is A.I. ?

7. • Math – solving problems, logic.
• Psychology – the study of mental
processes and behavior.
• Cognition – processing information,
applying knowledge.
• Biology – the study of living
organisms and how the work.
• Philosophy – wisdom and
understanding.
What is A.I. ?

8. AI Programs
 They usually operate in computer-
stimulated worlds.
 The input to an AI program is in
symbols and rules.
 They need general purpose computers
to operate on.

9. Robots
 They operate in real physical world
 Inputs to robots is analog signal in the
form of speech waveform or images
 They need special hardware with
sensors and effectors.

10. Contents
 Overview
 Terminology
 Intelligent Systems
 Agents & Environment
 Popular Search Algorithms
 Fuzzy Logic Systems
 Natural Language Processing
 Expert Systems
 Issues

11. Goals of AI
 To Create Expert Systems − The
systems which exhibit intelligent
behavior, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
 To Implement Human Intelligence
in Machines − Creating systems that
understand, think, learn, and behave like
humans.

12. Properties
• It should be perceivable by the people who
provide it.
• It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
• It should be useful in many situations though it
is incomplete or inaccurate.

13. Applications
• Gaming
• Natural language processing
• Expert Systems
• Vision Systems
• Speech Recognition
• Handwriting Recognition
• Intelligent Robots

14. Terminology
• Agent - Agents are systems or software
programs capable of autonomous,purposeful
and reasoning directed towards one or more
goals. They are also called assistants, brokers,
droids, intelligent agents, and software agents.
• Autonomous Robot - Robot free from external
control or influence and able to control itself
independently.
• Backward Chaining - Strategy of working
backward for Reason/Cause of a problem.

15. • Blackboard - It is the memory inside computer,
which is used for communication between the
cooperating expert systems.
• Environment - It is the part of real or computational
world inhabited by the agent.
• Forward Chaining - Strategy of working forward for
conclusion/solution of a problem.
• Heuristics - It is the knowledge based on Trial-and-
error, evaluations, and experimentation.
• Knowledge Engineering - Acquiring knowledge
from human experts and other resources.

16. • Percepts - It is the format in which the agent
obtains information about the environment.
• Pruning - Overriding unnecessary and irrelevant
considerations in AI systems.
• Rule - It is a format of representing knowledge
base in Expert System. It is in the form of IF-
THEN-ELSE.

17. • Shell - A shell is a software that helps in
designing inference engine, knowledge base,
and user interface of an expert system.
• Task - It is the goal the agent is tries to
accomplish.
• Turing Test - A test developed by Allan Turing
to test the intelligence of a machine as
compared to human intelligence.

18. Intelligent Systems
The ability of a system to calculate, reason,
perceive relationships and analogies, learn from
experience, store and retrieve information from
memory, solve problems, comprehend complex
ideas, use natural language fluently, classify,
generalize, and adapt new situations.

19. Types of Intelligence
• Linguistic
• Musical
• Logical-Mathematical
• Spatial
• Bodily-Kinesthetic
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal

20. Intelligence is composed of

21. Agents and Environment

23. Nature of Environment
• Artificial Environment
• Complex Environment
• Turing Test Environment

24. Properties of Environment
• Discrete/Continuous
• Observable/Partially Observable
• Static/Dynamic
• Single agent/Multiple Agents
• Accessible/Inaccessible
• Deterministic/Non-Deterministic
• Episodic/Non-Episodic

25. Popular Search Algorithms

26. Algorithms used
• Breadth –first search
• Depth-first search
• Bidirectional search
• Uniform Cost search
• Iterative Deepening Depth First search
• Pure Heuristic Search
• Greedy Best First search
• Local Search Algorithms
 Hill climbing search
 Local beam search

27. Fuzzy logic systems
• Involves all intermediate possibilities between
digital values YES and NO.
• It works on the levels of possibilities of input to
achieve the definite output.

28. Applications
• Automotive systems
• Consumer electronic goods
• Domestic goods
• Environment control
• Advantages
 Mathematical concepts are very simple
 Easy to construct and understand
• Disadvantages
 There is no systematic approach
 They are understandable only when they are
simple.

29. Natural Language Processing
• It makes computers to perform useful tasks
with the natural languages humans use.
• The input and output of a NLP system can be-
 Speech
 Written text

30. Steps in NLP
• Lexical analysis
• Syntactic analysis
• Semantic analysis
• Discourse integration
• Pragmatic analysis

31. Expert systems
• It is developed to solve complex problems in a
particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary
human inteligence and expertise.
• Characteristics- High performance,
understandable, reliable, highly responsive.
• Capabilities- advising, instructing,
demonstrating a solution, diagnosing,
interpreting input, explaining, predicting
results, justifying the conclusion, suggesting
alternative options.

32. Issues
• Threat to privacy
• Threat to human dignity
• Threat to service

33. Thank You