Measurements scale with associates central tendencies explain with examples.

1. Measurement scales
Name: Rakhshanda kousar
Roll no: STAT51F20S013
Program: BS statistics
Semester: 4th
Session: 2020-2024
Presented to: Sir Waseem Amir

2. Measurement scales
By measurement we actually mean
assigning of numbers or symbols to
events/objects and scaling is a
process of measuring.
The four scales of measurement are
briefly mention below;
*Nominal scale *Ordinal scale
*interval scale *Ratio scale

3. Data
A collection of raw facts or figures in
form of numbers or observation is
called data.
Types of data
There are two types of data are as
follows;
1- Qualitative data
2- Quantitative data

4. Graphical representation

5. 1-Nominal scale
 It is simply a system of assigning
numbers or symbols to events in order
to label them. This is just a way of
keeping track of people object and
events.
Nominal scale is the least
powerful level of measurement. It
indicates no order or relationship and
has no arithmetic origin.it simply
describe the difference between things
by assigning them numbers. The best
and appropiate type of central
tendency for measuring the nominal

6. Examples
1) Students are classified as male or
female.
Number 1 and 2 may also be used to
identify these two categories
2) Rainfall may be classified as heavy,
moderate, light. Number 1, 2, 3
denotes the three classes of rainfall.
3) Match between two teams may b win,
loss or tie. This is also classified with
numbers like 1,2,3. etc

7. 2-Ordinal scale/Ranking scale
It places events in order. It includes
the characteristics of a nominal
scale and in addition has the
property of ordering or ranking of
measurement.
Ordinal scale only permit the
ranking of items from highest to
lowest or vice verse. Since this
scale of measurement has the
quality or ranking so the best and

8. Examples
1) Performance of student or players
is rates as excellent, good, fair or
poor. Number 1, 2, 3, 4 also use to
indicate ranks.
2) Grades A, B, C, D
3) Positions 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc
4) Roll numbers of students
according to their marks

9. 3-Interval scale
In this type of scale, the interval are
adjusted in terms of some rule that
have been established as a basic for
making the units are equal.
Interval scales provides more
powerfull measurement than ordinal
scales bacause interval scale also
incorporates the concept of equality of
interval. It does not include true zero
point.
so the best and appropiate type of

10. Examples
1) intervals
marks
less than 10 4
10-20 5
20-30 7
30-40 10
40-50 12
 Temperature
 IQ scores etc

11. 4-Ratio scale
It is a special kind of an interval scale
where the scale of measurement has a
true zero point. Generally all statistical
techniques are useable with ratio scales
and all calculations that one can carry
out with reall numbers can also be
carried out with ratio scale value. The
key of differentiating interval and ratio
scale is that the zero point is meaningfull
for ratio scale. So the best and
appropiate type of central tendency is

12. Examples
1) Age
2) Weight
3) Height
4) Time
5) Salary
6) Distance etc.

14. Thank you