1. Arguments on Seppuku deaths
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2. Background
 In Japan, “seppuku” is a ritual in which individuals
commit suicide.
 Basis of seppuku deaths is the belief that such suicide
is more honorable than a shameful life.
 Practice dates back to the 11th century, during which
clans fought each other to gain power.
 However, cases of individuals committing suicide in
wars after a defeat were common even before the 11th
century.
 The aim of committing suicide was to escape attacks
by enemies.
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3. Basis of Seppuku
 Popular among the samurai community in Japan.
 Many people were forced to commit suicide after a
defeat in war by the conquerors when Japan adopted
the feudal system of governance.
 According to them, the act was graceful; through
death, the respect of the loser was maintained in the
society.
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4. Arguments against Seppuku
 Cruel because the individual terminated his/her life
under the social pressure of seeking honor and
alleviating shame.
 A knife was used by the candidate of seppuku to slash
through his or her stomach.
 The final stage was accomplished by another person -
possibly the victim’s associate; the individual would
use a sword to cut off the victim’s head.
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5. Arguments against Seppuku
 Victims went through much suffering during the
death.
 Death would also affect other members of the family,
especially among close family members and friends,
due to the loss of the victim.
 Death was avoidable.
 Left children orphaned and women widowed.
 Individuals helped a person to die also suffered long-term
psychological and emotional stress.
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6. Arguments for Seppuku
 Honorable as society members held the dead person in
high esteem
 A better experience in contrast to the shame and
mistreatment that the individual would go through if
he/she continued living.
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