A species is a group of creatures that share similar features and interbreed to generate viable offspring. 1. A genus is the highest level of taxonomic categorisation, ranking below family and above species. 2. They are the most basic level of biological categorisation.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism as the breakdown and building up of molecules through catabolic and anabolic pathways, facilitated by enzymes. Inborn errors of metabolism are disorders caused by mutations that block normal metabolic pathways, resulting in toxic metabolites. The document then classifies different types of inborn errors affecting amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and pigment metabolism. It outlines patterns of clinical presentation including encephalopathy, liver disease, dysmorphic features, and neurological symptoms. The document stresses the importance of early metabolic investigations for treating inborn errors.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). It defines metabolism and explains that IEMs occur due to mutations in DNA that code for enzymes or other proteins involved in metabolic pathways. Over 500 known IEM diseases exist, many of which can cause neonatal or childhood illness/death. The document outlines approaches to suspecting, investigating, diagnosing and treating IEMs. It categorizes IEMs, describes common clinical presentations, and lists first-line and secondary tests to identify specific disorders. The goal of treatment is to reduce toxic metabolite formation while maintaining nutrition.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), which are genetic disorders that block normal metabolic pathways. IEMs are caused by mutations that affect enzymes and proteins involved in metabolism. Symptoms vary depending on the specific pathway affected but may include developmental delay, seizures, liver disease, hypoglycemia, and dysmorphic features. The document outlines classifications of IEMs and provides examples. It also describes approaches to investigating and initially treating patients with suspected IEMs prior to establishing a specific diagnosis. These include metabolic screening tests, targeted further testing, and empirical management strategies to reduce toxic metabolites and support organ function.
Lesson 7.1 inborn errors of metabolism princesa2000
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), which are genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. It covers:
- Classification of IEMs including disorders of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism.
- Presentation of IEMs in newborns including non-specific symptoms like vomiting and seizures.
- Diagnosis through family history, physical exam, and simple lab tests to check for metabolic acidosis.
- Treatment options like dietary restrictions, supplements, and gene therapy depending on the specific IEM.
Inborn error of metabolism ( Prenatal & Newborn Screening )Dr.Debkumar Ray
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), including definitions, classifications, symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment approaches, and the importance of prenatal and newborn screening. Some key points include:
- IEM are rare genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. They are classified into amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and pigment metabolism disorders.
- Early detection of IEM is important to prevent permanent mental retardation and other serious consequences through timely intervention. Newborn screening aims to recognize disorders in the first week of life.
- Tandem mass spectrometry allows screening for a wide range of disorders from a single blood sample. Prenatal screening uses maternal serum markers and
This document provides information on inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. It defines key enzymes involved in purine degradation and salvage pathways such as adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and adenosine deaminase. It also discusses disorders that result from defects in these enzymes, including the causes and effects of lesions in the purine nucleotide cycle. Additionally, it describes uric acid formation from hypoxanthine and xanthine, and the role of the UMP synthase complex in pyrimidine synthesis. Overall, the document outlines the normal metabolic pathways of
A case of a child with failure to thriveAtit Ghoda
This document describes the case of an 8-year-old boy referred for failure to thrive and chronic diarrhea since infancy. Examinations and investigations over several years were nondiagnostic until tandem mass spectrometry revealed elevated methylmalonic acid, suggestive of methylmalonic acidemia. Methylmalonic acidemia results from defects in intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism and causes accumulation of methylmalonic acid. The patient's chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, and biochemical abnormalities are consistent with this diagnosis. Treatment involves dietary protein restriction, vitamin B12 supplementation, carnitine, and management of acute complications.
This document discusses approach to inborn errors of metabolism. It begins with objectives of understanding normal metabolism, metabolic diseases, frequency and causes of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). It describes how to recognize IEM in neonates with non-specific signs and symptoms, and how to use simple lab tests in diagnosis. It also covers initial management of life-threatening IEM conditions. The document defines IEM and discusses pathophysiology. It describes clinical presentations of IEM including acute life-threatening illness and pointers to specific IEM based on symptoms. Laboratory evaluation for IEM is also outlined.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism. It begins by defining metabolism as the breakdown and building up of molecules through catabolic and anabolic pathways, facilitated by enzymes. Inborn errors of metabolism are disorders caused by mutations that block normal metabolic pathways, resulting in toxic metabolites. The document then classifies different types of inborn errors affecting amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and pigment metabolism. It outlines patterns of clinical presentation including encephalopathy, liver disease, dysmorphic features, and neurological symptoms. The document stresses the importance of early metabolic investigations for treating inborn errors.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). It defines metabolism and explains that IEMs occur due to mutations in DNA that code for enzymes or other proteins involved in metabolic pathways. Over 500 known IEM diseases exist, many of which can cause neonatal or childhood illness/death. The document outlines approaches to suspecting, investigating, diagnosing and treating IEMs. It categorizes IEMs, describes common clinical presentations, and lists first-line and secondary tests to identify specific disorders. The goal of treatment is to reduce toxic metabolite formation while maintaining nutrition.
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), which are genetic disorders that block normal metabolic pathways. IEMs are caused by mutations that affect enzymes and proteins involved in metabolism. Symptoms vary depending on the specific pathway affected but may include developmental delay, seizures, liver disease, hypoglycemia, and dysmorphic features. The document outlines classifications of IEMs and provides examples. It also describes approaches to investigating and initially treating patients with suspected IEMs prior to establishing a specific diagnosis. These include metabolic screening tests, targeted further testing, and empirical management strategies to reduce toxic metabolites and support organ function.
Lesson 7.1 inborn errors of metabolism princesa2000
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), which are genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. It covers:
- Classification of IEMs including disorders of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism.
- Presentation of IEMs in newborns including non-specific symptoms like vomiting and seizures.
- Diagnosis through family history, physical exam, and simple lab tests to check for metabolic acidosis.
- Treatment options like dietary restrictions, supplements, and gene therapy depending on the specific IEM.
Inborn error of metabolism ( Prenatal & Newborn Screening )Dr.Debkumar Ray
This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), including definitions, classifications, symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment approaches, and the importance of prenatal and newborn screening. Some key points include:
- IEM are rare genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. They are classified into amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and pigment metabolism disorders.
- Early detection of IEM is important to prevent permanent mental retardation and other serious consequences through timely intervention. Newborn screening aims to recognize disorders in the first week of life.
- Tandem mass spectrometry allows screening for a wide range of disorders from a single blood sample. Prenatal screening uses maternal serum markers and
This document provides information on inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. It defines key enzymes involved in purine degradation and salvage pathways such as adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and adenosine deaminase. It also discusses disorders that result from defects in these enzymes, including the causes and effects of lesions in the purine nucleotide cycle. Additionally, it describes uric acid formation from hypoxanthine and xanthine, and the role of the UMP synthase complex in pyrimidine synthesis. Overall, the document outlines the normal metabolic pathways of
A case of a child with failure to thriveAtit Ghoda
This document describes the case of an 8-year-old boy referred for failure to thrive and chronic diarrhea since infancy. Examinations and investigations over several years were nondiagnostic until tandem mass spectrometry revealed elevated methylmalonic acid, suggestive of methylmalonic acidemia. Methylmalonic acidemia results from defects in intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism and causes accumulation of methylmalonic acid. The patient's chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, and biochemical abnormalities are consistent with this diagnosis. Treatment involves dietary protein restriction, vitamin B12 supplementation, carnitine, and management of acute complications.
This document discusses approach to inborn errors of metabolism. It begins with objectives of understanding normal metabolism, metabolic diseases, frequency and causes of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). It describes how to recognize IEM in neonates with non-specific signs and symptoms, and how to use simple lab tests in diagnosis. It also covers initial management of life-threatening IEM conditions. The document defines IEM and discusses pathophysiology. It describes clinical presentations of IEM including acute life-threatening illness and pointers to specific IEM based on symptoms. Laboratory evaluation for IEM is also outlined.
Biologically inactive leptin and early-onset extreme obesityMelissa Cano Bte
Obesity is one of the most common diseases in our society. Sedentarism and fatty diet are involved in most of cases as the etiology of this disease and most of the times treatment is focused in these problems, but there are some cases in which obesity appears in an early age and parents have a normal weight. For this reason scientists have made several studies trying to find a explanation to this, for instance genetic mutations as a etiology of this condition. Mutations in leptin gen are involved in etiology of early onset extreme obesity.
This document discusses various inborn errors of metabolism including phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases, mucopolysaccharidoses, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, cystic fibrosis, and Wilson's disease. It describes the genetic defects, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and morphological findings for each condition. These hereditary biochemical disorders result from mutations that compromise the function of enzymes or other proteins involved in metabolic pathways.
The document discusses lipid metabolism and its relation to medical technology and several genetic disorders. It provides details on tests performed by medical technologists to diagnose lipid storage disorders like Gaucher's disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and fatty acid oxidation disorders. The tests analyze enzymes involved in breaking down lipids and measure their levels in blood and other samples. Identifying deficits in these enzymes through newborn screening and testing helps confirm diagnoses and guide treatment of the disorders.
This document summarizes research on potential biological causes and treatments for autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions. It discusses findings of intestinal and immune system abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, toxic metals, and the potential roles of infections, vaccines, and mercury exposure. Treatments addressed include specialized diets, supplements, chelation, and targeting specific biomarkers like ammonia levels and essential fatty acids.
This document summarizes research on potential biological causes and treatments for autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions. It discusses intestinal and immune system abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, toxic metals, and the rationale for treating these factors through dietary changes and supplements. Specific treatments mentioned include gluten/casein-free diets, probiotics, sulfur supplements, chelation therapy, and targeting yeast, parasites, and Clostridia overgrowth. Concerns about mercury in vaccines and their relationship to autism prevalence are also outlined.
This document discusses inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. It begins by defining inborn errors of metabolism as inherited metabolic disorders caused by enzymatic defects present from birth. It then discusses several specific inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including phenylketonuria (PKU), alkaptonuria, tyrosinemia, and albinism. For each, it provides a brief overview of causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The document concludes by discussing additional inborn errors of amino acid metabolism such as urea cycle defects, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, hyperprolinemia, nonketotic hyperglycinemia, hyperoxaluria, and glycinuria.
Dr. J P Soni discusses inborn errors of metabolism that can cause heart disease. He notes that metabolic diseases are difficult to diagnose due to a lack of available tests and that heart issues associated with metabolic disorders are even tougher to identify. Some key points mentioned include lysosomal storage disorders bulk storing substrates that can disrupt cardiomyocyte functioning, disorders of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism producing toxic metabolites, and mitochondrial disorders impairing energy production and causing hypertrophy. Specific metabolic disorders discussed in relation to heart defects include homocystinuria, alkaptonuria, carnitine deficiencies, glutaric academias, Refsum disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, and glycogen storage diseases.
This document provides an overview of biochemical investigation and diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) that present with adult-onset neurological disease. It discusses the types of IEM that can present in adulthood, including lysosomal storage diseases, peroxisomal disorders, mitochondrial disorders, urea cycle disorders, and organic acidurias. It describes appropriate first-line biochemical tests for these disorders, including tests of intermediary metabolism, peroxisomal function, and lysosomal function. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining samples during acute attacks or illnesses when symptoms are present. The document also notes that some IEM diagnosed in childhood may only be recognized as causing neurological problems in adulthood.
Inborn errors of metabolism are a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. There are over 300 known types. They are classified into categories based on the systems affected and biochemical basis. Common presentations include metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and developmental delays. Treatment aims to prevent toxic metabolite accumulation and correct abnormalities through dietary management and supportive care. Examples discussed include phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, and lysosomal storage disorders. Newborn screening allows for early detection and intervention.
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
Disorders of renal amino acid transport
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and transport
Carbohydrate-deficient protein syndromes
carbohydrate metabolism and transport
Disorders of fatty acid oxidation
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Ceroid lipofuscinosis and other lipidoses.
Disorders of serum lipoproteins
Lysosomal disorders
Peroxisomal disorders
Disorders of metal metabolism
Porphyrias
Inborn_Errors_of_Metabolism.ppt for msc biochemistryramdeepramdeep02
The document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). It notes that IEM are usually caused by single gene defects that block metabolic pathways, leading to the accumulation of enzyme substrates or deficiencies of reaction products. Clinical presentation can range from mild to severe and affect any organ system. Diagnosis involves considering IEM in the differential for illnesses involving critical illness, seizures, encephalopathy, liver disease, developmental delay, vomiting, unusual odors, acidosis, hypoglycemia or hyperammonemia. Testing may include blood tests, urine organic acids, amino acids, and DNA analysis. Management depends on the specific IEM but commonly involves stopping oral intake, glucose administration, bicarbonate, and therapies tailored to the metabolic
Pomps disease | genetic disorder |neuromuscular disease |GAA disorderNEHA MALIK
Pompe disease is a rare (estimated at 1 in every 40,000 births), inherited and often fatal disorder that disables the heart and skeletal muscles. It is caused by mutations in a gene that makes an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA).
Here are the key ways that lysosomes can cause disease:
1. Lysosomal storage disorders: These occur due to defects in lysosomal enzymes or transport proteins that are responsible for breaking down macromolecules. This causes substrates to accumulate within lysosomes, leading to cellular dysfunction. Over 100 lysosomal storage disorders have been identified.
2. Impaired autophagy: Lysosomes play a key role in autophagy, the process by which cells break down and recycle damaged organelles and proteins. Defects in autophagy-lysosomal pathways have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, myopathies, cancers and other disorders.
3. Sphingolipid storage diseases: These
Richard, a 51-year-old male, presented with epigastric distress, weight loss, anemia, and renal failure. Bone marrow testing revealed he had multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells which produces monoclonal proteins that can cause organ and tissue damage. He was diagnosed based on his bone marrow containing over 20% plasma cells and laboratory findings showing monoclonal proteins. Multiple myeloma is typically treated with chemotherapy like melphalan and prednisone or stem cell transplants, though newer agents like thalidomide and bortezomib have improved outcomes in some patients.
The document provides an overview of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), including approaches to diagnosis and management. IEM are usually caused by single gene defects that block metabolic pathways, leading to substrate accumulation or product deficiency. Clinical presentation can vary from mild to severe and affect any organ system. Diagnosis involves considering IEM in cases involving unexplained illness, and testing electrolytes, ammonia, lactate, amino acids, and organic acids. Broad management focuses on treating acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia. Specific treatments aim to restrict enzyme substrates or provide missing enzymes or cofactors. Certain IEM are associated with distinctive physical findings, odors, or neurological symptoms.
1. Inborn errors of metabolism are hereditary biochemical diseases caused by single gene defects that result in errors in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats.
2. Symptoms vary depending on the specific disorder but can include developmental delay, organomegaly, neurological abnormalities, and in some cases distinctive odors.
3. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dietary modifications, supplements to replace missing enzymes or cofactors, or gene therapy in some cases. Early diagnosis through newborn screening can help prevent complications.
The document contains a case study of a 29-year-old man presenting with chills and breathing difficulty who is diagnosed with HIV infection based on his history of drug abuse, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and presence of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia. It also includes questions about liposomes, collagen, sickle cell anemia, oculo-cutaneous albinism, marasmus, statins, acute intermittent porphyria, megaloblastic anemia, phenylketonuria, and essential amino acids.
This document discusses key aspects of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for diabetes and related disorders. It covers goals of MNT including healthful eating patterns and glycemic control. It provides recommendations for carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber and other macronutrient intake. Micronutrient supplementation and herbal supplements marketed for diabetes are also addressed. Guidelines are provided for MNT in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including for pediatric patients. Estimates for energy requirements in different populations are also summarized.
This document discusses cell and tissue damage from various causes and their effects. It begins by explaining prefixes, suffixes, and roots used in medical terminology. It then defines pathology and discusses basic terminology like disease, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Various types of cellular adaptation and degeneration are described, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Necrosis, or lethal cell injury, is defined and the stages are outlined. Various causes of cell injury are provided like oxygen deprivation, chemicals, infections, immunological reactions, genetics, nutrition, physical agents, and aging.
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Obesity is one of the most common diseases in our society. Sedentarism and fatty diet are involved in most of cases as the etiology of this disease and most of the times treatment is focused in these problems, but there are some cases in which obesity appears in an early age and parents have a normal weight. For this reason scientists have made several studies trying to find a explanation to this, for instance genetic mutations as a etiology of this condition. Mutations in leptin gen are involved in etiology of early onset extreme obesity.
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This document summarizes research on potential biological causes and treatments for autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions. It discusses findings of intestinal and immune system abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, toxic metals, and the potential roles of infections, vaccines, and mercury exposure. Treatments addressed include specialized diets, supplements, chelation, and targeting specific biomarkers like ammonia levels and essential fatty acids.
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This document discusses inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. It begins by defining inborn errors of metabolism as inherited metabolic disorders caused by enzymatic defects present from birth. It then discusses several specific inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including phenylketonuria (PKU), alkaptonuria, tyrosinemia, and albinism. For each, it provides a brief overview of causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The document concludes by discussing additional inborn errors of amino acid metabolism such as urea cycle defects, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, hyperprolinemia, nonketotic hyperglycinemia, hyperoxaluria, and glycinuria.
Dr. J P Soni discusses inborn errors of metabolism that can cause heart disease. He notes that metabolic diseases are difficult to diagnose due to a lack of available tests and that heart issues associated with metabolic disorders are even tougher to identify. Some key points mentioned include lysosomal storage disorders bulk storing substrates that can disrupt cardiomyocyte functioning, disorders of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism producing toxic metabolites, and mitochondrial disorders impairing energy production and causing hypertrophy. Specific metabolic disorders discussed in relation to heart defects include homocystinuria, alkaptonuria, carnitine deficiencies, glutaric academias, Refsum disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, and glycogen storage diseases.
This document provides an overview of biochemical investigation and diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) that present with adult-onset neurological disease. It discusses the types of IEM that can present in adulthood, including lysosomal storage diseases, peroxisomal disorders, mitochondrial disorders, urea cycle disorders, and organic acidurias. It describes appropriate first-line biochemical tests for these disorders, including tests of intermediary metabolism, peroxisomal function, and lysosomal function. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining samples during acute attacks or illnesses when symptoms are present. The document also notes that some IEM diagnosed in childhood may only be recognized as causing neurological problems in adulthood.
Inborn errors of metabolism are a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic pathways. There are over 300 known types. They are classified into categories based on the systems affected and biochemical basis. Common presentations include metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and developmental delays. Treatment aims to prevent toxic metabolite accumulation and correct abnormalities through dietary management and supportive care. Examples discussed include phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, and lysosomal storage disorders. Newborn screening allows for early detection and intervention.
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
Disorders of renal amino acid transport
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and transport
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Disorders of fatty acid oxidation
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
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The document discusses inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). It notes that IEM are usually caused by single gene defects that block metabolic pathways, leading to the accumulation of enzyme substrates or deficiencies of reaction products. Clinical presentation can range from mild to severe and affect any organ system. Diagnosis involves considering IEM in the differential for illnesses involving critical illness, seizures, encephalopathy, liver disease, developmental delay, vomiting, unusual odors, acidosis, hypoglycemia or hyperammonemia. Testing may include blood tests, urine organic acids, amino acids, and DNA analysis. Management depends on the specific IEM but commonly involves stopping oral intake, glucose administration, bicarbonate, and therapies tailored to the metabolic
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Pompe disease is a rare (estimated at 1 in every 40,000 births), inherited and often fatal disorder that disables the heart and skeletal muscles. It is caused by mutations in a gene that makes an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA).
Here are the key ways that lysosomes can cause disease:
1. Lysosomal storage disorders: These occur due to defects in lysosomal enzymes or transport proteins that are responsible for breaking down macromolecules. This causes substrates to accumulate within lysosomes, leading to cellular dysfunction. Over 100 lysosomal storage disorders have been identified.
2. Impaired autophagy: Lysosomes play a key role in autophagy, the process by which cells break down and recycle damaged organelles and proteins. Defects in autophagy-lysosomal pathways have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, myopathies, cancers and other disorders.
3. Sphingolipid storage diseases: These
Richard, a 51-year-old male, presented with epigastric distress, weight loss, anemia, and renal failure. Bone marrow testing revealed he had multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells which produces monoclonal proteins that can cause organ and tissue damage. He was diagnosed based on his bone marrow containing over 20% plasma cells and laboratory findings showing monoclonal proteins. Multiple myeloma is typically treated with chemotherapy like melphalan and prednisone or stem cell transplants, though newer agents like thalidomide and bortezomib have improved outcomes in some patients.
The document provides an overview of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), including approaches to diagnosis and management. IEM are usually caused by single gene defects that block metabolic pathways, leading to substrate accumulation or product deficiency. Clinical presentation can vary from mild to severe and affect any organ system. Diagnosis involves considering IEM in cases involving unexplained illness, and testing electrolytes, ammonia, lactate, amino acids, and organic acids. Broad management focuses on treating acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia. Specific treatments aim to restrict enzyme substrates or provide missing enzymes or cofactors. Certain IEM are associated with distinctive physical findings, odors, or neurological symptoms.
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2. Symptoms vary depending on the specific disorder but can include developmental delay, organomegaly, neurological abnormalities, and in some cases distinctive odors.
3. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dietary modifications, supplements to replace missing enzymes or cofactors, or gene therapy in some cases. Early diagnosis through newborn screening can help prevent complications.
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Bile acids and salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. The primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, are conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile salts like glycocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Bile salts emulsify lipids in the small intestine to aid in digestion and absorption. They undergo enterohepatic circulation where they are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver and gallbladder. Diseases that disrupt bile salt production or circulation can impair lipid digestion leading to conditions like gallstones or malabsorption.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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2. METABOLISM
Metabolism Catabolism (Breakingdown)
Anabolism (Buildingup)
Enzymesplay an important role in facilitating
the process by serving ascatalysts in the
conversion of one chemical (metabolite) to
another.
3. Dr.Padmesh.V
Catabolism :
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
break down molecules into smaller units and
releaseenergy.
4. Dr.Padmesh.V
Catabolism :
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
break down molecules into smaller units and
releaseenergy.
5. Dr.Padmesh.V
Anabolism :
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
construct molecules from smaller units. These
reactions requireenergy.
6. Dr.Padmesh.V
Anabolism :
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
construct molecules from smaller units. These
reactions requireenergy.
7. Dr.Padmesh.V
Anabolism :
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
construct molecules from smaller units. These
reactions requireenergy.
8. Dr.Padmesh.V
Inborn errorsof metabolism (IEM)
- Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) aredisorders
in which there is ablock at some point in the
normal metabolicpathway
- IEMsoccurdue to mutations in DNA.
DNA
which code fora
Specificprotein
Enzyme
Receptor
Transport vehicle
Membranepump
Structural element
11. Dr.Padmesh.V
Thenumber of diseasesdue to inherited point
defects in metabolism now exceeds500.
While the diseasesindividually are rare, they
collectively account for asignificant proportion of
neonatal and childhood morbidity and mortality.
Diagnosisis important not only for treatment but
also for genetic counselling and antenatal
diagnosis in subsequentpregnancies.
28. Dr.Padmesh.V
3)Dysmorphic features: seen in
-Peroxisomal disorders,
-Pyruvate dehydrogenasedeficiency,
-Congenital disorders of glycosylation ,and
-Lysosomal storagediseases.
Some IEMs may presentwith
non-immune hydropsfetalis
-lysosomal storagedisorders,and
-Congenital disorders ofglycosylation.
29. Dr.Padmesh.V
4) Cardiacdisease:
Cardiomyopathy is aprominent feature in some
IEM likein:
-Fatty acid oxidationdefects,
-Glycogenstorage diseasetype II , and
-Mitochondrial electron transport chain defects.
30. Dr.Padmesh.V
6. Diarrhea:
a. Severe waterydiarrhea:
- Congenital chloridediarrhea
- Galactosemia
- Primary lactase,sucrase,isomaltasedeficiency.
b. Chronicdiarrhea:
-Bile aciddisorders
-Infantile Refsumdisease
-Respiratory chain disordersassowith
steatorrhea
-Vitamin deficiencyosteopenia
-Hypocholesterolemia
c. Diarrhea,Failure to thrive,hypotonia,hepatomegaly:
-Glycogen storage dis1
- Wolmansdisease
33. Dr.Padmesh.V
INVESTIGATIONS:
Metabolic investigations should be initiated assoon
asthe possibility isconsidered.
Theoutcome of treatment of many IEM especially
those associated withhyperammonemia is directly
related to the rapidity with which problems are
detected andtreated.
34. Dr.Padmesh.V
First line investigations (metabolic screen):
Thefollowing tests shouldbe obtained in all babieswith suspected
IEM.
1)Completeblood count: (neutropenia andthrombocytopenia
seenin propionic and methylmalonic academia)
2)Arterial blood gasesand electrolytes
3)Bloodglucose
4) Plasmaammonia (Normal valuesin newborn: 90-150mg/dl or
64-107mmol/L)
5)Arterial blood lactate (Normal values:0.5-1.6mmol/L)
6) Liver functiontests,
7)Urineketones,
8) Urine reducingsubstances,
9)Serumuric acid (low in molybdenum cofactor deficiency).
35. Dr.Padmesh.V
Suspected Metabolicdisease
PlasmaAmmonia
High Normal
Blood pH,CO2 Blood pH,CO2
Normal Acidosis
No Ketosis
Normal
PKU, Non Ketotic hyper
-glycinemia,Peroxisomal
disorders
No Ketosis Ketosis with/without lacticacidosis
UreaCycle
defect
Fatty acid
oxidationdefect
Organic acidemias
Mitochondrialdisorders
46. Dr.Padmesh.V
Second lineinvestigations
(ancillary and confirmatorytests)
Thesetests need to be performed in atargeted manner, based
on presumptive diagnosis after first lineinvestigations:
1)Gaschromatography massspectrometry (GCMS)of urine- for
diagnosis of organic acidemias.
2) Plasmaamino acids and acyl carnitine profile: byTandem
massspectrometry (TMS)- for diagnosis of organic
acidemias, urea cycle defects, aminoacidopathies and fatty acid
oxidation defects.
3)High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): for
quantitative analysis of amino acids in blood and urine; required
for diagnosis of organic acidemiasand aminoacidopathies.
47. Dr.Padmesh.V
4) Lactate/pyruvate ratio- in caseswith elevated lactate.
5)Urinary orotic acid- in caseswith hyperammonemiafor
classification of urea cycledefect.
6) Enzymeassay:Thisis required for definitive
diagnosis,but not available for most IEM’s.
Available enzyme assaysinclude:
-Biotinidase assay- in caseswith suspected
biotinidase deficiency (intractable seizures,seborrheic
rash, alopecia);
-GALT(galactose1-phosphate uridyl transferase )
assay- in caseswith suspected galactosemia
(hypoglycemia,cataracts, reducing sugarsin urine).
48. Dr.Padmesh.V
7)Neuroimaging: MRI
SomeIEMmay be associatedwith structural
malformations .Examples:
Zellwegersyndromehasdiffuse cortical migration and
sulcation abnormalities.
Agenesisof corpus callosum hasbeenreported in
Menke’sdisease,pyruvate decarboxylasedeficiency and
nonketotic hyperglycinemia.
Maple syrup urine disease(MSUD):brainstem and
cerebellaredema.
Propionic & methylmalonic acidemia: basalganglia signal
change.
Glutaric aciduria: frontotemporal atrophy, subdural
hematomas.
49. Dr.Padmesh.V
8) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS): may be helpful in
selected disorders
E.g.lactate peak elevated in mitochondrial disorders, leucine peak
elevated inMSUD.
9) Electroencephalography(EEG):
Comb-like rhythm inMSUD,
Burst suppression in Non Ketotic Hyperglycemia and
holocarboxylase synthetasedeficiency.
10)Plasmavery long chain fatty acid (VLCFA)levels: elevated in
peroxisomal disorders.
11)Mutation analysis whenavailable.
12)CSFaminoacid analysis:CSFGlycine levels elevated in NKH.
50. Dr.Padmesh.V
TREATMENT:
In most cases,treatment needs to be instituted empirically
without aspecificdiagnosis.
Themetabolic screenhelps to broadly categorize the patient’s
IEM(e.g. ureacycle defect, organic academia,
congenital lactic acidosis etc), on the basis of which, empirical
treatment can beinstituted
51. Dr.Padmesh.V
Aims oftreatment
1.Toreduce the formation of toxic metabolites by decreasing
substrate availability (by stopping feeds and preventing endogenous
catabolism)
2.Toprovide adequate calories.
3.Toenhance the excretion of toxic metabolites.
4.Toinstitute co-factor therapy for specific diseaseandalso
empirically if diagnosis not established.
5. Supportivecare-
-Treatment of seizures(avoid sodium valproate –
may increase ammonialevels),
-Maintain euglycemia andnormothermia,
-Fluid, electrolyte &acid-base balance,
-Treatment of infection,
-Mechanical ventilation ifrequired.
52. Dr.Padmesh.V
Management ofhyperammonemia:
1)Discontinue all feeds.Provide adequate calories by intravenous glucose and
lipids. Maintain glucose infusion rate 8-10mg/kg/min. Start intravenous lipid
0.5g/kg/day (up to 3g/kg/day).After stabilization gradually add protein 0.25
g/kg till 1.5g/kg/day.
2) Dialysis is the only means for rapid removal of ammonia, and hemodialysis is
more effective and faster than peritoneal dialysis. Exchange transfusion is
not useful.
3)Alternative pathways for nitrogen excretion-:
-Sodium benzoate (IV/oral)- loading dose 250mg/kg then 250-400 mg/kg/day
in 4 divided doses.(Intravenous preparation not available in India.)
-Sodium phenylbutyrate (not available in India)-loading dose 250mg/kg
followed by 250-500mg/kg/day.
-L-arginine (oral or IV)- 300mg/kg/day (IVpreparation not available in India)
-L-carnitine (oral or IV)- 200 mg/kg/day
4)Supportive care:Treatment of sepsis,seizures,ventilation.
Avoid sodiumvalproate.
53. Dr.Padmesh.V
Acute management of newborn with suspected
organic acidemia:
1)Thepatient is kept nil per orally and intravenous glucose is provided.
2)Supportive care:hydration, treatment of sepsis,seizures, ventilation.
3)Carnitine:100mg/kg/day IVor oral.
4)Treat acidosis:Sodiumbicarbonate0.35-0.5mEq/kg/hr(max 1-
2mEq/kg/hr)
5)Start Biotin 10mg/day orally.
6)StartVitamin B121-2mg/day I/M (usefulin B12responsiveforms of
methylmalonic acidemias)
7)StartThiamine 300mg/day (useful inThiamine-responsivevariants of
MSUD).
54. Dr.Padmesh.V
Management of congenital lactic acidosis:
1)Supportive care:hydration, treatment of sepsis,seizures, ventilation.
Avoid sodiumvalproate.
2)Treat acidosis:sodium bicarbonate 0.35-0.5mEq/kg/hr
(max1-2mEq/kg/hr)
3)Thiamine: up to 300mg/day in 4 divided doses.
4)Riboflavin: 100mg/day in 4 divided doses.
5)Add co-enzymeQ: 5-15mg/kg/day
6)L-carnitine:50-100mg/kg orally.
55. Dr.Padmesh.V
Treatment of newborn with refractory seizures
with no obvious etiology (suspected metabolic
etiology):
1)If patient persists to have seizures despite 2 or 3
antiepileptic drugs in adequate doses, consider trial of
pyridoxine 100mg intravenously. If intravenous preparation
not available, oral pyridoxine canbe given (15mg/kg/day).
2) If seizures persist despite pyridoxine, give trial of biotin 10
mg/day and folinic acid 15mg/day (folinic acid responsive
seizures).
3)Rule out glucose transporter defect: measureCSFand blood
glucose.This disorder responds to the ketogenic diet.
56. Dr.Padmesh.V
Management of asymptomatic newborn
with a history of sibling death with
suspected IEM:
1)After baseline metabolic screen, start oral dextrose feeds (10%
dextrose).
2)After 24 hours, repeat screen. If normal, start breast feeds.
Monitor sugar,blood gasesand urine ketones, blood ammoniaQ6
hourly.
3)Some recommend starting medium chain triglycerides (MCToil)
before starting breastfeeds,
4) After 48 hours, repeat metabolic screen. Obtain samples for urine
organic acidtests.
5) The infant will need careful observation and follow-up for the first
few months, asIEM may present in different age groups in members
of thesame family.
57. Dr.Padmesh.V
Long term treatment of IEM
1)Dietary treatment: This is the mainstay of treatment in
phenylketonuria, maple syrupurine
disease, homocystinuria,galactosemia, and glycogen storage
diseaseType I & III.
Some disorders like urea cycle disorders and organic acidurias
require dietary modification (protein restriction) in addition to
other modalities.
2) Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT): ERTis now
commercially available for some lysosomal storage disorders.
However, these disorders do not manifest in the newborn
period, except Pompe’s disease (Glycogen storage disorder
Type II) which may present in the newborn period and for
which ERTis nowavailable.
58. Dr.Padmesh.V
3) Cofactor replacement therapy:
Thecatalytic properties of manyenzymes depend on the participation
of non protein prosthetic groups, such as vitamins and minerals,as
obligatory cofactors.
60. Dr.Padmesh.V
1.Geneticcounselling and prenatal diagnosis:
Most of the IEMare single gene defects, inherited in an autosomal recessive
manner, with a25%recurrencerisk.
Therefore when the diagnosis is known and confirmed in the index case,prenatal
diagnosis can be offered wherever available for the subsequentpregnancies.
The samples required are Chorionic Villous tissue or Amniotic fluid.
Modalities availableare:
-Substrate or metabolite detection: useful in phenylketonuria, peroxisomal
defects.
-Enzyme assay: useful in lysosomal storage disorders like Niemann-Pick
disease, Gaucherdisease.
-DNAbased(molecular) diagnosis:Detection of mutation in proband/
carrier parents is aprerequisite.
61. Dr.Padmesh.V
2)Neonatal screening:
Tandem massspectrometry is usedin somecountries for
neonatal screening forIEM.
Disorders which canbe detected byTMSinclude
-Aminoacidopathies (
phenylketonuria, MSUD, Homocystinuria,Citrullinemia,Argini
nosuccinic aciduria, hepatorenaltyrosinemia),
-Fatty acid oxidationdefects,
-Organic acidemias (glutaricaciduria, propionic
acidemia, methylmalonic acidemia, isovalericacidemia).
Thecost of this procedure is very high.
Also, though the test is highly sensitive, the specificity is
relatively low; and there are difficulties in interpretation of
abnormal test results in apparently healthy infants.
62. Dr.Padmesh.V
Reference:
1. Nelson’s textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed.
2. Essential Pediatrics, 7th ed.,O.P.Ghai.
3. Careof the Newborn, 6th ed., MeharbanSingh.
4. Current Pediatric Diagnosis &Treatment
(CPDT),18th ed.
5. AClinicalGuideto Inherited Metabolic
Diseases,2nd ed,JoeT.R.Clarke.
6. AIMS NICU Protocol2008.
7. Indian Journal of Pediatrics,Vol 72-Apr,2005