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Artificial Intelligence
1.
George F Luger ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE 6th edition Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving Structures and Strategies For Space State Search Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Graph Theory 3.2 Strategies for Space State Search 3.3 Using Space State to Represent Reasoning with the Predicate Calculus 3.4 Epilogue and References 3.5 Exercises 1
2.
Figure 3.1: The
city of Königsberg. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 2
3.
Figure 3.2: Graph
of the Königsberg bridge system. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 3
4.
Figure 3.3: A
labeled directed graph. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 4
5.
Figure 3.4: A
rooted tree, exemplifying family relationships. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 5
6.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 6
7.
Fig 3.5 (a)
The finite state graph for a flip flop and (b) its transition matrix. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 7
8.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.6 (a) The finite state graph and (b) the transition matrix for string recognition example 8
9.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 9
10.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.8 State space of the 8-puzzle generated by “move blank” operations 10
11.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.9 An instance of the travelling salesperson problem 11
12.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.10 Search for the travelling salesperson problem. Each arc is marked with the total weight of all paths from the start node (A) to its endpoint. 12
13.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.11 An instance of the travelling salesperson problem with the nearest neighbor path in bold. Note this path (A, E, D, B, C, A), at a cost of 550, is not the shortest path. The comparatively high cost of arc (C, A) defeated the heuristic. 13
14.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.12 State space in which goal-directed search effectively prunes extraneous search paths. 14
15.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.13 State space in which data-directed search prunes irrelevant data and their consequents and determines one of a number of possible goals. 15
16.
Function backtrack algorithm Luger:
Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 16
17.
A trace of
backtrack on the graph of figure 3.12 Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 17
18.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.14 Backtracking search of a hypothetical state space space. 18
19.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.15 Graph for breadth - and depth - first search examples. 19
20.
Function breadth_first search
algorithm Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 20
21.
A trace of
breadth_first_search on the graph of Figure 3.13 Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 21
22.
Fig 3.16 Graph
of Fig 3.15 at iteration 6 of breadth-first search. States on open and closed are highlighted. Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 22
23.
Function depth_first_search algorithm Luger:
Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 23
24.
A trace of
depth_first_search on the graph of Figure 3.13 Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 24
25.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.17 Breadth-first search of the 8-puzzle, showing order in which states were removed from open. 25
26.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.18 Graph of fig 3.15 at iteration 6 of depth-first search. States on open and closed are highlighted. 26
27.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.19 Depth-first search of the 8-puzzle with a depth bound of 5. 27
28.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.20 State space graph of a set of implications in the propositional calculus. 28
29.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.21 And/or graph of the expression q Λ r → p. 29
30.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 30
31.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.22 And/or graph of the expression q v r → p 31
32.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.23 And/or graph of a set of propositional calculus expressions. 32
33.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.24 And/or graph of part of the state space for integrating a function, from Nilsson (1971). 33
34.
The facts and
rules of this example are given as English sentences followed by their predicate calculus equivalents: Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 34
35.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.25 The solution subgraph showing that Fred is at the museum. 35
36.
Five rules for
a simple subset of English grammar are: Luger: Artificial Intelligence, 6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 36
37.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.26 And/or graph searched by the financial advisor. 37
38.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.27 And/or graph for the grammar of Example 3.3.6. Some of the nodes (np, art, etc) have been written more than once to simplify drawing the graph. 38
39.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.28 Parse tree for the sentence “The dog bites the man.” Note this is a subtree of the graph of fig 3.27. 39
40.
Luger: Artificial Intelligence,
6th edition. © Pearson Education Limited, 2009 Fig 3.29 A graph to be searched. 40
Editor's Notes
Insert chapter number
OWEN: Insert fig 3.1
Insert def box p 84
OWEN: Insert def box p85 plus fig 3.5 a and b
OWEN: Insert def box p 86 plus fig 3.6 a and b
Insert def box p 88
Insert fig 3.8
Insert fig 3.11
Insert fig 3.13
Insert fig 3.15
Insert fig 3.22
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