Presentation given to the 2011 USDB Interpreters Spring Workshop and the 2011 Utah American Sign Language Teachers Association Conference. Presentation is a targeted followup of my 2010 Deaf Studies Today! presentation about the historical and semantic evolution of geographic signs in American Sign Language. Presents historical research data, results of a 2010 qualitative survey, and ideas for sign language interpreters working in K-12 classrooms where geography is a subject matter.
This lesson plan aims to teach students about Great Britain. Main aims are for students to develop speaking skills about GB's outstanding features using superlatives, and to explain how to get places in London using a map and prepositions. Supplementary aims are practicing listening and speaking skills through an activity with directions. Personal aims are to ensure understanding, teach cultural respect, and help students understand GB culture. The lesson involves warming up, vocabulary practice, a speaking activity, quiz, student projects on London places, and a listening activity.
أحداث منتظرة
الثلاثاء 8 ديسمبر 2015:
- 9.00 ندوة وطنية حـــول: " الشباب والتطوع "
نزل المشتل بالعاصمة
- 9.00 اجتماع لجان مجلس نواب الشعب
مقر المجلس بباردو
- 10.00 ورشة عمل حول نظم الإنتاج والإستهلاك المستدامة في مجالي السياحة والصناعات الغذائية
نزل أفريكا بالعاصمة
- 10.00 وزير الشؤون الاجتماعية يشرف على انطلاق آلية الإسعاف الاجتماعي
مركز الإحاطة والتوجيه الاجتماعي بالزهروني
- 10.00 ندوة فكرية بعنوان" فرحات حشاد بين مقاومة الاستعمار ومقاومة الارهاب
نزل أفريكا بالعاصمة
Around The World In 50 Minutes: Understanding How Country Signs are UsedDoug Stringham
A fifty-minute presentation for ASL & Deaf Studies students at Utah Valley University's 2013 Spring Silent Weekend. Intended to help attendees understand the etymology of country signs and how to appropriately incorporate them into their vocabularies
Gallaudet met and became friends with a young deaf girl named Alice in the early 1800s. Seeing Gallaudet successfully teach Alice a few words inspired him to become involved in establishing education for deaf people. He traveled to Europe to learn sign language and methods of deaf education. Upon returning, he co-founded the first school for deaf students in America, which later became Gallaudet University.
Understanding ASL Grammatical Features and Discourse MappingDoug Stringham
The document introduces discourse mapping as a tool to help sign language interpreters and users cognitively organize and retell messages in ASL texts. It discusses analyzing ASL grammatical features like nominal structures, verbs, and complex sentences. Small groups will practice incorporating grammatical features into discourse maps - visual representations of how ideas chunk and link together. The mapping process involves watching a text multiple times to observe linguistic features and spatial relationships, then representing and discussing these to confirm comprehension before retelling the text. Discourse mapping aims to replicate logical ASL organization to improve interpretation and language ability.
1) The document discusses various methods used to teach English to deaf and dumb students, including oral/aural communication, manual communication, and total communication approaches.
2) It outlines techniques within each approach, such as lip reading and speech therapy for oral communication, and sign language, finger spelling, and cued speech for manual communication.
3) The document recommends total communication as the best method, which combines oral/aural, manual communication, and technologies like hearing aids and cochlear implants based on each student's needs.
This mini lesson contains two parts. The first part is the history of American Sign Language. The second is learning the formation of the Manual Alphabet of American Sign Language.
The document describes a gesture vocalizer system that uses multiple microcontrollers and sensors to facilitate communication between deaf, dumb, and blind communities and others. The system can detect gestures using a data glove with bend sensors and tilt sensors, analyze the gestures to determine their meaning, synthesize speech corresponding to the gestures, and display the gesture on an LCD screen. It is designed to translate sign language and other gestures into voice and text to help different communities communicate with each other.
This lesson plan aims to teach students about Great Britain. Main aims are for students to develop speaking skills about GB's outstanding features using superlatives, and to explain how to get places in London using a map and prepositions. Supplementary aims are practicing listening and speaking skills through an activity with directions. Personal aims are to ensure understanding, teach cultural respect, and help students understand GB culture. The lesson involves warming up, vocabulary practice, a speaking activity, quiz, student projects on London places, and a listening activity.
أحداث منتظرة
الثلاثاء 8 ديسمبر 2015:
- 9.00 ندوة وطنية حـــول: " الشباب والتطوع "
نزل المشتل بالعاصمة
- 9.00 اجتماع لجان مجلس نواب الشعب
مقر المجلس بباردو
- 10.00 ورشة عمل حول نظم الإنتاج والإستهلاك المستدامة في مجالي السياحة والصناعات الغذائية
نزل أفريكا بالعاصمة
- 10.00 وزير الشؤون الاجتماعية يشرف على انطلاق آلية الإسعاف الاجتماعي
مركز الإحاطة والتوجيه الاجتماعي بالزهروني
- 10.00 ندوة فكرية بعنوان" فرحات حشاد بين مقاومة الاستعمار ومقاومة الارهاب
نزل أفريكا بالعاصمة
Around The World In 50 Minutes: Understanding How Country Signs are UsedDoug Stringham
A fifty-minute presentation for ASL & Deaf Studies students at Utah Valley University's 2013 Spring Silent Weekend. Intended to help attendees understand the etymology of country signs and how to appropriately incorporate them into their vocabularies
Gallaudet met and became friends with a young deaf girl named Alice in the early 1800s. Seeing Gallaudet successfully teach Alice a few words inspired him to become involved in establishing education for deaf people. He traveled to Europe to learn sign language and methods of deaf education. Upon returning, he co-founded the first school for deaf students in America, which later became Gallaudet University.
Understanding ASL Grammatical Features and Discourse MappingDoug Stringham
The document introduces discourse mapping as a tool to help sign language interpreters and users cognitively organize and retell messages in ASL texts. It discusses analyzing ASL grammatical features like nominal structures, verbs, and complex sentences. Small groups will practice incorporating grammatical features into discourse maps - visual representations of how ideas chunk and link together. The mapping process involves watching a text multiple times to observe linguistic features and spatial relationships, then representing and discussing these to confirm comprehension before retelling the text. Discourse mapping aims to replicate logical ASL organization to improve interpretation and language ability.
1) The document discusses various methods used to teach English to deaf and dumb students, including oral/aural communication, manual communication, and total communication approaches.
2) It outlines techniques within each approach, such as lip reading and speech therapy for oral communication, and sign language, finger spelling, and cued speech for manual communication.
3) The document recommends total communication as the best method, which combines oral/aural, manual communication, and technologies like hearing aids and cochlear implants based on each student's needs.
This mini lesson contains two parts. The first part is the history of American Sign Language. The second is learning the formation of the Manual Alphabet of American Sign Language.
The document describes a gesture vocalizer system that uses multiple microcontrollers and sensors to facilitate communication between deaf, dumb, and blind communities and others. The system can detect gestures using a data glove with bend sensors and tilt sensors, analyze the gestures to determine their meaning, synthesize speech corresponding to the gestures, and display the gesture on an LCD screen. It is designed to translate sign language and other gestures into voice and text to help different communities communicate with each other.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Around the World in 100 Years: The Semantic Creation and Utility of Geographical/Country Signs (2011 USDB/ASLTA Presentation)
1. Around the World in 100 Years:
The Semantic Creation and Utility of
Geographical/Country Signs
Doug Stringham
Department of ASL & Deaf Studies
Utah Valley University
3. • Although we will discuss current trends in
geographic/country signs, this is not a workshop
focused on learning the ”new” signs.
• This is not necessarily a sharing session for what
country signs you know or have seen.
• This is not a workshop to formulate political
positions on which signs are ”right” or ”wrong.”
5. • Learn about and understand the etymology and
evolution of geographic signs in ASL (Lucas, Bayley,
& Valli, 2001; Stringham, in press)
• Understand and learn about patterns of semantic
creation and a proposed framework for geographic
sign semantics (Palella, 2007; Stringham, in press)
6. • Understand how Deaf communities use and
identify themselves with certain geographic sign
usage (Stringham, in press)
• Identify, discuss, and infer best practices for using
geographic signs in K-12 classroom interpreting
situations
10. Little to no published
research on geographical
lexemic development.
11. What we do have are printed
etymologies and dictionaries.
12. • Historical etymologies of LSF/O-ASL (l’Epée, 1784;
Frishberg in Klima & Bellugi, 1979) and name signs
(e.g. 1833 name sign from PSD [Supalla 1992]); do
we have like sources for geographical signs?
• Modern etymologies of country signs (Long 1909,
Higgins 1923, Michaels 1923, Riekehof 1963, Watson
1964, Shroyer 1982, Sternberg 1994?); validity?
• Extant film evidence from the NAD Preservation
project (1910–1913)
15. Long 1909
GREECE. Place the forefinger of the ”G”
hand upon the nose, pointing upward,
letting the knuckle rest between the
eyes, and then draw the finger down the
length of nose. Note that this indicates
the straight nose of the Greek.
16. Long 1909
AMERICA signifying the Union. With
palms toward self, lock the ends of the
fingers of the ”5” hands so they are
crossed, one above the other (like rails
on a fence) and drawing the hands
toward the left, swing them around the
front in a semicircle to the right sides.
17. Long 1909
TURKEY. Placed the closed ”C” hand a little above the
forehead, thus representing the crescent.
19. Higgins 1923/1942
CANADA. Right ”A” hand grasps
lapel of coat. N.S.—Supposed stance
of Canadians standing at rest.
20. Higgins 1923/1942
ENGLISH—Palm of right hand over
and surrounding back of left hand,
left pointing rightward and palm
down, right fingers grasp fleshy part
of little finger edge and gives the left
hand a shake. N.S.—The English
were considered great hand shakers.
24. Sternberg 1994
SWEDEN. (swēd’ n) n.
(A ”hairy Swede,” perhaps
borrowed from the image of
the early Swedish explorers.)
Finger the hair on the back
of the hand. This is a
native sign.
25. Sternberg 1994
BRAZIL. (brə zil’) n. (Possibly
having to do with the feathered
headdress of a native.) The
fingers are placed on the
forehead and the hands moves
in a slight counter-clockwise
direction. A native sign.
30. Higgins (1923/42)
How to talk to the deaf;
the language of gestures, expression,
impersonation, pantomime or acting,
used by all people in all ages and
everywhere
31. Riekehof (1963)
Talk To The Deaf:
A practical visual guide useful to anyone
wishing to master the sign language and
the manual alphabet
49. Top birthplaces of foreign-born/immigrated United States citizens
correlated with Long 1909 and Higgins 1923 corpora
1900 Long 1909 (n=24) 1930 Long 1909 Higgins 1923 (n=14)
Canada CANADA Canada CANADA CANADA
Germany GERMANY Czechoslovakia
Ireland IRELAND Germany GERMANY GERMAN
Italy ITALY Ireland IRELAND IRISH
Norway NORWAY Italy ITALY ITALIAN
Russia RUSSIA Mexico
Sweden SWEDEN Poland
United Kingdom ENGLAND Soviet Union RUSSIA RUSSIAN
Sweden SWEDEN
United Kingdom ENGLAND ENGLISH
Φ = .434 Φ = .353 Φ = .438
50. Geographic lexemes in Long (1909)
15
12
9
6
3
0
N/C America S America Africa Europe Asia Oceania
n = 24
52. Correlation of 1909 European Europe 1909 Long 1909
countries (n=24) and Long Great Britain ENGLAND
Scotland SCOTLAND
1909 (n=24) geographic signs Wales
Ireland IRELAND
Netherlands HOLLAND
Φ = .508 Belgium
Luxembourg
France FRANCE
Spain SPAIN
Portugal
Italy ITALY
Switzerland
Austria-Hungary
German Empire GERMANY
Denmark DENMARK
Norway NORWAY
Sweden SWEDEN
Russia RUSSIA
Bulgaria
Turkey (Ottoman Emp) TURKEY
Greece GREECE
Montenegro
Serbia
Romania
53. Geographic lexemes in Higgins (1923/42)
10
8
6
4
2
0
N/C America S America Africa Europe Asia Oceania
n = 14
56. Correlation of main countries Allied/Axis/Neutral countries Higgins 1923/1942
involved in WWII (n=16) and Australia
Higgins 1923/1942 Brazil
geographic signs (n=8) Canada CANADA
New Zealand
Φ = .368 South Africa
Soviet Union RUSSIAN
United Kingdom ENGLISH
United States UNITED STATES
Germany GERMAN
Italy ITALIAN
Japan (in Michaels 1923)
Ireland IRISH
Portugal
Spain SPAIN
Sweden
Switzerland
57. Geographic lexemes
! Long (1909), ! Higgins (1942), ! Riekehof (1963)
15
12
9
6
3
0
N/C America S America Africa Europe Asia Oceania
58. Contents of the original Long 1909 corpus
appear to be based on European immigrant
statistics/recognition
(high !/r correlation between 1900/1930
immigration and Higgins 1923/42)
59. However, there appears to be low correlation that
world historical events influences the increase or
decrease of the corpora:
• corpora decreases in size between WWI and WWII
• corpora doesn’t include lexemes for well-known
countries/empires (e.g. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,
SWITZERLAND, etc.)
60. • historically, the corpora have been indifferent to
Latin/South American historical events (coups, wars
of independence)
• Unexplained inclusions/exclusions:
• never SOVIET UNION (1917–1990), always RUSSIA
• despite instability/newsworthiness since late
1970s, Middle/Near Eastern countries excluded
• Valli 2006 includes two signs for YUGOSLAVIA;
Yugoslavia dissolved in 2003
61. 2. Did Deaf world historical
events influence the corpora?
62. Deaf-World events, however, do appear to impact
geographic lexeme corpora:
• NAD Preservation films (1910–1920)
• Deaf Way I (1989)
• World Games for the Deaf/Deaflympics (1924–)
• Deaf Mosaic (1985–1995)
64. Correlation of WGD WGD Host/Year 1909 1923 1963 1989 2006
host countries and Australia (‘05) AUSTRALIA1 AUSTRALIA2 AUSTRALIA2
Austria (‘49)
geographic signs Belgium (‘53)
AUSTRIA2 AUSTRIA2
BELGIUM2
Bulgaria (‘93) BULGARIA
Canada (‘91) CANADA CANADA CANADA CANADA
Denmark (‘49, ‘97) DENMARK DENMARK DENMARK2 DENMARK2
England (’35) ENGLAND ENGLISH ENGLAND ENGLAND ENGLAND2
Finland (’61, ’95) FINLAND FINLAND2 FINLAND2
France (’24, ’79) FRANCE FRENCH FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE
Germany (’31, ’55, ’81) GERMAN GERMAN GERMANY GERMANY GERMANY2
Holland (’28) HOLLAND HOLLAND HOLLAND2 HOLLAND2
Italy (’57, ’83, ’01) ITALY ITALY ITALY ITALY ITALY2
New Zealand (’89) N. ZEALAND
Norway (’53, ’87) NORWAY NORWAY NORWAY NORWAY2
Romania (’77)
Slovakia (’11)
Sweden (’39, ’63, ’73, ’03) SWEDEN SWEDEN SWEDEN2 SWEDEN2
Switzerland (’59, ’71, ’99) SWITZ. SWITZ.
• No WGD sites in Africa, Taiwan (’09) TAIWAN TAIWAN
Asia (<2009), or South US (’65, ’75, ’85, ’07) US US (AMERICA) (AMERICA) US
America, Yugoslavia* (’69) YUGOSLAVIA2 YUGOSLAVIA2
66. • Deaf Mosaic produced regular episodes focusing on
international Deaf peoples and communities,
featuring indigenous signs
• Deaf Mosaic produced special episodes focusing on
the Deaf Way (1989) gathering in Washington, D.C.
and several WGD spotlights, featuring (for the time)
atraditional geographic/country signs
67. 3. What unique linguistic
observations are present in
the corpora?
69. Long 1909
SCOTLAND. Bring the ”5” hands up in
front, palms toward self, the palm of the
right hand resting against the back of the
left in such a way that the fingers of both
hands cross at an angle representing an
”X;” let the hands drop away toward the
sides. Note that the fingers when thus
held represent the plaid.
70. Long 1918
SCOTLAND. Bring the ”5” hands up in front, palms
toward self, the palm of the right hand resting against
the back of the left in such a way that the fingers of
both hands cross at an angle representing an ”X;” let
the hands drop away toward the sides. Note that the
fingers when thus held represent the plaid.
SCOTLAND. (2) Place back of the extended right hand
across the left arm; draw it across and then turning
the hand over repeat, representing plaids on arm.
71. Long 1918
SCOTLAND. Bring the “5” hands up in front, palms
toward self, the palm of the right hand resting against
the back of the left in such a way that the fingers of
both hands cross at an angle representing an “X;” let
the hands drop away toward the sides. Note that the
fingers when thus held represent the plaid.
SCOTLAND. (2) Place back of the extended right hand
across the left arm; draw it across and then turning
the hand over repeat, representing plaids on arm.
72. Higgins 1923
SCOTCH:Palms inward,
open fingers crossed,
hands drawn apart
down to sides; or, tips of
right prone spread
fingers along left sleeve
and then across to
indicate the plaid.
73. Higgins 1942
SCOTCH:Tips of
right prone spread
fingers along left
sleeve and then
across to indicate
the plaid.
76. Smith et al. (1989) represents a bellwether event in the
geographic corpora:
• first to respond to already-active language
borrowing trend (Lucas 2001a, 2001b) and show
more than one sign for a country (although Watson
1964 did show EUROPE1 and EUROPE2):
• multiple variations: AFRICA, AUSTRIA, DENMARK, FINLAND, HOLLAND,
JAPAN, MEXICO, SWEDEN, YUGOSLAVIA
78. • functions as kind of a transitional milepost:
indicates a level of acceptance by the Deaf/ASL
Community = ”it’s okay to use this/these sign(s)”
• first volume to indicate that spelling a country’s
name is an acceptable sign: fs-AUSTRIA, fs-CUBA, fs-
IRAN, fs-IRAQ, #H-K, #P-R (Long 1909, Riekehof 1963
used abbreviatory #N-A, #S-A, and #U-S)
• why were other acceptable borrowings left out?
GERMANY? ITALY? Evidence for these signs seen at
Deaf Way and on Deaf Mosaic (1985, etc.)
79. • increased sign corpus by 160%
(Smith 1989, n = 42; Fant 1983, n = 26)
• Significant increases to
• Asian signs (Fant 1983, n = 5; Smith 1989, n = 14 inc. variations)
• European (Fant 1983, n = 15; Smith 1989 n = 24 inc. variations)
• North America (Fant 1983, n = 3; Smith 1989, n = 8 inc. variations)
30
20
10
0
N/C America S America Africa Europe Asia Oceania
81. Long 1909
AMERICA signifying the Union. With
palms toward self, lock the ends of the
fingers of the ”5” hands so they are
crossed, one above the other (like rails on
a fence) and drawing the hands toward
the left, swing them around the front in a
semicircle to the right sides. Or, (2) With
the right ”A” hand, thumb up, describe a
circle on the back of the left hand.
82. Long 1909
SWITZERLAND. Place the end of the right ”B” hand against
the forehead; withdraw it, twist the hand around so the
palm is out and strike the side of the head with the back of
the hand. (Not fixed in 1918 printing)
83. Michaels 1923
EGYPT:
1. Press your middle finger against your nose: flat nose.
2. Make a peak by pulling the palms together with the finger
tips only touching. 3. Move the hands apart in a slanting
way, right hand to the right, left to the left: pyramid. (cf.
McGregor 1913 film)
84. Michaels 1923
GREENLAND:
1. Index finger of right hand extended and thumb resting
on the middle finger, move the hand in a round about
manner. 2. Sign cold.
ICELAND:
1. Make the sign for ice or freeze.
2. Pass the palm of the right hand under the left forearm
held before you.
early reference to manual coded English variations?
85. Higgins 1923/1942
UNITED STATES—Fingers of both
hands interlocked or dovetailed, palms
inward, moved right-up-left-down, or
moved left-up-right-down. N.S.—All
united fingers and the circle around to
denote extent and agreement.
• produced with a vertical motion rather than a lateral
motion (only volume to do this)
• UNITED STATES defined as AMERICA (only volume to do
this); hypothesis: predominant media refers to ”United
States” and ”US” during WWI/II?
86. Watson 1964
EGYPT: end of the open right hand on
the end of the forehead; withdrawn
making circle, bring the end of the
hand at rest on the nose as at first.
• (Long 1909) EGYPT: Place the end of the open right
hand on the end of the nose; withdraw it, describe circle
above the nose, and bring the end of the hand at rest
on the nose as at first.
• cf. Michaels (1923) EGYPT
87. Riekehof 1978
EGYPT: Make a ”C” with the thumb
and index finger and place it on the
forehead, palm forward.
(Represents the crescent on the
flag of a Moslem country.)
• no additional variations between 1964 and 1978; why
this sign/change?
88. Stokoe 1965
Poland, Pole, Polish.
Sometime signed with
humorous intent:
but this is regarded by
many signers as an
impolite sign.
89. Sternberg 1994
• Sign variation anomalies: heavy
emphasis on Caribbean,
Central/South American signs
(Smith 1989, n = 4; Sternberg
1994, n = 14; several dubious
variations, unverified in any
other source)
90. Sternberg 1994
ARGENTINA 2, n. The COLOMBIA n. (kō lum’ be a; AUSTRALIA 2, n. Both hands
thumbtip of the ”A” the letter ”C.”) The right ”C” are held in the ”8” position,
hand touches both hand, palm facing forward, palms down. The signer
sides of the forehead. makes a counterclockwise flicks out the middle fingers
circle as it rests on the back of of both hands twice. This is
the left hand. A native sign. a native Australian sign.
91. Sternberg 1994
ECUADOR (ek’ wa dôr) GUATEMALA (gwä te mä’ HONDURAS (hon doo’ ras), n.
n. The right ”E” hand lä) n. The open right hand The downturned right ”V” hand
makes a clockwise rubs the stomach in a moves down an inch or two on
circle at the right counter-clockwise the right side of the body, as if
temple. A native sign. direction. A native sign. putting something into a side
pocket. A native sign.
92. Sternberg 1994
MEXICO (měk’ se kō), n. ITALY 2, (loc.), n. (A NICARAGUA (nik eh rä’ gwa),
(The sombrero.) Both characteristic Italian gesture.) n. (The letter ”N.”) The right
index fingers describe The thumb and index finger of hand, forming the letter ”N,”
the wide brim of a the right ”F” hand are placed taps the left shoulder twice.
sombrero. against the right cheek, while A native sign.
the hand trembles.
93. 4. What does the data in the
corpora teach us about
evolving attitudes toward race
and ethnicity?
94. Long 1909
Preservationary texts: inclusion of racial/ethnic signs with geographic signs
NEGRO. Place the fingers JEW/ JEWISH. Placing the INDIAN. Place the end of the ROMAN, LATIN. Place the
of the ”N” hand upon the fingers of the bent ”5” hand on thumb and forefinger of the tips of the ”N” fingers on
end of the nose, and rock the chin, draw them down and closed ”O” hand on the end of the bridge and then the tip
it from side to side with a off, letting the hand assume the nose and then carry it of the nose.
twisting motion. the ”&” position as it leaves around and place it similarly
the chin. against the ear.
95. Higgins 1923
Preservationary texts: inclusion of racial/ethnic signs with geographic signs
NEGRO: Tip of right vertical JEW: Right bent fingers, palm INDIAN: Joined index and thumb ROMAN: Right ”N” tips at the
index pressing tip of nose, to inward, scratched through the tips of right hand at the lobe of top of the nose, and moved to
indicate soft flat nose of beard near the chin. the ear and then at the nostrils the tip, as if over a large Roman
race. (Sometimes middle tip to indicate the rings worn by nose. (Latin)
of open hand instead of some Indians. (Sometimes this
index tip is used.) sign is used to denote the ”Cent”).
96. Watson 1964
(Re)discovery texts: inclusion of racial/ethnic signs with geographic signs
and/or stereotypical mnemonic representational devices
97. Watson 1964
(Re)discovery texts: inclusion of racial/ethnic signs with geographic signs
and/or stereotypical mnemonic representational devices
98. Racial/ethnic lexeme inclusion
Long Higgins Riekehof Watson Stokoe Riekehof Humphrie Fant Smith Valli
1909 1923/42* 1963 1964 1964 1978 s 1980 1983 1989 2005
NEGRO NEGRO NEGRO NEGRO NEGRO
JEW JEW JEW JEW JEW ISRAEL2 ISRAEL1 ISRAEL1 ISRAEL1,2
INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN NATIVE
AMERIC
ROMAN ROMAN ROMAN ROMAN ROMAN ROMAN AN1,2
FILIPINO
* countries
listed
adjectivally,
e.g. SCOTCH,
IRISH, etc.
99. Racial/ethnic signs kept/change in geographic corpus:
• Race/ethnicity an important component of 20th
century (immigration, civil rights, domestic policy)
American discourse; ASL incorporated this?
• The sign corpus reflects back general 20th century
American xenophobia and the active marginalization
of the Deaf community (Baynton 2006)?
• ASL is a visual language; signs must define
visual differences?
100. Racial/ethnic signs kept/change in geographic corpus:
• Long 1909, Higgins 1923/42, Michaels 1923, Riekehof
1963 created out of some kind of religious tradition
(identifying salient racial groups); later volumes
merely included the template?
• Humphries 1980, et al. endeavor to change the
paradigm and purpose for ”sign language” books
(social > pedagogical shift)?
104. Robert Palella, 2nd ASL Fest, Gallaudet University (2007)
14:20–19:30: arguments for loan word theory; 25:55–28:00: intro to classifications
105. Reasons for applying linguistic concept of ”loan words”
to other signed languages:
• Signs are not necessarily changing as a reaction to so-called
’political correctness’
• Signs are being borrowed because of the identification of
a sign for a country not present in ASL
• Reduces the need for fingerspelling
• Signs perceived as insulting, focus on physical characteristics
• Claimed that other countries consider ASL’s loaned use of
their indigenous sign as ‘respect;’ fosters a globalism at
international conferences and sporting events
106. Reasons against applying linguistic concept of ”loan
words” to other signed languages:
• A sign already exists for the concept; why replace it with
another sign?
• May be perceived as a quasi-colonial move
• Spoken languages do not use indigenous lexemes/names for
other countries (e.g. Japan/Nippon; Allemagne/Germany;
Inglaterra/England)
112. Sign/lexeme describes a physical,
topographic, or geographical
characteristic of a nation:
PORTUGAL, JAPAN2, NORWAY2,
geographical SWEDEN2, NAMIBIA
118. Sign/lexeme describes a cultural or
personal characteristic of a people:
food military
history transportation
arts/music linguistic
clothing behavior
cultural animals religion
personal feature arts/dance
weather combinations
133. Sign/lexeme is produced with the
initials of a nation’s name:
NORTH AMERICA1, SOUTH
AMERICA1, UNITED STATES1 (Long
Ab 1909); HONG KONG (Smith 1989);
COSTA RICA, PUERTO RICO,
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Valli 2006)
abbreviatory
• how valid/reliable?
• works only for English variation
of name?
136. Sign/lexeme is produced
seemingly not following any of
the previous characteristics:
? BELIZE, BOTSWANA, BRASIL(?),
COLOMBIA(?), HAITI, HONDURAS,
NIGERIA(?) (all Valli 2006)
arbitrary • how valid/reliable?
• why are these created?
contact/pidgin derivation?
142. • (February 2010) Invited 232 anonymous Deaf signers
to participate in a two-part online survey (n=149):
• ”Given the choice between two geographic/
country signs for the same country, which do you
tend to use?” (n=16)
• ”Given this sign, which country does it refer to
(a, b, c, don't know, means something else)?”
(n=15, mixture of common and obscure)
• Reasons for choosing country signs (Likert scale)
• Gender, age, deafness label, schooling
144. • Deaf adult signers, regardless of age or schooling
(read: language exposure) heterogeneously use signs
with which they are comfortable:
• SWEDEN2 and RUSSIA2 are preferred, but not
ENGLAND2 and GERMANY2
• Many idiosyncratic morphological/pronunciation
differences exist = how do accurate signs stay
accurate/get passed on?
• Many ”newer” geographical/country signs are
mistaken for other similarly pronounced ASL signs
145. Nine out of 16 (56%) of the
”new” geographic/country signs
were preferred
148. What are your K-12 state
geography/social studies
standards?
149. Linguistic/preparation concerns:
• How are community members expressing these
concepts?
• Interpreters should not be as concerned about the
en vogue sign for a given country as much as they
should be concerned about communicating
consistent meaning
• Is there a semantic difference between CHINA1,
CHINA2, and CHINA3? Arguably, do these signs
represent time periods in these country’s histories?
150. • Interpreters should understand how to use
country signs to satisfy instructors’ linguistic and
semantic intent:
• real-world orientation (from here, where are
Canada, India; from Mexico, France, where is here?)
• ”In World War II, Germany, Japan, and Italy
constituted the ’Axis Powers.’ (noun)
• ”I like Swedish meatballs.” (proper noun)
• ”The Thai people are friendly.” (modifier/adjective)
152. • What is/what should be the interpreter’s role
in the linguistic development of primary-aged
(K-3) students?
• (3-8) ”Successful interpreters are also diligent in
their search for signs that may already
exist....Abundant fingerspelling is also appropriate
when these resources fail to yield a sign-word
match....(89)
• (9-12) Interpreting in AP World Studies, MUN,
language classes