Steven Lauwers and Godefroy Grosjean are Belgian nationals pursuing public policy degrees at Hertie School of Governance in Germany. Steven previously worked for the WHO in Geneva, while Godefroy is currently interning with GIZ in China.
The document then discusses Belgium's identity crisis, tracing its origins to the country's formation in 1831 after the Belgian Revolution against Dutch rule. Linguistic and economic divisions grew over time between the Dutch-speaking Flanders region and the French-speaking Wallonia region, exacerbated by the 1970 constitutional reform that divided the country along linguistic lines. This complicated structure has led to increasing political tensions in recent years.
This document summarizes the history of ethnic conflict in South Tyrol, Italy between German speakers and Italian speakers. After World War 1, South Tyrol was annexed by Italy, though most residents were German speakers. This caused tensions that escalated over time due to fascist policies aimed at assimilating German culture. Autonomy statutes in the 1940s-1970s gradually resolved the conflict by implementing power sharing and protecting minority rights. South Tyrol now has a prosperous autonomy that represents both ethnic groups. The document examines what factors led to this relatively peaceful resolution compared to other ethnic conflicts.
Holland is a region located in western Netherlands, bordering the North Sea. It has a long history of reclaiming land from the sea through extensive diking projects. The main cities are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. The Dutch language originated from dialects spoken in Holland, and the region has had an outsized cultural influence on Netherlands. Holland's economy is highly developed and trade-focused.
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula in Southern Europe bounded by France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia to the north. The Apennine Mountains form its backbone and the Po River flows from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea. Italy has a long history, originally dominated by the Etruscans and later unified by Rome. It was later ruled by foreign powers before finally being unified in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II. Italy had a fascist dictatorship under Mussolini in the 1920s-40s and transitioned to a republic after World War 2, joining NATO and the EU while working to stabilize its economy. Recent Italian politics have been characterized by instability and corruption scandals involving Prime Minister Silvio Berlus
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula in Southern Europe surrounded by the Tyrrhenian Sea and Adriatic Sea. It has a unitary parliamentary republic government and has been led by Prime Minister Matteo Renzi since 2014. Italy has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations and was not unified until the 19th century. It was then led by Mussolini as a dictatorship until his death in 1945. Since World War 2, Italy has been a member of NATO and the EU and uses the euro as its currency. Standard Italian is the official language though regional dialects still exist.
The Netherlands is a country located in northwestern Europe, bordering Germany and Belgium. It has a population of over 16 million people and its capital and largest city is Amsterdam. The Netherlands has a long coastline along the North Sea and has a low-lying landscape, about a quarter of which is reclaimed from the sea or lakes. The country has a highly developed economy and is known for its windmills, tulip fields, art, and cultural heritage from the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. Maniu played a key role in campaigns for the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I. However, he frequently faced opposition from King Ferdinand I over land reform and the status of Transylvania. Maniu died in prison in 1953.
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France has a semi-presidential republic system of government with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The president appoints the prime minister and other government ministers. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower National Assembly and upper Senate. Bills must pass both houses to become law. France is also part of the European Union and elects representatives to its parliament.
This document provides a historical overview of Europe from ancient times to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of major powers and empires like Greece, Rome, the British Empire, and the Soviet Union. It also describes the development of modern European states and institutions, including the European Union, NATO, and events like the World Wars and Cold War that shaped the continent. Key political, economic, and social changes within countries like the UK, Germany, Spain, France, and Italy are summarized as well.
This document summarizes the history of ethnic conflict in South Tyrol, Italy between German speakers and Italian speakers. After World War 1, South Tyrol was annexed by Italy, though most residents were German speakers. This caused tensions that escalated over time due to fascist policies aimed at assimilating German culture. Autonomy statutes in the 1940s-1970s gradually resolved the conflict by implementing power sharing and protecting minority rights. South Tyrol now has a prosperous autonomy that represents both ethnic groups. The document examines what factors led to this relatively peaceful resolution compared to other ethnic conflicts.
Holland is a region located in western Netherlands, bordering the North Sea. It has a long history of reclaiming land from the sea through extensive diking projects. The main cities are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. The Dutch language originated from dialects spoken in Holland, and the region has had an outsized cultural influence on Netherlands. Holland's economy is highly developed and trade-focused.
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula in Southern Europe bounded by France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia to the north. The Apennine Mountains form its backbone and the Po River flows from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea. Italy has a long history, originally dominated by the Etruscans and later unified by Rome. It was later ruled by foreign powers before finally being unified in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II. Italy had a fascist dictatorship under Mussolini in the 1920s-40s and transitioned to a republic after World War 2, joining NATO and the EU while working to stabilize its economy. Recent Italian politics have been characterized by instability and corruption scandals involving Prime Minister Silvio Berlus
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula in Southern Europe surrounded by the Tyrrhenian Sea and Adriatic Sea. It has a unitary parliamentary republic government and has been led by Prime Minister Matteo Renzi since 2014. Italy has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations and was not unified until the 19th century. It was then led by Mussolini as a dictatorship until his death in 1945. Since World War 2, Italy has been a member of NATO and the EU and uses the euro as its currency. Standard Italian is the official language though regional dialects still exist.
The Netherlands is a country located in northwestern Europe, bordering Germany and Belgium. It has a population of over 16 million people and its capital and largest city is Amsterdam. The Netherlands has a long coastline along the North Sea and has a low-lying landscape, about a quarter of which is reclaimed from the sea or lakes. The country has a highly developed economy and is known for its windmills, tulip fields, art, and cultural heritage from the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. Maniu played a key role in campaigns for the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I. However, he frequently faced opposition from King Ferdinand I over land reform and the status of Transylvania. Maniu died in prison in 1953.
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France has a semi-presidential republic system of government with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The president appoints the prime minister and other government ministers. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower National Assembly and upper Senate. Bills must pass both houses to become law. France is also part of the European Union and elects representatives to its parliament.
This document provides a historical overview of Europe from ancient times to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of major powers and empires like Greece, Rome, the British Empire, and the Soviet Union. It also describes the development of modern European states and institutions, including the European Union, NATO, and events like the World Wars and Cold War that shaped the continent. Key political, economic, and social changes within countries like the UK, Germany, Spain, France, and Italy are summarized as well.
This document summarizes Turkey's ongoing refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus or acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, which have blocked its accession to the European Union. Turkey refuses to recognize Cyprus, an EU member, due to the Cyprus dispute. It also will not acknowledge the 1915 genocide of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire due to domestic political concerns. As a result, Turkey has cut off contact with EU bodies and seems unwilling to join the EU, despite its economic and strategic benefits, due to these uncompromising positions.
The history, economy, and culture of JENA, a university city in east-central Germany and one of the most important cities in the federal state of Thuringia.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War II, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. In 1918, Maniu led an intensive unionist campaign that resulted in Transylvania separating from Austria-Hungary and joining Romania. He became the head of Transylvania's Directory Council after the union. However, Maniu later opposed some actions by King Ferdinand I and Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu, seeing them as attempts to tie multi-religious Transylvania more closely to Orthodoxy.
The document discusses the history of French democracy from its origins following the French Revolution to the current Fifth Republic. It traces France's difficult and non-linear path to stable democracy, including failures and revolutions. Key figures and regimes discussed include Louis XIV, the Jacobins, Napoleon Bonaparte, and the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth French Republics. Social classes like the nobility, middle class, and working class also impacted France's political development.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. Maniu engaged in an intensive unionist campaign leading up to Romania gaining independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918. Throughout his career, Maniu strongly supported Western allies and opposed growing Soviet influence in Romania. For this opposition to communism, Maniu and another party founder were sentenced to life in prison, effectively a death sentence given their ages, after their party was outlawed in 1947.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic located in western-central Europe. It has a population of over 80 million people and is the most populous country in the European Union. Germany has a strong economy and is a global leader in several industries. The country has experienced a tumultuous political history over the past centuries, including being divided during the Cold War era into East and West Germany before reunifying in 1990.
Albania signed two pacts with Italy in 1926 and 1927 known as the Pacts of Tirana, which greatly increased Italy's economic and political influence over Albania by granting concessions to Italian companies, giving Italy control over Albania's monetary policy and allowing Italian military advisors in Albania. The pacts turned Albania into an effective Italian protectorate by the late 1930s as Italy gained control of Albanian infrastructure, education system, and telegraphs while also settling Italian colonists in Albania.
France and Germany are two major European powers with different political systems and histories. France has a semi-presidential system with a powerful president and prime minister, while Germany has a parliamentary democracy led by a chancellor. Both countries are now stable democracies after experiencing multiple regime changes in their histories, from monarchies to republics and empires. They have bicameral legislatures and are founding members of the European Union.
The document summarizes the history of French republics from the First Republic established in 1792 to the current Fifth Republic established in 1958. It provides details on each republic such as the Fourth Republic from 1946-1958 which faced political instability with 24 governments over 12 years and wars in Vietnam and Algeria. The Fifth Republic was established in 1958 under Charles de Gaulle and featured a strengthened executive branch with both a president and prime minister.
The document summarizes a convention held in Thailand on overcoming conflicts in society. It discusses how conflict is a natural part of human societies and can drive progress, but must be managed properly. Democratic systems that respect minority rights and the rule of law, like Germany's, are presented as effective ways to peacefully manage conflicts through compromise and protecting dissent. Germany's experience transforming from a dictatorship to stable democracy that balances political powers is highlighted.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
France has a long history dating back to its revolution in the late 18th century. Between the French Revolution and the Fifth Republic in 1958, political rule satisfied only one segment of society and was contested by others. The Fifth Republic initially continued this tradition but elections in 1981 helped reduce hostilities among elites. Political socialization in France involves institutions like family, education particularly elite schools, and mass media. Elite political recruitment is dominated by a small number of elite schools that feed into government bodies, with low representation of women and outsiders having difficulty penetrating the system.
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
France is a unitary semi-presidential republic located in Western Europe. It has the largest land area in Western Europe and the third largest in Europe overall. France has a mixed economy and is ranked as the world's fifth largest and Europe's second largest by nominal GDP. It has a highly developed economy and society, with the third highest human development index in the world. France is also a founding member of the United Nations and the European Union.
Gorizia was first recorded in 1001 AD when Emperor Otto III donated the village and castle to the Patriarch of Aquileia. Over centuries, Gorizia grew under rule of different powers, including the Hasburgs in 1500 and incorporation into French and Austrian territories at different times. In World War I, Italy gained control of Gorizia in 1916. After the war, Gorizia was officially annexed to Italy but lost surrounding areas to Yugoslavia in 1947, with the national border drawn just outside the town center. Today, Gorizia remains divided from neighboring Nova Gorica in Slovenia by the legacy of this border.
Belgium has historically been divided along linguistic lines, with Dutch speakers primarily in Flanders and French speakers primarily in Wallonia. This led to tensions over political power sharing. Belgium reformed its constitution four times between 1970-1993 to become a federal state with power sharing between the language communities. The constitution now mandates equal representation of Dutch and French ministers, requires some laws to have majority support from both communities, and devolves some central powers to regional governments. These reforms brought peaceful accommodation between the Dutch and French communities in Belgium.
Belgium has two main linguistic groups, Dutch-speaking Flemings and French-speaking Walloons. Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 and was occupied by Germany in World Wars I and II. The country's cultural heritage includes famous painters like Rubens and surrealist René Magritte. French, Dutch, and German are the official languages, with hundreds of regional dialects stemming from French and Dutch.
Belgium has a complex federal political system with a parliamentary democracy. Power is divided between the cultural and linguistic communities of Flanders and Wallonia. The country is led by a monarch, currently King Philippe, and a Prime Minister, currently Alexander De Croo. Major political parties include the Flemish N-VA and CD&V and the Francophone PS and MR. Belgium's constitution established its federal structure in 1993 to account for regional divisions.
This document summarizes Turkey's ongoing refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus or acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, which have blocked its accession to the European Union. Turkey refuses to recognize Cyprus, an EU member, due to the Cyprus dispute. It also will not acknowledge the 1915 genocide of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire due to domestic political concerns. As a result, Turkey has cut off contact with EU bodies and seems unwilling to join the EU, despite its economic and strategic benefits, due to these uncompromising positions.
The history, economy, and culture of JENA, a university city in east-central Germany and one of the most important cities in the federal state of Thuringia.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War II, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. In 1918, Maniu led an intensive unionist campaign that resulted in Transylvania separating from Austria-Hungary and joining Romania. He became the head of Transylvania's Directory Council after the union. However, Maniu later opposed some actions by King Ferdinand I and Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu, seeing them as attempts to tie multi-religious Transylvania more closely to Orthodoxy.
The document discusses the history of French democracy from its origins following the French Revolution to the current Fifth Republic. It traces France's difficult and non-linear path to stable democracy, including failures and revolutions. Key figures and regimes discussed include Louis XIV, the Jacobins, Napoleon Bonaparte, and the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth French Republics. Social classes like the nobility, middle class, and working class also impacted France's political development.
Iuliu Maniu was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms between 1928-1933. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, and co-founded the National Peasants' Party. Maniu engaged in an intensive unionist campaign leading up to Romania gaining independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918. Throughout his career, Maniu strongly supported Western allies and opposed growing Soviet influence in Romania. For this opposition to communism, Maniu and another party founder were sentenced to life in prison, effectively a death sentence given their ages, after their party was outlawed in 1947.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic located in western-central Europe. It has a population of over 80 million people and is the most populous country in the European Union. Germany has a strong economy and is a global leader in several industries. The country has experienced a tumultuous political history over the past centuries, including being divided during the Cold War era into East and West Germany before reunifying in 1990.
Albania signed two pacts with Italy in 1926 and 1927 known as the Pacts of Tirana, which greatly increased Italy's economic and political influence over Albania by granting concessions to Italian companies, giving Italy control over Albania's monetary policy and allowing Italian military advisors in Albania. The pacts turned Albania into an effective Italian protectorate by the late 1930s as Italy gained control of Albanian infrastructure, education system, and telegraphs while also settling Italian colonists in Albania.
France and Germany are two major European powers with different political systems and histories. France has a semi-presidential system with a powerful president and prime minister, while Germany has a parliamentary democracy led by a chancellor. Both countries are now stable democracies after experiencing multiple regime changes in their histories, from monarchies to republics and empires. They have bicameral legislatures and are founding members of the European Union.
The document summarizes the history of French republics from the First Republic established in 1792 to the current Fifth Republic established in 1958. It provides details on each republic such as the Fourth Republic from 1946-1958 which faced political instability with 24 governments over 12 years and wars in Vietnam and Algeria. The Fifth Republic was established in 1958 under Charles de Gaulle and featured a strengthened executive branch with both a president and prime minister.
The document summarizes a convention held in Thailand on overcoming conflicts in society. It discusses how conflict is a natural part of human societies and can drive progress, but must be managed properly. Democratic systems that respect minority rights and the rule of law, like Germany's, are presented as effective ways to peacefully manage conflicts through compromise and protecting dissent. Germany's experience transforming from a dictatorship to stable democracy that balances political powers is highlighted.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
France has a long history dating back to its revolution in the late 18th century. Between the French Revolution and the Fifth Republic in 1958, political rule satisfied only one segment of society and was contested by others. The Fifth Republic initially continued this tradition but elections in 1981 helped reduce hostilities among elites. Political socialization in France involves institutions like family, education particularly elite schools, and mass media. Elite political recruitment is dominated by a small number of elite schools that feed into government bodies, with low representation of women and outsiders having difficulty penetrating the system.
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
France is a unitary semi-presidential republic located in Western Europe. It has the largest land area in Western Europe and the third largest in Europe overall. France has a mixed economy and is ranked as the world's fifth largest and Europe's second largest by nominal GDP. It has a highly developed economy and society, with the third highest human development index in the world. France is also a founding member of the United Nations and the European Union.
Gorizia was first recorded in 1001 AD when Emperor Otto III donated the village and castle to the Patriarch of Aquileia. Over centuries, Gorizia grew under rule of different powers, including the Hasburgs in 1500 and incorporation into French and Austrian territories at different times. In World War I, Italy gained control of Gorizia in 1916. After the war, Gorizia was officially annexed to Italy but lost surrounding areas to Yugoslavia in 1947, with the national border drawn just outside the town center. Today, Gorizia remains divided from neighboring Nova Gorica in Slovenia by the legacy of this border.
Belgium has historically been divided along linguistic lines, with Dutch speakers primarily in Flanders and French speakers primarily in Wallonia. This led to tensions over political power sharing. Belgium reformed its constitution four times between 1970-1993 to become a federal state with power sharing between the language communities. The constitution now mandates equal representation of Dutch and French ministers, requires some laws to have majority support from both communities, and devolves some central powers to regional governments. These reforms brought peaceful accommodation between the Dutch and French communities in Belgium.
Belgium has two main linguistic groups, Dutch-speaking Flemings and French-speaking Walloons. Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 and was occupied by Germany in World Wars I and II. The country's cultural heritage includes famous painters like Rubens and surrealist René Magritte. French, Dutch, and German are the official languages, with hundreds of regional dialects stemming from French and Dutch.
Belgium has a complex federal political system with a parliamentary democracy. Power is divided between the cultural and linguistic communities of Flanders and Wallonia. The country is led by a monarch, currently King Philippe, and a Prime Minister, currently Alexander De Croo. Major political parties include the Flemish N-VA and CD&V and the Francophone PS and MR. Belgium's constitution established its federal structure in 1993 to account for regional divisions.
Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands in 1830 after a revolution. The revolution was sparked by linguistic and religious tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. A provisional government was formed and declared independence on October 4th. They drafted a liberal constitution and established a constitutional monarchy under King Leopold I. The constitution protected individual rights and established a parliamentary system with separation of powers. However, suffrage was limited. The new nation struggled economically at first but established political stability and neutrality that lasted until World War I.
Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands in 1830 after a revolution. The revolution was sparked by linguistic and religious tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. A provisional government was formed and declared independence on October 4th. They drafted a liberal constitution and established a constitutional monarchy under King Leopold I. The constitution protected individual rights and established a parliamentary system with separation of powers. However, suffrage was limited. The new nation struggled economically at first but established political stability and neutrality that lasted until World War I.
Belgium faces deep political divisions between its French-speaking and Dutch-speaking communities, as language differences have led to the development of distinct cultural identities. The Flemish population now outnumbers French speakers but still feels their identity is threatened, leading many to refuse speaking French. This has split Belgium along linguistic lines in many aspects of public life. It remains unclear whether this divide will ultimately separate Belgium into two independent countries, but language has clearly become strongly tied to political divisions and nationalist sentiments within the country.
Belgium is a small country located in Western Europe with a population of 10 million. It has three official languages - Dutch, French, and German - though English is also widely spoken. The country is divided into three regions - Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels - which have self-governance in many areas. Belgium is known for its waffles, fries, beers, and chocolates, as well as historic cities like Brussels and Bruges that attract many tourists each year.
This document discusses power sharing and democracy through the example of Belgium. It explains that Belgium has a complex ethnic composition with Dutch and French speaking communities. Tensions arose between the communities in the 1950s-1960s due to cultural and religious differences. Belgium amended its constitution four times between 1970-1993 to solve disputes by implementing power sharing arrangements. This included equal representation of Dutch and French speakers in government, special laws requiring both groups' support, and devolving some central government powers to state governments. Local governments were also established for each language community. This power sharing helped respect different communities' feelings and interests, maintaining Belgium's unity.
Belgium is a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy located in Western Europe. It has a population of around 11 million people and shares borders with France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The population is divided among three main linguistic groups - the Dutch-speaking Flemings, French-speaking Walloons, and a small German-speaking minority. Belgium has a bicameral parliament and King Philippe is the constitutional head of state. Power is shared between the federal government and the separate linguistic communities.
Germany is a nation located in Central Europe bordered by the North Sea, Denmark, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. It has a long history dating back to ancient times and was once part of the Roman Empire and Holy Roman Empire. In 1871, Germany was unified under Otto von Bismarck and grew into a powerful industrial nation. After World War 2, Germany was divided between East and West but reunified in 1990 following the fall of the Berlin Wall. Today, Germany is a parliamentary republic with a strong economy and remains an influential political and economic power in Europe.
Belgium is a country located in Western Europe between France, Luxembourg, Germany, and the Netherlands. Brussels serves as Belgium's capital and largest city. Belgium has three official languages - Dutch, French, and German - which has led to some historical tensions between the Flemish Dutch-speaking north and the French-speaking south. Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1830 and has since been a prosperous and technologically advanced member of both NATO and the European Union.
This document discusses how Prussia's education system contributed to German nationalism in the 19th century. It describes the pre-Humboldt education system, which educated primarily the aristocracy. It then outlines Wilhelm von Humboldt's liberal education reforms in the early 1800s, which made schooling universal, standardized, and emphasized German language and culture. This highly educated population helped spark Germany's industrial revolution and economic growth, consolidating the new German state.
This document compares Belgium and Sri Lanka in terms of their linguistic diversity and the resulting political tensions. Belgium has Dutch and French-speaking populations, while Sri Lanka has Sinhala and Tamil populations. Belgium adopted a federal system that recognizes both languages and gives regional autonomy, avoiding civic tensions. In contrast, Sri Lanka took majoritarian measures favoring Sinhala that denied Tamils equal rights and led to the civil war seeking a separate Tamil state. The document argues Belgium's system has helped maintain unity while accommodating diversity.
1. Nationalism emerged in 19th century Europe as nation states replaced multi-national empires. The French Revolution of 1789 was a clear expression of nationalism, creating a sense of shared French identity.
2. Napoleon's Civil Code of 1804 established equality before the law and spread French reforms across Europe. However, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to restore the pre-Napoleonic monarchies and conservative order.
3. Revolutions in 1830 and 1848 saw liberal-nationalists demand constitutional monarchies and national unification, leading to the creation of Germany and Italy as nation states in the late 19th century.
CultureGrams
TM
World Edition
2022
Republic of
Lithuania
BACKGROUND
Land and Climate
Lithuania is larger than its Baltic neighbors, Latvia and
Estonia, and is slightly bigger than the U.S. state of West
Virginia. It lies on the western fringe of the east European
plain and has a short coastline on the Baltic Sea. It is a green
country with forests, rolling hills, and thousands of rivers and
lakes. The two longest rivers are the Nemunas and the Neris.
Forests cover about 35 percent of the country and are rich in
wild animals, mushrooms, and berries.
Lithuania has four seasons. Summers are short and rainy,
and July temperatures average 63°F (17°C). Winters are cold
and snowy, with an average temperature in January of 23°F
(-5°C). In winter, children are allowed to stay home from
school when the temperature falls below -13°F (-25°C),
which generally happens at least once a year. The general
climate is comparable to that of southeastern Canada. A
westerly breeze is common.
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Union with Poland
Lithuania’s first inhabitants arrived in the 10th millennium
BC. The first mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval
German manuscript, The Annals of Quedlinburg, in the early
11th century AD. Lithuanians began to form a distinct society
in the early second century. In the mid-1200s, a tribal leader
named Duke Mindaugas united several groups to form the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The new state grew in
prominence, especially during the 14th century, when it
annexed neighboring lands (including present-day Belarus,
Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia) and was ruled by
strong monarchs. During the 14th century, Lithuania was one
of the largest countries in Europe. Vilnius became the capital
in 1323.
In 1386, reacting to a serious threat from Germanic
invaders, the Grand Duke Jogaila married the Polish crown
princess and became king. This alliance brought Lithuania
into a union with Poland, which strengthened the nations
enough to defeat the German (Teutonic) invaders in 1410;
this conflict was one of the biggest battles of the Middle
Ages. After its union with Poland, Lithuania, one of the last
pagan countries in Europe, adopted Roman Catholicism in
1387 and became increasingly open to Western culture.
Poland and Lithuania tightened their association in 1569
when they united under the Lublin Union and became the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Russian Rule and World War I
After the Polish-Lithuanian state was partitioned by its
neighbors (in 1772, 1793, and 1795), the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was left largely a part of the Russian Empire, which
controlled Lithuania for more than 120 years. During this
time, Russia implemented a policy known as Russification, in
which it insisted that Lithuanians speak Russian and convert
to the Russian Orthodox Church. Many attempts were made
to regain independence from Russia, but all were
unsuccessful.
During ...
The document is a history assignment on nationalism in Europe. It discusses the emergence of nationalism and nation-states in Europe in the 19th century, replacing multinational empires. Key events discussed include the French Revolution of 1789, which expressed clear nationalism, and the unification of Germany and Italy in the late 19th century. It also examines the rise of conservatism and liberalism in response to nationalism, as well as the increasing conflicts and imperialism associated with nationalism by the late 19th century.
Holland is a region located in the western part of the Netherlands. It has an area of 5,488 square kilometers and a population of over 6 million people. The main cities are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. Historically, much of the land in Holland was reclaimed from the sea through extensive drainage projects starting in the Middle Ages. Today, Holland remains a prosperous region and economic center of the Netherlands, though it faces some regional tensions due to its cultural dominance over other Dutch provinces.
Memo: Law & Governance: France's burqa banSteven Lauwers
France's law banning the wearing of face-covering garments like the Islamic burqa or niqab in public spaces may violate Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of religion. The law interferes with Muslim women's ability to manifest their religion. While the aim of the law is legitimate in ensuring security and gender equality, a total ban on face coverings in all public areas is a disproportionate measure and too broad an limitation of religious freedom protected by the Convention. A narrower law or exceptions could achieve the aims without such overreach.
Steven Lauwers discusses the relationship between markets and policymaking. He acknowledges that markets exert strong influence over policy but argues this is balanced by other players, including public interests. As an example, environmental groups have pushed for regulations that both benefit society and can benefit firms through marketing and healthier workers. Ultimately, Lauwers believes markets and policymaking interact in a "positive sum" way where gains do not have to come at the expense of others and society can strike a balance between various interests.
This document discusses Belgium's consociational democracy structure and whether it has contributed to the country's political divisions. It argues that while Belgium no longer organizes its society through ideological pillars, territorial and linguistic cleavages still exist. The country's 1970 constitutional reform further divided it along language lines. The consociational system requires political elites to negotiate complex compromises, as majoritarian decision-making is impossible. However, this structure may have expanded divisions rather than providing stability, as government formation now paralyzes the country for months due to negotiations.
Steven Lauwers is confused about how the rule of law is created and managed. He proposes analyzing it using the principal-agent theory, where the state acts as the agent of society. However, this raises questions about how to ensure the state upholds its obligations under law and does not abuse its power. Lauwers wonders what incentives exist for the state to remain subject to the law, and at what point it may prioritize its own interests over those of society. He discusses comments made by professors regarding the relationship between law, authority, and equality under the rule of law.
Memo: Law & Governance: Is the expulsion of Roma legal?Steven Lauwers
This document analyzes whether France's deportation of Roma people violates EU law. It finds that as EU citizens from Bulgaria and Romania, the Roma have a right to reside in France under the EU's Free Movement Directive. However, this right is not unconditional, as after 3 months a person must prove they can support themselves. The document argues France failed to provide evidence that individuals had lived in France over 3 months or were unable to support themselves, violating their rights. It concludes the expulsions seemed to be based on ethnic discrimination rather than security grounds, which would be the only legal basis for expulsion under EU law.
The document provides advice on the "Gallo Report" which proposes measures to address counterfeiting through peer-to-peer networks. It argues that the report lacks evidence on the actual economic impact of online piracy. It calls for the European Observatory on Counterfeiting and Piracy to conduct objective research to define the problems and possible solutions, and to assess existing intellectual property laws and directives. The dialogue must include all stakeholders to find practical ways to raise awareness while also addressing pricing and availability of legal content online.
This journal entry discusses how the modern state has changed from the traditional Westphalian state model and whether the state is still in control. It describes how the state has shifted away from solely relying on its monopoly of force and now delegates powers to new actors through third party governance. While this dependence means some loss of control at the domestic level, states have also become actors on the international level, where control is now jointly exercised at both the state and international community levels.
Policy analysis aims to create good public policy through a critical analysis of complex governance networks. It recognizes that problems are too complex for governments to solve alone, requiring collaboration with third parties. Policy analysis breaks down these networks into individual parts and relationships to understand how the system works. It uses tools from multiple perspectives, including microeconomics, to analyze situations and predict or explain outcomes. The goal is to improve public policy based on evidence from thorough research and analysis of current policies and their impacts.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. Biographies
Steven
Lauwers
is
a
Belgian
(Flemish)
national
currently
pursuing
a
Master
of
Public
Policy
at
the
Hertie
School
of
Governance.
After
having
received
his
degrees
in
Corporate
Communications
and
International
Communication
from
Plantijn
Universtiy
College
in
Antwerp,
he
worked
with
the
World
Health
Organization
(WHO)
in
Geneva
for
nearly
3
years,
representing
WHO
as
a
spokesperson
during
the
H1N1
Influenza
outbreak.
Godefroy
Grosjean
is
a
Belgian
(Walloon)
national
studying
public
policy
at
the
Hertie
School
of
Governance.
He
is
currently
doing
a
professional
year
with
the
German
International
Cooperation
(GIZ)
in
China.
Godefroy
holds
a
M.Sc.
in
Economics
from
Maastricht
University.
He
focuses
on
environmental
policy
with
a
particular
interest
for
sustainable
urban
development.
BELGIUM’S
IDENTITY
CRISIS
On
the
15th
of
February
2011,
after
250
days
without
a
government,
Belgium
snatched
the
world
record
for
the
longest
period
without
a
government
from
Iraq.
A
debatable
trophy,
but
nonetheless
the
country
seemed
finally
to
have
found
something
they
can
all
celebrate
together:
in
Antwerp
DJs
were
on
hand,
Liege
staged
a
flash-‐mob,
Louvain
handed
out
free
chips
and
Ghent
featured
250
protesters
who
'dressed
down
to
the
bare
essentials’.
How
did
we
get
there
and,
more
importantly,
where
do
we
go
from
here?
Looking
back
in
history,
Belgium
could
be
seen
as
an
“accidental”
nation.
In
1815,
at
the
end
of
the
Napoleonic
Wars,
the
Congress
of
Vienna
gave
the
“Southern
Netherlands”
(previously
and
successively
under
Spanish,
Austrian
and
French
rule)
to
the
Kingdom
of
Netherlands.
That
region
was,
contrary
to
the
Northern
provinces,
homogeneously
Roman
Catholic.
During
the
Dutch
rule,
the
Southern
provinces
were
underrepresented
politically
and
exploited
financially,
compared
to
the
Northern
Provinces
(today’s
Netherlands).
This
situation
created
tensions
and
eventually
led
to
the
Belgian
revolution.
The
big
powers
in
Europe,
afraid
of
potential
instability
in
the
region,
recognized
the
new
country
rather
quickly.
At
a
period
of
nation
building
in
Europe,
Belgium
declared
French
as
its
only
official
language.
The
Belgian
elites
were
willing
to
dissociate
themselves
from
the
previous
Dutch
rule:
the
ruling
class
turned
to
French
(all
over
Belgium,
including
Flanders),
while
the
masses
spoke
Flemish
in
the
North
and
Walloon
in
the
South.
The
arrogance
of
the
French-‐speaking
1
2. Belgian
elite
during
the
industrialization
and
the
poor
living
conditions
of
the
working
class
caused
a
lot
of
resentment.
During
the
20th
century,
French
was
slowly
replaced
by
Dutch
in
Flanders,
while
in
Wallonia
French
became
the
main
language
–
a
natural
development
as
Walloon
was
a
Latin
dialect
much
closer
to
French.
During
that
process,
a
lot
of
the
frustration
existing
in
Flanders
against
the
previously
French-‐speaking
bourgeoisie
shifted
towards
the
French-‐speaking
part
of
Belgium.
In
the
late
1960s
the
economic
lead
was
transferred
from
the
South
to
the
North..
Wallonia,
long
among
the
most
prosperous
and
technologically
advanced
regions
of
Europe
due
to
its
heavy
industries
(coal
and
steel-‐based),
entered
a
period
of
decline,
similar
to
other
regions
with
comparable
economic
structures.
Flanders
benefited
at
the
same
time
from
a
rapid
development
of
its
trade-‐oriented
SMEs
and
light
industries,
supported
by
the
fast
growth
of
the
Antwerp
harbour.
Due
to
the
lack
of
economic
vision
of
Wallonia’s
politicians,
the
southern
part
of
Belgium
was
not
able
to
recover
completely
–
despite
significant
social
security
transfers
from
the
North
to
the
South
–
and
Flemish
people
became
increasingly
reluctant
to
subsidise
and
support
the
economically
depressed
Walloons.
A
major
turning
point
in
the
political
history
of
Belgium
was
the
constitutional
reform
of
1970.
The
country
was
divided
into
language
communities,
not
only
increasing
the
division
of
the
country
on
the
basis
of
language,
but
also
restructuring
its
politics:
Belgium’s
conservative
Catholic
party
split
into
Francophone
and
Flemish
halves,
followed
by
the
liberals
and
the
socialists.
Belgian
politics
became
tribal,
with
each
party
championing
its
own
linguistic
agenda.
Belgium
now
consists
of
federated
entities
–
language
based
“communities”
–
and
the
three
regions,
Flanders,
Wallonia,
and
Brussels.
Competences
are
shared
between
these
three
levels
of
government
while
matters
like
social
security,
justice
and
foreign
affairs
remain
a
federal
responsibility.
The
complicated
structure
of
the
Belgian
state,
and
a
history
of
unsuccessful
requests
from
Flanders
for
state
reform,
has
led
to
growing
political
tensions
over
the
last
years
in
the
country.
At
the
most
recent
election,
about
8
months
ago,
many
Flemish
voters
sought
refuge
in
the
one
party
that
had
been
criticising
the
political
mess
all
along:
the
New
Flemish
Alliance
(NVA).
This
nationalist
party,
which
only
held
a
few
seats
in
the
Senate
and
the
Chamber
of
2
3. Representatives
before
2010,
won
the
elections
in
Flanders
with
nearly
30%
of
the
votes.
In
Wallonia,
almost
40%
of
the
voters
put
their
hopes
in
the
Socialist
Party
(PS).
Both
party
presidents
embody
what
the
different
linguistic
communities
feel
the
other
one
stands
for:
Bart
De
Wever
(NVA)
sees
separatism
as
the
solution
to
the
current
chaos
and
represents
a
Flemish
part
that
is
clearly
in
search
of
its
identity,
whereas
Elio
Di
Rupo
(PS)
represents
the
kind
of
socialism
the
Flemish
voters
dislike,
the
long-‐term
social
security
and
support,
which
they
perceive
as
the
opposite
of
change
and
progress.
Belgium’s
unwieldy
political
system
makes
coalition
governments
inevitable
and
with
Flemish
politicians
squabbling
with
Walloons,
and
just
as
fiercely
among
themselves,
political
paralysis
ensued.
In
the
ensuing
coalition
negotiations,
the
parties
have
chosen
to
get
a
federal
reform
agreed
first
before
building
a
government.
This
complex
bargaining
process
between
Belgium’s
seven
largest
parties
is
still
ongoing
–
increasingly
paralysing
the
country.
Putting
history
aside
for
a
bit,
what
hinders
Belgium
to
find
a
sustainable
solution
and
what
are
our
recommendations?
Parties
like
the
NVA
have
often
highlighted
the
long-‐lasting
social
transfer
from
Flanders
to
Wallonia
as
a
reason
for
the
independence
of
the
Northern
region.
We
should,
indeed,
fine-‐tune
our
welfare
system.
But,
while
infinite
transfers
are
not
a
solution,
solidarity
is
part
of
the
European
model
we
have
to
defend.
Confidence
in
cultural
exchange
and
mutual
enrichment,
as
well
as
economic
innovation,
is
key
for
long-‐term
growth.
The
nationalism
put
forward
by
the
NVA
is
at
the
antipode
of
such
approach.
Language
issues
have
played
another
major
role
in
the
Belgian
disunion.
The
Flemish
were
relatively
more
successful
than
the
French-‐speaking
at
mastering
both
main
languages
of
the
country.
However,
the
young
Belgian
generations
are
evolving
with
different
horizons
than
four
decades
ago.
They
want
to
discover
Europe
and
the
rest
of
the
world,
which
may
be
observed
in
the
popularity
of
the
Erasmus
exchange
program,
and
are
eager
to
learn
English,
Chinese,
Spanish
or
even
German
to
communicate
with
the
rest
of
the
world.
But
becoming
increasingly
cosmopolitan,
our
generation
should
realise
this
language
“fundamentalism”
is
outdated
in
today’s
society.
After
all,
what
is
more
essential,
the
communication
itself
or
the
means
used
to
exchange?
3
4. The
EU
is
pressuring
Belgians
to
calm
down
and
act
sensibly,
but
tribal
linguistic
and
cultural
passions
often
pre-‐empt
rational
behaviour.
Belgium
is
facing
its
worst
troubles
just
as
the
EU
confronts
the
gravest
challenge
to
the
Euro.
Belgium
should
realise
that,
as
one
of
the
founding
members
of
the
EU
and
host
to
its
political
centre,
it
must
remain
a
small-‐scale
example
for
European
integration.
European
unification
is
based
on
looking
beyond
the
nation-‐state;
Belgium
cannot
dissect
itself
without
setting
a
worrisome
precedent:
not
only
Spain
and
Italy
would
fret
about
the
precedent
of
rich
regions
pulling
away
from
poorer
ones;
Scottish
nationalists
speak
of
independence
within
Europe
and
many
ex-‐communist
countries
have
significant
national
minorities:
think
of
Hungarians
in
Slovakia.
Splitting
Belgium
would
break
the
mystique
of
European
integration.
So
far
the
Belgian
citizens
have
demonstrated
a
certain
lassitude
towards
the
current
events.
But
now,
250
days
after
the
elections,
Belgium
is
probably
one
of
the
only
countries
in
the
world
that
is
organising
protests
in
favour
of
a
government,
rather
than
against
it.
While
the
global
political
framework
is
evolving
dramatically,
Belgium
wastes
time
debating
only
minor
issues.
Public
debt
is
now
at
around
100%
of
GDP
and
the
spread
of
Belgian
10-‐year
bonds
over
the
German
benchmark
is
three
times
as
high
as
at
the
beginning
of
2010.
Not
finding
a
solution
will
result
in
a
rising
debt
ratio
and
complete
chaos.
It
is
obvious
we
cannot
stay
where
we
are,
with
so
much
political
capital
invested,
but
where
exactly
do
we
go
from
here?
One
of
the
solutions
being
discussed
by
Belgium’s
political
parties
–
and
the
solution
favoured
by
the
authors
–
consists
of
a
partial
transfer
of
competences
and
tax
revenues
from
the
federal
state
to
the
regions.
The
seven
parties
have
not
been
able
agree
on
the
amount
of
transfers
so
far,
but
a
minimal
amount
of
transfers
seems
to
be
the
best
solution.
Under
the
current
financing
law,
the
“special
financing
act”
of
1989,
the
communities
depend
entirely
on
funding
from
the
federal
government.
By
transferring
some
competences
and
a
part
of
the
personal
and
indirect
tax
revenues
to
the
regions,
Belgium
would
grant
the
regions
more
autonomy
and
give
them
some
of
the
competences
they
have
been
asking
for.
Brussels
should
then
be
compensated
for
the
taxes
lost
to
commuters
that
work
but
don’t
live
in
Brussels.
Transfers
are
essential
to
give
the
regions
better
tools
to
fight
unemployment,
4
5. embrace
innovation
and
create
incentives
for
good
governance,
while
also
relieving
the
federal
state
from
some
of
its
burden.
While
transfers
are
necessary,
the
principle
of
federal
solidarity
should
remain,
and
therefore
competences
such
as
justice,
social
security
and
public
debt
need
to
be
kept
at
the
federal
level.
This
compromise
would
divide
powers,
without
dividing
the
country.
While
this
solution
might
have
downsides
and
needs
to
be
discussed
in
more
details,
it
may
–
rather
than
break
up
the
country
–
strengthen
it,
providing
much-‐needed
economic
and
political
stability.
5