This document summarizes an art history lecture that discussed various modern and postmodern artworks from the 1940s-1960s. It provided the titles and dates for works by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, Clyfford Still, Hans Hofmann, Cy Twombly, Morris Louis, Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Ad Reinhardt, Yves Klein, Lucio Fontana, David Smith, Barnett Newman, John Chamberlain, and Mark DiSuvero. Many of the works discussed abstract expressionist, color field, and post-painterly abstraction paintings from this era.

1. ART 315 LECTURE 11
Richard Hamilton, Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes
So Different, So Appealing,
1956
Jasper Johns, Three Flags, 1958
Jasper Johns, Target, 1958
Robert Rauschenberg, Black Market,
1961
Robert Rauschenberg, Axle, 1964
James Rosenquist, Horse Blinders, 1968
Allan Kaprow, Baby, 1957

2. Tom Wesselman, Great American Still Life No. 2, 1961
Roy Lichtenstein, Wham!, 1963
Andy Warhol, Triple Elvis, 1962
Andy Warhol, Silver Disaster, 1963
Andy Warhol, Twenty-Five Colored
Marilyns, 1962
Andy Warhol, Campbell Soup Cans, 1962
Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram, 1955-59
Jasper Johns, Painted Bronze II (Ale Cans), 1964

3. Claes Oldenberg, The Store, 1962
Nam June Paik, Piano Intégral, 1958-59
John Cage, 4’ 33”, 1952
John Cage, 4’ 33”, 1952
John Cage, 4’ 33”, 1952
Allan Kaprow, Yard, 1961
George Maciunas, Flux Kit, 1964
Nam June Paik, Zen for Head, 1962
Joseph Beuys, I Like America and America Likes Me, 1974

4. Conquering the Minefield of
Soft Rogue APs in the Enterprise
A Whitepaper by AirTight Networks
www.airtightnetworks.com
© 2010 AirTight Networks, Inc
2/6
www.airtightnetworks.com
Conquering the Minefield of Soft Rogue APs in the Enterprise
Dr. Hemant Chaskar
Director of Technology, AirTight Networks
Overview
A soft access point (AP) is a laptop or other wireless enabled
device which

5. performs traffic forwarding between its wireless interface and
some other interface
which is connected to the secure network. A soft AP can show
up as rogue access
point on the enterprise network. This can happen inadvertently,
for example, when
an employee has used a company owned laptop as an AP to
share Internet
connection at home and later forgets to disable the sharing. A
soft AP can,
however, be maliciously installed as it is perfect hacker
“solution” to put a rogue AP
on a network while evading wire-side controls such as 802.1x,
NACs and wireside-
only rogue AP scanners.
Recently, soft APs increasingly have been found in enterprise
networks. One main
reason behind this is the ease with which end user devices
enable soft AP
configuration on embedded WiFi interfaces. In most cases, only
couple of clicks is
what it takes to enable soft AP on the end user device. Notably,
while conventional
rogue APs required bringing in unmanaged hardware such as

6. home grade WiFi
router into the enterprise, soft APs are embedded already in the
end user devices.
This paper reviews some of the commonly found ways to
convert WiFi enabled
devices into soft APs. Here Windows OS is used as example,
but similar
configurations can also be done on many end user devices
including the handheld
devices such as PDAs and smart phones. The paper also
suggests what steps you
can take to protect your network from soft AP threats.
© 2010 AirTight Networks, Inc
3/6
www.airtightnetworks.com
Commonly Found Soft AP Configurations
The following are some commonly found soft AP
configurations.
1. Windows Network Bridge:

7. A network bridge can be created between the wired Ethernet
interface and the
wireless WiFi interface of a Windows laptop. If the wired
Ethernet interface is
connected to the enterprise network, the network can be
accessed by intruders
from outside of premises who connect wirelessly to the WiFi
interface. The
intruders will have layer 2 access to the enterprise network.
2. Internet Connection Sharing (ICS):
© 2010 AirTight Networks, Inc
4/6

8. www.airtightnetworks.com
When Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) is enabled on a
Windows laptop, a routing
(NAT) service is created between its wired Ethernet interface
and wireless WiFi
interface. If the wired Ethernet interface is connected to
enterprise network, the
network can be accessed by an intruder from outside of the
premises by wirelessly
connecting to the WiFi interface. The intruder will have layer 3
access to the
enterprise network.
3. Add-on Devices on Laptop:
External devices can be connected to the laptop to turn it into a
soft AP. For
example, USB devices such as Windy31 and PCMCIA cards
such as WP1200, are
available and can act as wireless access points when plugged
into the laptop.
Devices such as Windy31 also come built in with AP software
which auto-installs
when the device is plugged into the laptop. The WiFi AP

9. running on such devices
can bridge or route traffic to the wired network through the
laptop.
Windy31
4. Virtual WiFi Interfaces (Windows 7):
Windows 7 has introduced the virtual WiFi interfaces feature.
This feature enables
a single radio interface on the device to act as multiple WiFi
devices
simultaneously. Software tools such as “connectify” are
available to enable both
client and AP simultaneously on the radio interface of the
Windows 7 laptop. If
such radio interface is connected to enterprise network as
authorized corporate
© 2010 AirTight Networks, Inc
5/6
www.airtightnetworks.com
WiFi client, unauthorized users from outside of the premises

10. can connect to the AP
operating on the same radio interface and then access the
enterprise network.
Soft APs on Handheld Devices
The virtual interfaces mark a significant development as they
extend soft AP threat
from laptops to handheld devices. The handheld devices
typically do not have
wired Ethernet interface, so the first three methods are
generally not applicable to
them. However, with the advent of virtual interfaces, it is now
possible to use a
WiFi radio in the handheld device to simultaneously act as
authorized corporate
WiFi client and unauthorized soft WiFi AP.

11. © 2010 AirTight Networks, Inc
6/6
www.airtightnetworks.com
Protection from Soft APs
Since it is so easy to convert end user laptops and WiFi enabled
handheld devices
into soft rogue APs, enterprises need to be continuously
monitoring to understand
if any soft APs are present on their networks.
Monitoring for soft APs requires wireless scanning tools such as
wireless intrusion
prevention system (WIPS) comprising of wireless monitoring
sensors. WIPS
sensors can continuously track the wireless activity of end user
devices and detect
soft AP activity. They can also block soft AP activity over the
air.

12. While there are many WIPS offerings available in the market, it
is essential to
evaluate if they can provide protection against all scenarios of
soft APs, before
installing them in your network. AirTight Networks offers
SpectraGuard® Enterprise
overlay WIPS which is capable of protecting against all types of
soft AP activity due
to its unique active classification™ technology enabled by
patented marker packet
techniques. It is also worth noting that WIPS also provides
protection from many
other WiFi threats such as conventional rogue APs, mis-
associations, ad hoc
connections, WiPhishing, wireless DoS attacks etc. (which are
not discussed in this
paper), helps meet compliance requirements (e.g., PCI, HIPAA
etc.), and also

13. provides performance monitoring and troubleshooting for the
WLAN.
For more information on WiFi security, WIPS and AirTight
Networks, please visit
www.airtightnetworks.com. You can also review recorded
webinar on this topic of
soft rogue APs at
https://admin.acrobat.com/_a1013426351/p54357857/.
SpectraGuard® Enterprise
Wireless Intrusion Prevention
System
Internet
Firewall
Sensor
ART 315 LECTURE 10
Jackson Pollock, Guardians of the Secret, 1943
Jackson Pollock, Mural, 1943

14. Jackson Pollock, One: Number 31, 1950
Jackson Pollock, Search, 1955
Willem de Kooning, Painting, 1948
Willem de Kooning, Woman I, 1950-52
Franz Kline, New York, New York, 1953
Arshile Gorky, The Liver is the Cock’s Comb, 1944
Clyfford Still, Painting, 1951
Hans Hofmann, Veluti in
Speculum, 1962
Cy Twombly, Untitled, 1968

15. Cy Twombly, Untitled (Roma), 1962
Morris Louis, KSI, 1959
Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis, 1950/51
Mark Rothko, White Cloud Over Purple, 1957
Ad Reinhardt, Abstract Painting Blue, 1952
Yves Klein, Monochrome Blue IKB 48),
1956
Lucio Fontana, Spatial Concept: Marriage in Venice, 1960/61
David Smith, Cubi XVIII2-4, 1964

16. David Smith, Blackburn—Song of an Irish Blacksmith, 1949
Barnett Newman, Broken Obelisk, 1963-67
John Chamberlain, Colonel Splendid, 1964
Mark DiSuvero, Che Faro Senza Euridici, 1959/60