The document provides information about art and artifacts from ancient Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia between 3200-2100 BCE. It describes Sumerian achievements including the development of cities, systems of governance, religion, trade, and writing. Key artifacts mentioned are the White Temple at Uruk, the Warka Vase showing narrative scenes, statues of worshippers, and the Standard of Ur depicting war and peace. The Akkadian conquest of the Sumerians around 2350 BCE and subsequent Neo-Sumerian period are also summarized.
The Akkadian Empire was centered in the city of Akkad in Mesopotamia, reaching its height between 2400-2200 BC under King Sargon of Akkad. Sargon conquered surrounding regions and established an empire stretching from the Mediterranean to Persia. However, within 100 years the empire collapsed due to invasion by Gutian tribes from the northeast as the region experienced a severe drought.
The document provides information on the early history and development of Chinese civilization. It discusses:
- Early settlements along the Yellow River valley which experienced flooding issues requiring dike construction.
- The Yangshao and Longshan cultures from 5000-2000 BC that engaged in farming, fishing, and developed black pottery and early writing.
- The first dynasty, the Shang, established the dynastic system of hereditary rule beginning around 1500 BC.
- The Qin dynasty in the 200s BC that first unified China under one ruler, Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who standardized laws, script, and built the Great Wall and Terracotta Army tomb to protect his empire and guard him in
The Assyrian Empire originated in northern Mesopotamia and by 900 BCE had established a vast empire across the ancient Near East through effective military force. The Assyrians were the first major military power, inventing many weapons and strategies still used today. Military service was mandatory in their society. Assyrian kings derived divine power from gods and built grand palaces decorated with reliefs depicting ceremonies, conquests, and royal lion hunts to demonstrate their strength and rule. The last great Near Eastern kingdom before interaction with Greece and Rome was the Persian Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE.
This document is the draft of a historical overview of Ghazni and its surrounding region, prepared as a frame of a UNESCO sponsored exhibition to take place in Summer 2010 in Kabul, at the National Museum of Afghanistan. It will serve as a basis for explanatory panels and other information to the public on that occasion. It is based on quotes from classic and modern authors.
The Silk Road was an overland trade route from 300 BCE to 1100 CE that linked China to the Mediterranean world through Central Asia. It allowed for regular large-scale trade between China and Western regions, with China exporting silk and importing goods from Western regions like spices, glass, and other materials. The Silk Road played a major role in cultural exchange by spreading religions, technologies, and other innovations between East and West.
This document outlines the course description, objectives, evaluation criteria, schedule, and policies for a course on the visual arts today. The course will introduce students to contemporary visual culture and examine avant-garde modern movements and the impact of new technologies through a historical context. Students will be evaluated based on discussion posts, weekly submissions, and four examinations. The schedule provides the reading materials and due dates for 15 weeks of lessons and assignments. Academic honesty and computer use policies are also defined.
Biologi Terapan - Laporan Perbedaan Pengaruh Bahan Tanam Terhadap Produktivi...21 Memento
Dokumen ini berisi data-data percobaan budidaya tanaman bedeng dengan memberikan perlakuan pupuk dan perawatan tertentu. Terdapat informasi mengenai jadwal kegiatan budidaya, pertumbuhan tanaman, hasil panen, dan perbandingan antara tanaman kontrol dan tanaman perlakuan. Tanaman yang diberi perlakuan mengalami pertumbuhan dan hasil panen lebih rendah dibanding tanaman kontrol.
The document lists various locations in Honduras that require painting services, including restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and schools in cities like Piamonte, El Progreso and San Pedro Sula. Services mentioned include general painting, marble washing, textured plastering and iso painting.
The Akkadian Empire was centered in the city of Akkad in Mesopotamia, reaching its height between 2400-2200 BC under King Sargon of Akkad. Sargon conquered surrounding regions and established an empire stretching from the Mediterranean to Persia. However, within 100 years the empire collapsed due to invasion by Gutian tribes from the northeast as the region experienced a severe drought.
The document provides information on the early history and development of Chinese civilization. It discusses:
- Early settlements along the Yellow River valley which experienced flooding issues requiring dike construction.
- The Yangshao and Longshan cultures from 5000-2000 BC that engaged in farming, fishing, and developed black pottery and early writing.
- The first dynasty, the Shang, established the dynastic system of hereditary rule beginning around 1500 BC.
- The Qin dynasty in the 200s BC that first unified China under one ruler, Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who standardized laws, script, and built the Great Wall and Terracotta Army tomb to protect his empire and guard him in
The Assyrian Empire originated in northern Mesopotamia and by 900 BCE had established a vast empire across the ancient Near East through effective military force. The Assyrians were the first major military power, inventing many weapons and strategies still used today. Military service was mandatory in their society. Assyrian kings derived divine power from gods and built grand palaces decorated with reliefs depicting ceremonies, conquests, and royal lion hunts to demonstrate their strength and rule. The last great Near Eastern kingdom before interaction with Greece and Rome was the Persian Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE.
This document is the draft of a historical overview of Ghazni and its surrounding region, prepared as a frame of a UNESCO sponsored exhibition to take place in Summer 2010 in Kabul, at the National Museum of Afghanistan. It will serve as a basis for explanatory panels and other information to the public on that occasion. It is based on quotes from classic and modern authors.
The Silk Road was an overland trade route from 300 BCE to 1100 CE that linked China to the Mediterranean world through Central Asia. It allowed for regular large-scale trade between China and Western regions, with China exporting silk and importing goods from Western regions like spices, glass, and other materials. The Silk Road played a major role in cultural exchange by spreading religions, technologies, and other innovations between East and West.
This document outlines the course description, objectives, evaluation criteria, schedule, and policies for a course on the visual arts today. The course will introduce students to contemporary visual culture and examine avant-garde modern movements and the impact of new technologies through a historical context. Students will be evaluated based on discussion posts, weekly submissions, and four examinations. The schedule provides the reading materials and due dates for 15 weeks of lessons and assignments. Academic honesty and computer use policies are also defined.
Biologi Terapan - Laporan Perbedaan Pengaruh Bahan Tanam Terhadap Produktivi...21 Memento
Dokumen ini berisi data-data percobaan budidaya tanaman bedeng dengan memberikan perlakuan pupuk dan perawatan tertentu. Terdapat informasi mengenai jadwal kegiatan budidaya, pertumbuhan tanaman, hasil panen, dan perbandingan antara tanaman kontrol dan tanaman perlakuan. Tanaman yang diberi perlakuan mengalami pertumbuhan dan hasil panen lebih rendah dibanding tanaman kontrol.
The document lists various locations in Honduras that require painting services, including restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and schools in cities like Piamonte, El Progreso and San Pedro Sula. Services mentioned include general painting, marble washing, textured plastering and iso painting.
This document appears to be a questionnaire containing 27 questions about a person's ideas, values, and perspectives. The questions cover topics like what constitutes perfect happiness, greatest fears, most admired living person, favorite journeys, biggest achievements, and how one would like to die. The person taking the questionnaire is asked to answer each question in a complete sentence.
The document discusses Vinci Solutions and the services and products it offers, including ERP solutions using SAP. It provides information on how SAP can benefit smaller companies by offering standardized, integrated solutions that allow for growth. The document also outlines key SAP features such as procurement to payment integration, multi-currency and multi-company support, and enterprise consolidation and monitoring capabilities.
Ruolo dello stress ossidativo nei vari stadi della psoriasiCreAgri Europe
1) The study examined oxidative stress in patients with mild, moderate, and severe psoriasis by measuring markers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity.
2) It found that levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher in psoriasis patients and increased with disease severity. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly lower in patients.
3) The results suggest that increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased antioxidant defenses may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of psoriasis. Managing oxidative stress could be a potential strategy for treating psoriasis.
This document provides an overview of Mycenaean and Archaic Greek art from around 2750 BCE to 480 BCE. It summarizes the rise and fall of the Mycenaean civilization between 3000 BCE and 1150 BCE, including their citadels, art, and influence from Minoan Crete. It also describes the Archaic period after 1200 BCE, featuring the development of kouros sculptures, black-figure and red-figure pottery styles, and pre-Socratic philosophers questioning reality.
This document summarizes Jeremy Rosenberg's 15 years of experience managing identity and account provisioning at Simon Fraser University. It outlines the challenges faced at each stage of development, from integrating data between systems in the early 1990s to adopting new standards like LDAP, CAS, and Shibboleth over time. Key lessons learned include the importance of clean data, enabling business users, adopting open standards, staying ahead of technology curves, and taking ownership of identity management across the entire organization.
PPT ini dibuat oleh Riksa Rizki Zetta Adeli dan tim.
Di dalamnya, terdapat hal-hal berikut.
- Pengertian Program Kegiatan
- Pengertian Proposal
- Pengertian dari masing-masing bagian Proposal
diolah dari berbagai sumber. Semoga dapat bermanfaat.
http://facebook.com/rrza28
http://twiter.com/risarizi
http://noonecanfly.blogspot.com
This document contains a Proust Questionnaire with 27 questions about various personal topics. It was created by Professor Will Adams for his Greek & Roman Humanities class, which meets on Wednesdays from 3:00-5:45 PM in Building 2, Room 232 at the Osceola Campus of Valencia College. A blog with additional class information can be found at Hum2220-300.blogspot.com.
Background singers provide backup vocals for other artists on recordings and live performances. They must be able to learn songs quickly, harmonize with new groups, and switch between different musical styles in a single day. Pay varies depending on the type and length of work but successful background singers can earn over $100,000 per year. There are many opportunities for background singers, though breaking into work with famous artists is difficult and requires passing auditions with bands and agents. Formal education is not required but some background singers obtain degrees or training to improve their skills and have alternatives if their music career does not work out.
TAR syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the absence of the radius bone in the forearm and very low platelet counts. It affects males and females equally and is estimated to occur in 1 in 250,000 births. Symptoms include bruising and bleeding due to low platelet levels, as well as potential heart, kidney, or joint problems. Diagnosis involves x-rays and blood tests at birth. Treatment focuses on managing bleeding episodes through platelet transfusions and splinting to improve arm function.
Jordi describes their daily routine in 30 minute increments, starting with waking up at 7:30 AM, having breakfast at 8:00 AM, and brushing their teeth at 8:20 AM before going to school at 8:30 AM. They have lunch at 2:15 PM, do homework at 6:00 PM, take a shower at 7:30 PM, eat dinner at 8:30 PM, and go to bed at 9:30 PM.
This course is a survey of art history from the Paleolithic era through the Proto-Renaissance period. Students will analyze paintings, sculptures, and architecture and their relationship to contemporary societies. The course requires writing assignments and has various assessments including quizzes, exams, projects, and journal entries. Students will be evaluated on attendance, participation, quizzes, written assignments, a research project, and exams. The syllabus outlines the schedule, assignments, policies, and resources for the course.
This document contains a Proust Questionnaire, which is a list of 27 questions asking for personal reflections on topics like happiness, fears, role models, regrets, loves, and ideals. The questionnaire is intended for a student to answer as part of a class on mythology in art and literature taught by Professor Will Adams at Osceola Campus, room 233 on Mondays and Wednesdays from 1:30 to 2:45 PM.
Opportunity Execution Project - Career Mentor OnlineCharles Sun
Career Mentor Online is a platform that provides career consulting services to job seekers through online mentors. It aims to address gaps in career guidance for graduates by offering customized services like resume reviews, interview practice, and industry-specific career path planning. The document outlines Career Mentor Online's business model, which involves acquiring mentors and students as customers, developing online tools and content, and partnering with universities and companies for promotion and recruitment. It also discusses initial marketing strategies like social media promotion and campus events to acquire customers cost-effectively.
Errol Morris is an American documentary filmmaker known for his inquisitive nature and unconventional filmmaking style. Some of his most notable films include The Thin Blue Line, which helped exonerate a wrongfully convicted man, and Standard Operating Procedure about abuses at Abu Ghraib prison. Morris has also written extensively about photography and its relationship to truth. He is considered one of the most important documentary filmmakers working today due to his unique ability to explore complex subjects through first-hand interviews and unconventional storytelling techniques.
This document discusses different tenses in English:
- The simple present tense is used to describe habitual activities. It uses verbs without suffixes.
- The simple past tense uses verbs with suffixes like -ed to talk about activities that happened in the past. Adverbs of time are used to indicate when.
- The future tense uses the modal verb "will" along with verbs to talk about activities that will happen in the future. Adverbs of time are also used to discuss future events.
ARH2050 What the Water Gave Us - Art Of The Ancient Near East.pdfProfWillAdams
The Sumerians established the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE. They built complex cities, developed specialized jobs and social institutions like government and religion. Important innovations included the wheel, plow, and writing system. Sumerian cities like Uruk and Ur had surrounding agricultural fields and were governed as independent city-states. Ziggurats were large stepped temples built throughout Sumer. The Akkadians later conquered the Sumerian city-states and formed the world's first empire under King Sargon I around 2350 BCE. Later, the Babylonians ruled the region and King Hammurabi introduced a standardized law code in 1792 BCE.
The document summarizes ancient Near Eastern history from the earliest permanent settlements like Jericho in 8000 BCE to the rise and fall of empires like Assyria, Babylon, and Persia. It describes the development of agriculture, cities, writing, and art in Mesopotamia. Key points include the invention of cuneiform writing in Sumerian cities like Uruk in 3500 BCE, Hammurabi's law code in Babylon in 1780 BCE, and the impressive architecture at sites like Persepolis built by the Persians in 515 BCE.
This document appears to be a questionnaire containing 27 questions about a person's ideas, values, and perspectives. The questions cover topics like what constitutes perfect happiness, greatest fears, most admired living person, favorite journeys, biggest achievements, and how one would like to die. The person taking the questionnaire is asked to answer each question in a complete sentence.
The document discusses Vinci Solutions and the services and products it offers, including ERP solutions using SAP. It provides information on how SAP can benefit smaller companies by offering standardized, integrated solutions that allow for growth. The document also outlines key SAP features such as procurement to payment integration, multi-currency and multi-company support, and enterprise consolidation and monitoring capabilities.
Ruolo dello stress ossidativo nei vari stadi della psoriasiCreAgri Europe
1) The study examined oxidative stress in patients with mild, moderate, and severe psoriasis by measuring markers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity.
2) It found that levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher in psoriasis patients and increased with disease severity. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly lower in patients.
3) The results suggest that increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased antioxidant defenses may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of psoriasis. Managing oxidative stress could be a potential strategy for treating psoriasis.
This document provides an overview of Mycenaean and Archaic Greek art from around 2750 BCE to 480 BCE. It summarizes the rise and fall of the Mycenaean civilization between 3000 BCE and 1150 BCE, including their citadels, art, and influence from Minoan Crete. It also describes the Archaic period after 1200 BCE, featuring the development of kouros sculptures, black-figure and red-figure pottery styles, and pre-Socratic philosophers questioning reality.
This document summarizes Jeremy Rosenberg's 15 years of experience managing identity and account provisioning at Simon Fraser University. It outlines the challenges faced at each stage of development, from integrating data between systems in the early 1990s to adopting new standards like LDAP, CAS, and Shibboleth over time. Key lessons learned include the importance of clean data, enabling business users, adopting open standards, staying ahead of technology curves, and taking ownership of identity management across the entire organization.
PPT ini dibuat oleh Riksa Rizki Zetta Adeli dan tim.
Di dalamnya, terdapat hal-hal berikut.
- Pengertian Program Kegiatan
- Pengertian Proposal
- Pengertian dari masing-masing bagian Proposal
diolah dari berbagai sumber. Semoga dapat bermanfaat.
http://facebook.com/rrza28
http://twiter.com/risarizi
http://noonecanfly.blogspot.com
This document contains a Proust Questionnaire with 27 questions about various personal topics. It was created by Professor Will Adams for his Greek & Roman Humanities class, which meets on Wednesdays from 3:00-5:45 PM in Building 2, Room 232 at the Osceola Campus of Valencia College. A blog with additional class information can be found at Hum2220-300.blogspot.com.
Background singers provide backup vocals for other artists on recordings and live performances. They must be able to learn songs quickly, harmonize with new groups, and switch between different musical styles in a single day. Pay varies depending on the type and length of work but successful background singers can earn over $100,000 per year. There are many opportunities for background singers, though breaking into work with famous artists is difficult and requires passing auditions with bands and agents. Formal education is not required but some background singers obtain degrees or training to improve their skills and have alternatives if their music career does not work out.
TAR syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the absence of the radius bone in the forearm and very low platelet counts. It affects males and females equally and is estimated to occur in 1 in 250,000 births. Symptoms include bruising and bleeding due to low platelet levels, as well as potential heart, kidney, or joint problems. Diagnosis involves x-rays and blood tests at birth. Treatment focuses on managing bleeding episodes through platelet transfusions and splinting to improve arm function.
Jordi describes their daily routine in 30 minute increments, starting with waking up at 7:30 AM, having breakfast at 8:00 AM, and brushing their teeth at 8:20 AM before going to school at 8:30 AM. They have lunch at 2:15 PM, do homework at 6:00 PM, take a shower at 7:30 PM, eat dinner at 8:30 PM, and go to bed at 9:30 PM.
This course is a survey of art history from the Paleolithic era through the Proto-Renaissance period. Students will analyze paintings, sculptures, and architecture and their relationship to contemporary societies. The course requires writing assignments and has various assessments including quizzes, exams, projects, and journal entries. Students will be evaluated on attendance, participation, quizzes, written assignments, a research project, and exams. The syllabus outlines the schedule, assignments, policies, and resources for the course.
This document contains a Proust Questionnaire, which is a list of 27 questions asking for personal reflections on topics like happiness, fears, role models, regrets, loves, and ideals. The questionnaire is intended for a student to answer as part of a class on mythology in art and literature taught by Professor Will Adams at Osceola Campus, room 233 on Mondays and Wednesdays from 1:30 to 2:45 PM.
Opportunity Execution Project - Career Mentor OnlineCharles Sun
Career Mentor Online is a platform that provides career consulting services to job seekers through online mentors. It aims to address gaps in career guidance for graduates by offering customized services like resume reviews, interview practice, and industry-specific career path planning. The document outlines Career Mentor Online's business model, which involves acquiring mentors and students as customers, developing online tools and content, and partnering with universities and companies for promotion and recruitment. It also discusses initial marketing strategies like social media promotion and campus events to acquire customers cost-effectively.
Errol Morris is an American documentary filmmaker known for his inquisitive nature and unconventional filmmaking style. Some of his most notable films include The Thin Blue Line, which helped exonerate a wrongfully convicted man, and Standard Operating Procedure about abuses at Abu Ghraib prison. Morris has also written extensively about photography and its relationship to truth. He is considered one of the most important documentary filmmakers working today due to his unique ability to explore complex subjects through first-hand interviews and unconventional storytelling techniques.
This document discusses different tenses in English:
- The simple present tense is used to describe habitual activities. It uses verbs without suffixes.
- The simple past tense uses verbs with suffixes like -ed to talk about activities that happened in the past. Adverbs of time are used to indicate when.
- The future tense uses the modal verb "will" along with verbs to talk about activities that will happen in the future. Adverbs of time are also used to discuss future events.
ARH2050 What the Water Gave Us - Art Of The Ancient Near East.pdfProfWillAdams
The Sumerians established the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE. They built complex cities, developed specialized jobs and social institutions like government and religion. Important innovations included the wheel, plow, and writing system. Sumerian cities like Uruk and Ur had surrounding agricultural fields and were governed as independent city-states. Ziggurats were large stepped temples built throughout Sumer. The Akkadians later conquered the Sumerian city-states and formed the world's first empire under King Sargon I around 2350 BCE. Later, the Babylonians ruled the region and King Hammurabi introduced a standardized law code in 1792 BCE.
The document summarizes ancient Near Eastern history from the earliest permanent settlements like Jericho in 8000 BCE to the rise and fall of empires like Assyria, Babylon, and Persia. It describes the development of agriculture, cities, writing, and art in Mesopotamia. Key points include the invention of cuneiform writing in Sumerian cities like Uruk in 3500 BCE, Hammurabi's law code in Babylon in 1780 BCE, and the impressive architecture at sites like Persepolis built by the Persians in 515 BCE.
The document summarizes the history and development of civilization in Mesopotamia from 4500 BC to 331 BC. It describes how agriculture led to urban planning and the rise of early Sumerian city-states with ziggurats and the development of cuneiform writing. It then discusses subsequent Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian empires, highlighting Hammurabi's code of laws. The Persian Empire conquered the region in 539 BC and constructed monumental sites like Persepolis with large columned halls.
The document provides an overview of ancient Sumerian art and civilization. It discusses how the Sumerians established the first cities in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 3200 BCE. They developed irrigation, writing, and many other innovations that defined early civilization. Sumerian art included monumental architecture like ziggurats, sculptures of gods and worshippers, and the Standard of Ur with intricate mosaic scenes of war and peace. However, the Sumerian civilization declined when they were conquered by the Akkadian Empire in 2350 BCE.
This document provides an overview of ancient art from the Near East region, known as Mesopotamia, between 6000 BCE and 500 BCE. It summarizes the major cultures and developments, including the origins of agriculture in Sumer along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Key contributions of the Sumerians included the earliest writing system of cuneiform pressed into clay tablets, as well as advances in architecture like ziggurats, metallurgy, and urban living. Later empires like Assyria and Babylon continued cultural and artistic traditions in Mesopotamia until the rise of the Persian Empire in 500 BCE.
The document provides an overview of prehistoric cultures from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era. It discusses early cave paintings from 15,000-10,000 BCE found in France and their possible purposes. It also describes the transition to farming and domestication during the Neolithic, with rock paintings from Algeria depicting herding. Various artifacts are mentioned like figurines, pottery, and architecture from cultures across Europe, Africa, and Asia during this time period.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian cultures and art from 3500 BCE to 331 BCE, including the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Assyrian, and Persian empires.
- It describes some of the key innovations and developments in this region, such as the first writing system of cuneiform, the building of ziggurats, and advances in sculpture, painting, and architecture using materials like mud bricks, stone, and glazed tiles.
- Several important works of ancient Mesopotamian art are highlighted, including the Standard of Ur, sculptures from Tell Asmar, the Stele of Naram-Sin,
Archeologists estimate that in ancient hunter-gatherer societies, gathering provided 75-80% of calories while hunting provided the remainder. Women usually did most of the gathering while men specialized in hunting. In the Near East, wild cereal grasses like wheat and barley were major food sources that were gradually domesticated. Agriculture developed as a way to more effectively exploit and modify the environment, altering both domesticated plants and animals and ultimately changing the landscape. Writing originated from tokens used to record trade and transactions which evolved into the cuneiform script first used by Sumerian scribes around 3300 BC.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. It was the site of some of the earliest civilizations, where writing, cities, laws, agriculture, and other early advances were developed. Over thousands of years, various groups including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians dominated the region. Mesopotamian art evolved from early sculpting and painting by the Sumerians to the monumental stone reliefs depicting royal power and conquest under later empires like Assyria and Babylon.
The document provides background information on early civilizations that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It discusses the Sumerian civilization that emerged around 3500 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. It also describes how later empires like the Akkadians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians and Chaldeans conquered and united the region at different points in history. The document highlights the civilizations' advances in irrigation, writing systems, legal codes, and religious practices that influenced later societies in the region.
Nestled between two rivers, the world's first major city sprang up in a fertile region called Mesopotamia.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Mesopotamia was the site of some of the earliest civilizations due to its fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Natural levees along the rivers allowed for irrigation, farming, and the establishment of cities like Ur and Babylon. Sumerians developed systems of governance, religion, trade, mathematics, and the earliest form of writing called cuneiform to record their achievements, laying the foundations for later civilizations.
The document provides information on the political history of the Akkadians. It discusses how the Akkadian Empire arose around 2350 BCE under the rule of Sargon of Akkad, with the capital at Agade. The empire flourished until around 2193 BCE and extended over Mesopotamia. It introduced Akkadian language and culture. Key Akkadian rulers like Sargon, Rimush, Manishtusu and Naram-Sin expanded the empire through military conquests but it eventually fell to invasions by the Gutians and Amorites.
Chapter 1 cave paintings to egyptians(final)Karen Owens
This document provides an overview of prehistoric cultures from the Paleolithic era through ancient civilizations. It describes the major developments in tools, art, architecture, religion, and systems of writing that occurred from approximately 6 million BCE through 1500 BCE across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Key events mentioned include the earliest cave paintings from France dated to 15,000-10,000 BCE, the emergence of agriculture in the Neolithic era, structures like Stonehenge and Ziggurats, early legal codes like Hammurabi's, and the rise of ancient empires in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
The document summarizes several ancient civilizations in the Aegean region:
- The Cycladic civilization created small marble figurines between 3200-2000 BC that were likely used in funerary rituals.
- The Minoan civilization reached its peak around 2100 BC on Crete and is known for its elaborate palace at Knossos. Wall paintings from the palace depicted acrobatic bull leaping rituals.
- The Mycenaean civilization dominated from around 1500 BC, adopting the Minoan Linear A script and burying nobles in beehive tombs with treasures. They built citadels like Mycenae protected by monumental gates.
AT 1000_Lecture 3 Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia.pptxChristosA1
Mesopotamia was home to some of the earliest civilizations including Sumer and Akkad. Sumer developed writing, city-states, and advances in agriculture. Later, Akkadian rulers like Sargon centralized political power in the region. Important sites include Ur, where artifacts like the Standard of Ur were discovered, and Babylon, where Hammurabi established his law code. Assyria grew powerful under rulers like Ashurnasirpal II, while Persia later dominated the region under Cyrus the Great and structures were built like the Apadana at Persepolis.
Petra is an ancient Nabataean city located in western Jordan, known for its massive red sandstone facades carved into rock formations. The city was inhabited as early as 1200 BCE and was an important trading center due to its location along major trade routes. Key sites visited in Petra included the Siq, Khaznat el-Faroun (Treasury), various tombs with Egyptian, Greek, Nabataean, Assyrian, and Roman influences, caves where Bedouins once lived, and channels that brought water from a spring into the city.
The document provides information on early civilizations that developed in the Fertile Crescent region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, known as Mesopotamia. It discusses the advantages of the region for agriculture due to annual flooding depositing fertile silt. Early settlers developed irrigation systems and built cities with walls to control floods and access water. The Sumerians established independent city-states each with their own government and gods around 3000 BC. They developed writing, the wheel, plow, and use of bronze. Later empires like the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians conquered the region and adopted elements of Sumerian culture, with the Persians eventually controlling a
The document provides background information on Mesopotamia. It describes Mesopotamia as the earliest civilization known as the "Cradle of Civilization", located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. It summarizes that the Sumerians who lived in southern Mesopotamia were the first to develop systems of writing, mathematics, wheeled vehicles, and metalworking. The document also briefly outlines the major peoples and empires that arose and fell in Mesopotamia over 3000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians.
Similar to ART1204 Art of the Ancient Near East (20)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which can help alleviate feelings of stress or sadness.
This course provides a survey of art history from prehistoric times through the Proto-Renaissance period, with a focus on visual analysis and the relationship between artists and society. Students will identify and analyze works of art, place them in historical context, and expand their art vocabulary. The course requires multiple writing assignments, discussions, and a research project. Students will be evaluated based on their participation in discussions, assignments, reading quizzes, and a final research paper. The class will cover various periods and regions, including the Stone Age, Ancient Near East, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and Medieval Europe.
This course is an introduction to contemporary visual culture and its historical roots. It will examine modern art movements and the impact of new technologies on art. Topics include international exhibitions, art and popular culture, and the relationship between images and words. Students will learn to identify artworks by style, artist, period and medium, and place them in social and historical context. Evaluation will be based on class participation, assignments, quizzes, a final exam, and a reaction paper about a cultural event. The course meets on Thursdays and includes lectures, activities, and assignments.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides information on citing sources for research papers using MLA (Modern Language Association) style. It discusses the three main parts of MLA citation: 1) quoting and paraphrasing information from sources, 2) providing in-text citations for quoted or paraphrased information, and 3) creating a Works Cited page listing all sources. Examples are given for different source types like books, websites, videos, and more.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and creating references in APA style. It discusses paraphrasing and quoting information from other sources to avoid plagiarism. For paraphrasing, the ideas must be restated in your own words and cited. Quotes under 40 words are placed in the text in quotation marks, while longer quotes are formatted as block quotes. Both require in-text citations of the author and year. The reference page lists all cited sources alphabetically with formatting depending on whether it is a book, journal article, website or other source.
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3. -"&%?98#2$%70%(&7@'#8"A,
v The first true civilization,
Sumer, was discovered in
Mesopotamia, which means
“land between the rivers.”
v The Fertile Crescent is an arc of
land stretching from the
Mediterranean Sea to the
Persian Gulf, spanned by the
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers, which
yielded rich soil and abundant
crops.
v The first Sumerian cities
emerged in southern
Mesopotamia around 3,200
B.C.
4. !"A%!#+%BC9&'3#%$"&%D3'+$%
E3)3;3F#$371G,
v The Sumerians defined what constitutes a “civilization” today:
1. They built complex, advanced cities.
2. They employed specialized workers.
3. They designed complex social institutions, like centralized
government & religion.
4. They began the first system of record-keeping or writing
(cuneiform), which allowed history and literature to develop.
5. They developed advanced technologies like the wheel, sail, & plow.
6. They mastered agriculture, allowing them to create a surplus of
food, which led to trade.
7. Trade led to contact with outside cities and societies.
8. That ultimately led to cultural diffusion: the process of a new idea
or product spreading from one culture to another.
5. 5#';A%B7;C$371+%$7%H'7=;&9+,
v Food: By 5000 B.C.E.,
Mesopotamian resources were
running out, so people
moved to the plains &
established Sumerian city-
states.
v Protection: Sumerians built
city walls using mud bricks to
keep out enemies.
v To get natural resources,
Sumerians traded their grain,
cloth, and crafted tools for
the stone, wood, & metal
they needed.
6. -"&%E3$AIB$#$&+%70%BC9&',
v Recognizable cities first
arose around 3,000 B.C.
v The first cities were Eridu,
Ur, & Uruk.
v Each city was surrounded
by barley and wheat fields.
v As cities grew, so did their
control of the surrounding
land.
v These large, city-governed
areas are called city-states.
7. -"&%BC9&'3#1%E3$A+2#8&+,
v Sumerian city-states were
surrounded by sun-dried
brick walls with gates.
v Within the walls were
inhabitants’ houses & large
government buildings (also
mud brick).
v Each city-state shared a
similar culture & history with
the others, but each had a
different government.
v There was no Sumerian
“nation”.
8. -"&%BC9&'3#1%H#1$"&71,
v Sumerians believed that gods lived
on distant mountaintops & each god
had control of certain things.
v Each city was ruled by a different
god.
v The most revered Sumerian deities
were:
§ Enlil (supreme god & god of air)
§ Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)
§ An (god of heaven)
§ Enki (god of water &
underworld)
§ Shamash (god of sun and giver
of law)
9. -"&%67C1$#31+%70%(7<,
v Ziggurats were built of many
layers of mud bricks in the
shape of a tiered pyramid.
v The mountain shape was
powerful because of the
rivers’ constant flooding &
the belief that the gods
resided on mountaintops.
v The cella (chapel) at the top
served as the god’s home &
was beautifully decorated.
v Inside was a room for
offerings of food & goods.
v One of the largest ziggurats
ever built was the Ziggurat
at Ur, built c. 2,100 B.C.E.
11. -"&%!"3$&%-&98;&%.$%*'CJ,
v The Sumerians built towering
stepped platforms of mud bricks
called ziggurats, with a temple on
the summit.
v Usually only the foundations of
early Mesopotamian temples can
be recognized.
v The White Temple is a rare
exception.
v The White Temple at Uruk was
dedicated to Anu, the sky god.
v It has a central hall (cella) with a
stepped altar where the Sumerian
priests would await the
apparition of the deity.
12. v White Temple and
Ziggurat
v Uruk (Modern
Warka), Iraq
v ca. 3,200-3,000
B.C.E.
v Mud brick
13. -"&%!"3$&%-&98;&%.$%*'CJ
v The remains in the photograph were
once the base for Uruk’s White
Temple.
v Rising 40 feet above ground level,
the ziggurat would have lifted the
temple above the city’s fortification
wall, supposedly constructed on the
orders of Gilgamesh, the eponymous
protagonist of the epic tale and
legendary king of ancient Uruk
(reigned ca. 2700 BCE).
v The grandeur of monuments like this
one, as well as their ubiquity &
centrality, suggests the profound role
that religion played in the earliest
urban experiences.
14. -"&%K&#<%/0%?1#11#,
v Female Head (Possibly Inanna)
v From Uruk (Modern Warka),
Iraq
v ca. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E.
v Marble
v A marble & gold portrait
sculpture of Inanna, goddess of
the moon.
v The piece is a life-like head of a
woman carved from imported
white marble
v Originally, she had inlaid eyes
& eyebrows, & other
attachments such as a wig,
probably woven of gold leaf.
15. -"&%!#'J#%L#+&,
v Warka Vase
v Uruk (Modern Warka) Iraq
v ca. 3,200-3,000 B.C.E.
v Alabaster
v In this oldest known
example of Sumerian
narrative art, the sculptor
divided the tall stone vase's
reliefs into registers, a
significant break with the
haphazard figure placement
found in earlier art.
16. -"&%!#'J#%L#+&
v The vase is divided into
3 registers, showing:
v Rows of plants & sheep
v Nude males carrying
baskets or jars
v A ceremonial scene, in
which the ruler of Uruk
delivers provisions to the
temple of Inanna, & a
woman (probably her
priestess)
17. BC9&'3#1%L7$3)&%B$#$C&+,
v Statuettes of Worhippers
v Eshnunna (Modern Tell
Asmar), Iraq
v ca. 2,700 B.C.E.
v Gypsum, shell, black limestone
v The Statuettes show standing
men & women of varying size
with large eyes & tiny hands
clasped in a gesture of prayer
or holding small beakers.
v The beakers were used to pour
libations in honor of the gods.
18. -"&%B$#1<#'<%/0%*',
v Standard of Ur
v Royal Cemetery Ur (Modern
Tell Muqayyar) Iraq
v ca. 2,600 B.C.E.
v Wood, shell, lapis lazuli, red
limestone
v The spoils of war as well as
farming & trade brought
considerable wealth to some of
the city-states of ancient Sumer.
v Using a mosaic-like technique,
this Sumerian artist depicted a
battlefield victory in three
registers.
20. -"&%B$#1<#'<%/0%*':%!#'%B3<&
v The War side shows the defeat of
some unknown enemy.
v At the bottom, war carts, drawn by
donkeys race from left to right,
trampling naked enemy soldiers.
v The second register shows a phalanx
of armed soldiers on the left, while
on the right soldiers dispatch some
captives & lead others away.
v The top register shows the ruler, his
height exceeding the border of the
field, facing right.
v Behind him, his cart is drawn by
four donkeys alongside his
attendants.
v In front of him, soldiers parade nude
and bound prisoners.
22. -"&%B$#1<#'<%/0%*':%H&%B3<&
v The Standard’s Peace side has a
completely different theme from
the War side.
v Its two lower registers illustrate
the bounty of the land.
v The bottom one depicts men
carrying produce on their
shoulders & in backpacks
supported by headbands, as well
as men leading donkeys by
ropes.
v The second register shows men
leading bulls & goats & carrying
fish, presumably the produce of
the pastures, rivers, and swamps.
23. -"&%B$#1<#'<%/0%*':%H&%B3<&
v The upper register depicts a
royal banquet. The ruler,
wearing a wool kilt, is
shown larger in scale than
the others.
v The other banqueters, who
wear plain kilts, face him &
raise their cups together
while attendants provide
food & drink.
v Banqueting in
Mesopotamia usually
involved music.
v A lyre player & singer stand
to the right of the scene.
24. -"&%MC;;IK&#<&<%NA'&,
v Bull-Headed Lyre
v Royal Cemetery Ur (modern Tell
Muqayyar)
v ca. 2,600 B.C.E.
v Wood, gold leaf, lapis lazuli
v The people buried at the Royal
Cemetery were members of the elite
classes, who held ritual or managerial
roles in the temples or palaces at Ur.
v Lyres or harps were found in several of
the royal tombs. Some of these lyres
held inlays of feasting scenes.
v One of the bodies buried in the Royal
Cemetery was draped over a lyre like
this one, the bones of her hands
placed on what would have been the
strings.
25. -"&%MC;;IK&#<&<%NA'&
v The panels on the front of
the lyre represent:
v A scorpion man and a
gazelle serving drinks
v An ass playing a bull lyre
v A bear possibly dancing
v A fox or jackal carrying a
sistrum and drum
v A dog carrying a table of
butchered meat
v A lion with a vase and
pouring vessel
v A man wearing a belt
handling a pair of human-
headed bulls.
26. !"#$%M&2#9&%70%$"&%
BC9&'3#1+G,
v They were conquered by the
Akkadians, a Semitic (Arabic)
people.
v In 2350 B.C.E., the Akkadians
swept into the Fertile
Crescent, led by Sargon the
Great (King Sargon I).
v They conquered & assimilated
the Sumerians, thus creating
the world’s first empire.
v An empire is a large political
unit or state under a single
leadership, that controls large
areas of conquered and native
territory.
28. -"&%K&#<%/0%B#'@71%?,
v Head of an Akkadian Ruler
(Sargon I?)
v Nineveh (Modern Kuyunjik)
Iraq
v ca. 2,250-2,200 B.C.E.
v Copper
v The piece is a life-size,
hollow-cast copper head
with inlaid eyes (now lost) &
a curly beard, which shows a
high level of skill in
Akkadian metalworking.
29. -"&%L32$7'A%B$&;&%/0%4#'#9IB31,
v Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
v Susa, Iran
v ca. 2,254-2,218 B.C.E.
v Sandstone
v Naram-Sin was Sargon's grandson.
v The god-like Akkadian kings ruled
with absolute authority.
v Naram-Sin's title was "King of the
Four Quarters" meaning "Ruler of
the World."
v This stele, carved in relief,
commemorates the victory of the
king & his army in the wooded
Iranian mountains.
31. 4&7IBC9&'3#1%.'$,
v When Akkadian
domination ended,
Sumerian culture was
revived.
v The new Sumerian kings
built a huge stepped
ziggurats with long ramp-
like stairways at the royal
city of Ur.
v The Neo-Sumerian ruler
Gudea had numerous
statues carved in his
image.
32. -"&%O3@@C'#$%.$%*',
v Ziggurat
v Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar)
v Iraq
v ca. 2,100 B.C.E.
v Mud brick
v One of the largest & best-
preserved ziggurats is the
great Ziggurat at Ur.
v It has three ramp-like
stairways of a hundred steps
each that originally ended at a
gateway to a brick temple.
33. -"&%O3@@C'#$%.$%*'
v Then a single staircase led up to
a second terrace, which
supported a platform on which
a temple and the final & highest
terrace stood.
v The Ziggurat at Ur and the
temple on its top were built
around 2100 B.C.E. for the
moon goddess Inanna, patron
goddess of the city-state.
v The core of the ziggurat was
made of mud brick, covered
with baked bricks laid with
bitumen, a naturally occurring
tar.
34. -"&%O3@@C'#$%.$%*'
v Each of the baked bricks
measured about 11.5 x 11.5 x
2.75 inches & weighed as
much as 33 lbs.
v The lower portion of the
ziggurat, which supported
the first terrace, would have
used 720,000 baked bricks
alone.
v The resources needed to
build the Ziggurat at Ur are
staggering.
35. -"&%O3@@C'#$%.$%*'
v The most important part
of the Ziggurat at Ur was
the Inanna temple at its
top, but this does not
survive, although some
blue glazed bricks have
been found.
v The surviving lower parts
of the ziggurat include
amazing details of
engineering & design.
36. -"&%O3@@C'#$%.$%*'
v For instance, because the core
of the temple was unbaked
mud brick, which would,
according to season, be more
or less damp, the architects
included holes through the
baked exterior layer of the
temple that allowed water to
evaporate from its core.
v Additionally, drains were
built into the ziggurat’s
terraces to carry away the
winter rains.
37. -"&%B&#$&<%B$#$C&%/0%(C<&#,
v Seated Statue of Gudea
(Holding Temple Plan)
v Girsu (Modern Telloh),
Iraq
v ca. 2,100 B.C.E.
v Diorite
v The most conspicuous,
preserved sculptural
monuments of the Neo-
Sumerian age portray the
ensi of Lagash, Gudea.
39. MC$%-"&1%!"#$%K#88&1&<G,
v In 1792 B.C.E., the
Akkadian empire was
absorbed into a new
empire centralized in the
city of Babylon.
v The Babylonians were led
by their King Hammurabi.
v As leader of the newly-
minted Babylonian
Empire, Hammurabi
introduced a standardized
law code and promoted
the use of a single
language empire-wide.
40. %-"&%E7<&%70%K#99C'#=3
v Stele With Code of Hammurabi
v Susa, Iran
v ca. 1,780 B.C.E.
v Basalt
v A stone pillar features a relief
carving at the top & text
inscribed below.
v The stele that records
Hammurabi's remarkably early
law code also is one the of the
first examples of an artist
employing foreshortening – the
representation of a figure or
object at an outward angle.
41. -"&%BC9&'3#1%!'3$31@%BA+$&9,
v Over five thousand
years ago, people living
in Mesopotamia
developed a form of
writing to record and
communicate different
types of information.
v The earliest writing was
based on pictograms.
v Pictograms were used
to communicate basic
information about
crops and taxes.
42. EC1&307'9%?+%?1)&1$&<,
v Over time, the need for
writing changed & the signs
developed into a script we
call cuneiform.
v Over thousands of years,
Mesopotamian scribes
recorded daily events,
trade, astronomy, &
literature on clay tablets.
v Cuneiform was used by
people throughout the
ancient Near East to write
several different languages.
43. EC1&307'9%#1<%.@'32C;$C'&,
v Around 3100 BCE,
people began to
record amounts of
different crops.
v Barley was one of the
most important crops
in southern
Mesopotamia and
when it was first
drawn it looked like
this.
44. A reed stylus was the main writing tool used
by Mesopotamian scribes.
45. EC1&307'9%31%6#$C'3$A,
v It is at this point that
the signs became what
we call cuneiform.
v The barley sign had to
be written using several
wedges.
46. B79&%B"30$A%E"#'#2$&'+,
v The Sumerian writing
system during the early
periods was constantly in
flux.
v The original direction of
writing was from top to
bottom, but for reasons
unknown, it changed to
left-to-right very early on
(perhaps around 3000
BCE).
v This also affected the
orientation of the signs by
rotating all of them 90°
counterclockwise.
47. EC1&307'9%P&IQ3+27)&'&<,
v Knowledge of cuneiform was
lost until 1835 AD, when Henry
Rawlinson, an English army
officer, found some inscriptions
on a cliff at Behistun in Persia.
v Carved in the reign of King
Darius of Persia (522-486 BCE),
they consisted of identical texts
in three languages: Old Persian,
Babylonian & Elamite.
v After translating the Persian,
Rawlinson began to decipher the
others.
v By 1851 he could read 200
cuneiform signs.
48. -"&%BC9&'3#1%B2'3=&+,
v Scribes were very important
people. They were trained to
write cuneiform and record many
of the languages spoken in
Mesopotamia.
v Without scribes, letters would not
have been written or read, royal
monuments would not have been
carved with cuneiform, and stories
would have been told and then
forgotten.
v Scribes wrote on different shaped
objects depending on the type of
information they wanted to
record.
49. 5<C==#:%.%BC9&'3#1%B2"77;,
v Literacy was a highly valued
skill.
v Sumerians set up the first
institutions of formal
education that they called
edubbas.
v Education included writing
and mathematics
v Tuition was paid for
education.
v The educated were
privileged elite: government
officials, scribes, etc.
50. 47$&=77J+%BC9&'3#1%B$A;&,
v This is known today as
a curriculum tablet.
v It was used in
Mesopotamian schools
to teach pupils about
the different types of
texts written by scribes.
51. ?1IE;#++%.2$3)3$A,
v As a class, I will divide you into groups.
v Each group will be given a quotation from a
Classical philosopher, written in standardized
cuneiform.
v Using the key projected onto the screen, work
together as a group to translate your quotation.
v One person should act as the “scribe” for the
group, and write out the English version of the
quotation as the other two work to translate it.
v The group that finishes first wins a prize!