This document summarizes different types of aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater and marine environments. Freshwater ecosystems discussed include ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. Marine ecosystems covered are oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Oceans are divided into intertidal, pelagic, and benthic zones, with the pelagic zone further separated into epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic regions. Each ecosystem is characterized in one to three sentences regarding its defining features.
Threat of sea turtle Rajeev raghavan Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
Sea turtles, sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle, and leatherback sea turtle.
Sea turtle, any of seven species of marine turtles belonging to the families Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtles) and Cheloniidae (green turtles, flatback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, hawksbills, and ridleys).
Seven different species of sea (or marine) turtles grace our ocean waters, from the shallow seagrass beds of the Indian Ocean, to the colorful reefs of the Coral Triangle, and even the sandy beaches of the Eastern Pacific. WWFs work on sea turtles focuses on five of those species: green, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback and olive ridley.
See more on worldwildlife.org
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
Threat of sea turtle Rajeev raghavan Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
Sea turtles, sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle, and leatherback sea turtle.
Sea turtle, any of seven species of marine turtles belonging to the families Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtles) and Cheloniidae (green turtles, flatback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, hawksbills, and ridleys).
Seven different species of sea (or marine) turtles grace our ocean waters, from the shallow seagrass beds of the Indian Ocean, to the colorful reefs of the Coral Triangle, and even the sandy beaches of the Eastern Pacific. WWFs work on sea turtles focuses on five of those species: green, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback and olive ridley.
See more on worldwildlife.org
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
Insular (isolated) fauna is the animal biodiversity of islands. This is a brief outline of the fauna of several islands, spread throughout the world, and divided into three categories: continental islands, oceanic islands, and ancient islands.
Palaeogeography or paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes (visible features of an area of land). This is a brief overview of four famous paleogeographic theories: the permanence of continents, land bridges, continental drift, and plate tectonics.
Training manual on species identification 2017 vivekanand bharti_basic finfis...Ashish sahu
The ID tools reviewed are: Use of scientific experts (taxonomists) and folk local experts, taxonomic reference collections, image recognition systems, field guides based on dichotomous keys; interactive electronic keys (e.g. IPOFIS), morphometrics (e.g. IPez), scale and otolith morphology, genetic methods
Insular (isolated) fauna is the animal biodiversity of islands. This is a brief outline of the fauna of several islands, spread throughout the world, and divided into three categories: continental islands, oceanic islands, and ancient islands.
Palaeogeography or paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes (visible features of an area of land). This is a brief overview of four famous paleogeographic theories: the permanence of continents, land bridges, continental drift, and plate tectonics.
Training manual on species identification 2017 vivekanand bharti_basic finfis...Ashish sahu
The ID tools reviewed are: Use of scientific experts (taxonomists) and folk local experts, taxonomic reference collections, image recognition systems, field guides based on dichotomous keys; interactive electronic keys (e.g. IPOFIS), morphometrics (e.g. IPez), scale and otolith morphology, genetic methods
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Life in the ocean sahu81862@gmail.com Ashish sahuAshish sahu
Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the planet. Marine organisms produce oxygen and sequester carbon.
This ppt contains the information about the ocean life. The description about the ocean layers then animals stays in ocean in different layers etc...This may be very interesting.
The Estuarine System consists of deepwater tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands that are usually semienclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased above that of the open ocean by evaporation. Along some low-energy coastlines there is appreciable dilution of sea water. Offshore areas with typical estuarine plants and animals, such as red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are also included in the Estuarine System.
Marine biology Marine organisms that live on or inside the bottom, different types of beaches, and biodiversity in these different types of beaches
#Environment
What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to usawenzel
A presentation that was used to lead staff development at Colegio Internacional Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela focused on introductions to 21st Century Literacies, what is Twitter, and how to start your own Professional Learning Network or Community.
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentationawenzel
Guide for facilitating collaborative work around what the need for Digital Literacies means for K-12 teaching and learning. At Innovate Conference 2013, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
3. Freshwater
Freshwater is defined as having a
low salt concentration—usually
less than 1%
Plants and animals in freshwater
regions are adjusted to the low
salt content and would not be
able to survive in areas of high
salt concentration (i.e, ocean)
4. Ponds and Lakes
range in size from just a few square meters to
thousands of square kilometers
ponds may be seasonal, lasting just a couple
of months (such as sessile pools)
lakes may exist for hundreds of years or
more
may have limited species diversity since
they are often isolated from one another and
from other water sources like rivers and
oceans
5. Ponds and Lakes
divided into three different “zones”
determined by depth and distance
from the shoreline
littoral zone
limnetic zone
profundal zone
6.
7. Littoral Zone
warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of
the Sun’s heat
sustains a fairly diverse community, which can
include several species of algae (like diatoms),
rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails,
clams, insects, crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians
the egg and larvae stages of some insects are found
in this zone
vegetation and animals living in the littoral zone are
food for other creatures such as turtles, snakes, and
ducks
8. Limnetic Zone
near-surface open water surrounded by the
littoral zone
well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is
dominated by plankton, both phytoplankton
and zooplankton
plankton are small organisms that play a
crucial role in the food chain – most life
would not be possible without them
variety of freshwater fish also occupy this
zone
9. Profundal Zone
Plankton have short life spans—when
they die, they fall into the deep-water
part of the lake/pond
much colder and denser than the other
two
little light penetrates all the way through
the limnetic zone into the profundal zone
animals are decomposers
10. Ponds and Lakes
Temperature
varies seasonally.
Summer
from 4° C near the bottom to 22° C at the top
Winter
from 4° C while the top is 0° C (ice)
between the two layers is a narrow zone
called the thermocline where the temperature
of the water changes rapidly with depth
11. Ponds and Lakes
during the spring and fall seasons is a
mixing of the top and bottom layers
resulting in a uniform water temperature
of around 4° C
mixing also circulates oxygen
throughout the lake
many lakes and ponds do not freeze
during the winter resulting in the top
layer being a little warmer
12. Ponds and Lakes
ice can develop on the top of lakes
during winter
blocks out sunlight and can prevent
photosynthesis
oxygen levels drop and some plants
and animals may die
called "winterkill."
14. Streams & Rivers
bodies of flowing water moving in one
direction
found everywhere—they get their start
at headwaters, which may be springs,
snowmelt or even lakes
travel all the way to their mouths,
usually another water channel or the
ocean
15. Watershed
describes an area
of land that
contains a common
set of streams and
rivers
drains into a single
larger body of
water, such as a
larger river, a lake
or an ocean
16. Streams & Rivers
characteristics change during the
journey from the source to the mouth
temperature is cooler at the source
than it is at the mouth
water is also clearer, has higher
oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such
as trout and heterotrophs can be found
there
17. Streams & Rivers
Towards the middle part of the
stream/river, the width increases, as
does species diversity—numerous
aquatic green plants and algae can be
found
18. Streams & Rivers
toward the mouth the water becomes murky
from all the sediments that it has picked up
upstream
decreasing the amount of light that can
penetrate through the water
less light
less diversity of flora
lower oxygen levels
fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish
and carp, can be found
20. Wetlands
Wetlands are areas of standing
water that support aquatic plants
Marshes, swamps, and bogs are
all considered wetlands
21. Wetlands
Plants
adapted to the very moist and humid
conditions are called hydrophytes
Pond lilies Cattails Sedges
Tamarack Black Spruce
Gum Cypress
22. Wetlands
highest species diversity of all ecosystems
many species of amphibians, reptiles, birds
(such as ducks and waders), and furbearers
can be found in the wetlands
not considered freshwater ecosystems as
there are some, such as salt marshes, that
have high salt concentrations—these
support different species of animals, such
as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses
23. River Otter
Wetlands Damselfly Dragonfly Mayfly
Crayfish Snails Leech Bluegill Bass
Catfish Sculpin Minnow Snakes
Frog Turtle
Great Blue Heron Canadian Goose
25. Marine
cover about three-fourths of the Earth’s
surface and include oceans, coral reefs,
and estuaries
algae supply much of the world’s
oxygen supply and take in a huge
amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide
evaporation of the seawater provides
rainwater for the land
26. Oceans
largest of all the ecosystems
dominate the Earth’s surface
separate zones
Intertidal
Pelagic
Abyssal
Benthic
great diversity of species
richest diversity of species even though it
contains fewer species than there are on land
28. Intertidal Zone
where the ocean meets the land
sometimes submerged and at other
times exposed
waves and tides come in and out
communities are constantly
changing
29. Intertidal Zone
rocky coasts
stratified vertically
Where only highest tides reach
a few species of algae and mollusks
submerged during high tide
more diverse array of algae and small animals,
such as herbivorous snails, crabs, sea stars, and
small fishes
bottom of the intertidal zone
only exposed during the lowest tides, many
invertebrates, fishes, and seaweed can be found
30. Intertidal Zone
sandier shores
not as stratified
waves keep mud and sand constantly
moving
very few algae and plants can establish
themselves—the fauna include worms,
clams, predatory crustaceans, crabs, and
shorebirds.
31.
32.
33. Wave Regions
much stronger than wind
decide what grows where
shores classified by amount of wave action
Exposed shores – receive full brunt of the ocean for most or at
least some of the time
Semi-exposed shores – sheltered by barrier islands but still
have to cope with waves
Sheltered shores – shelter of peninsulas and inshore islands
Enclosed shores
river mouths and estuaries
completely sheltered by either a protective rocks or a sand bar
34. Pelagic – Open Ocean
waters further from the land, basically
the open ocean
generally cold though it is hard to give a
general temperature range since, just
like ponds and lakes, there is thermal
stratification with a constant mixing of
warm and cold ocean currents
35.
36. Epipelagic – Open Ocean
extends down to around 200m
lowest depth that light can penetrate
flora in the epipelagic zone include
surface seaweeds
fauna include many species of fish and
some mammals, such as whales and
dolphins
many feed on the abundant plankton
37.
38. Mesopelagic Zone http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/deepsea/meso.html
"twilight zone" of the ocean
photic zone above
darkness below
food becomes scarce – some animals
migrate up to the surface at night to feed
rely on food that falls down from above
eat each other
sometimes the only things to eat may be bigger
than the hunter
• developed long sharp teeth,
• expandable jaws and stomachs
39. ctenophore – related to jellyfish
Big Scale - ambush predator cilia can be illuminated
Firefly squid
three kinds of photophores
Hatchet Fish
only a few inches long
Viperfish
specially adapted hinged skull
Dragonfish - stomachs hold big meals
Snipeel
up to 1.2m Siphonophores are colonies of animals
related to jellyfish
best known is Portugese Man of War
http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/deepsea/meso.html
40. Bathypelagic Zone
extends down from 1000 to 4000m
only light is from bioluminescent organisms
only food is what trickles down from above, or
from eating other animals
water pressure at this depth is considerable
(~100 – 400 atmospheres)
most animals are either black or red in color
very little blue/green light penetrates this deep –
red is not reflected and looks black
41. Narcomedusa
Vampire Squid
Snake Dragon
Angler Fish
Amphi - crustacean
Ctenophore – voracious predator
Deepstaria very slow swimmers,
no tentacles, close flexible bells
(up to a meter across) around
their prey
Big Red
grows to over
a meter across
42. Abyssopelagic Zone - the Abyss
4000m to the sea floor
only zone deeper than this is the hadal
zone
areas found in deep sea trenches and
canyons
home to pretty inhospitable living
conditions
near- freezing temperatures
crushing pressures
43. Deep Water Squid
Basketstar
Sea Pig Sea Spider
Shrimp
Winged Sea Cucumber
Medussa
Deep Sea Smoker - 648°F
Deep-sea Anemone Hydrothermal Vent
44.
45. 1. Ballina Angelfish
2. Beaked Salmon
3. A deepsea anglerfish (no common name)
4. Duckbilled Eel
5. A fanfin anglerfish
6. Fangtooth
7. Gilbert's Halosaur
8. Gulper Eel
9. Hammerjaw
10. Largescale New Laternfish
11. Longray Spiderfish
12. Portuguese Dogfish
13. Sharpnose Sevengill Shark
14. Short-tail Torpedo Ray
15. Silver Lighthouse Fish
16. A snaggletooth (no common name)
17. Snubnosed Eel
18. Southern Spineback
19. Sparkling Slickhead
20. Spiky Oreo
21. Stoplight Loosejaw
22. Triplewart Seadevil
23. Viperfish
http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/about/fieldwork/norfanz/
46. The Coral Reef Biome
A Look at a
Marine Biome
Created by
Terri Street
47. What Is a Coral Reef?
A structure formed by coral polyps,
tiny animals that live in colonies.
Coral polyps form a hard, stony,
branching structure made of
limestone.
New polyps attach to old coral and
gradually build the reef.
48. Types of Coral Reefs
Fringing reefs
Submerged platforms of living coral
extending from the shore into the sea
Barrier reefs
Follow the shore but are separated from
it by water
Great Barrier Reef is world’s largest
49. Types of Coral Reefs
Atolls
Ring-shaped islands of coral in open sea
Form on submerged mud banks or
volcano craters
Surround a seawater lagoon
Channels connect lagoon to the sea
52. Coral Reef Climate
Usually found near land in shallow,
warm salt water
Lots of light
Tropical temperatures, averaging 70°-
85° F
Most coral cannot survive below 65° F
53. Coral Reef Plants
Phytoplankton
Microscopic
Basis for all ocean
food chains
55. Coral Reef Plants
Seaweed and Sea grasses
Brown seaweed
Sea grass
Shoal grass
Turtle grass
56. Fascinating Fact: The Great
Barrier Reef
World’s largest coral reef
Over 1257 miles
long
Off the northeast
coast of Australia
Only grows about
one inch per year
57. The Great Barrier Reef: Home
to…
1500 species of fish
400 different types of coral
4,000 mollusks
500 species of seaweed
215 species of birds
16 species of sea snake
6 species of sea turtle
Whales visit during winter
59. Coral Reef Creatures
Symbiotic relationships
Coral with
algae
Clown fish
with sea
anemones
60. Coral Reef Creatures
Tropical fish
Angel fish
John Dory
Butterfly fish
Sea horse
Octopus
Reef shark
61. Fascinating Fact:
The Sea Horse
Very weak swimmers
Female lays eggs, male carries them
in pouch till birth
Only animal in which the father gives
birth
Body covered with armored plates
63. Endangered Coral Reefs
Major threats to coral reefs
include:
Ocean pollution
Dredging off the
coast
64. Endangered Coral Reefs
Other dangers:
Careless collection of coral specimens
Sedimentation
Inhibits growth of coral polyps
Inhibits algae growth
Upsets balance of the biome
65. Estuaries http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/about1.htm
enclosed body of water formed where
freshwater from rivers and streams flows into
the ocean, mixing with the salty sea water
estuaries and the lands surrounding them are
places of transition from land to sea, and from
fresh to salt water
although influenced by the tides, estuaries are
protected from the full force of ocean waves,
winds, and storms by the reefs, barrier islands,
or fingers of land, mud, or sand that define an
estuary's seaward boundary
66. Estuaries are semi-enclosed bodies of water where
fresh water from the land mixes with sea water.
Estuaries originate as: drowned
river valleys, fjords, bar-built
estuaries, and tectonic estuaries.
Salinity typically grades from
normal marine salinity at the tidal
inlet to fresh water at the mouth of
the river.
67. Estuaries can be subdivided into three types based
upon the relative importance of river inflow and
tidal mixing.
Salt-wedge estuaries are dominated by the outflow from
rivers.
Partially-mixed estuaries are dominated by neither river
inflow nor tidal mixing.
In well-mixed estuaries tidal turbulence destroys the
halocline and water stratification.
Because river discharge and tidal flow vary, conditions
within an estuary can also change, being well-mixed when
river flow decreases relative to tidal mixing, to becoming a
salt-wedge estuary at times of maximum river discharge.
68. The widely fluctuating environmental conditions in
estuaries make life stressful for organisms.
Estuaries are extremely fertile because nutrients are
brought in by rivers and recycled from the bottom because
of the turbulence.
Stressful conditions and abundant nutrients result in low
species diversity, but great abundance of the species
present.
Despite abundance of nutrients, phytoplankton blooms are
irregular and the base of the food chain is detritus washed
in from adjacent salt marshes.
The benthonic fauna strongly reflects the nature of the
substrate and most fishes are juvenile forms living within
the estuary until they mature and migrate to the ocean.
69. Estuaries http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/about1.htm
Estuaries are sometimes called “marine
nurseries”
habitats for many juvenile organisms, especially
for fishes
many fish are born and grow up in estuaries
migrate to the open ocean
70. Lagoons are isolated to semi-enclosed, shallow,
coastal bodies of water that receive little if any
fresh water inflow.
Lagoons can occur at any latitude and their salinities
vary from brackish to hypersaline depending upon
climate and local hydrology.
Bottom sediments are usually sand or mud eroded which
was from the shoreline or swept in through the tidal inlet.
In the tropics, the water column is typically isothermal.
In the subtropics, salinity generally increases away from
the inlet and the lagoon may display inverse flow.
71. Salt marshes are intertidal flats
covered by grassy vegetation.
Marshes are most commonly found in protected areas
with a moderate tidal range, such as the landward side
of barrier islands.
Marshes flood daily at high tide and then drain through
a series of channels with the ebb tide.
They are one of the most productive environments.
Marshes can be divided into two parts: Low salt
marshes and High salt marshes.
Distribution and density of organisms in salt marshes
strongly reflects availability of food, need for
protection, and frequency of flooding.
72. Mangroves are large woody trees with a
dense, complex root system that grows
downward from the branches
Mangroves are the dominant plant of the
tropical and subtropical intertidal area
Distribution of the trees is largely
controlled by air temperature, exposure
to wave and current attack, tidal range,
substrate and sea water chemistry
Detritus from the mangrove forms the
base of the food chain
Green and red algae contain limestone and when they die, they disintegrate into sand. Brown algae has many different forms and looks more like seaweed.