This PowerPoint presentation covers key aspects of abstracts, citations, references, and title pages in APA style. It defines an abstract as a short summary of a paper that allows readers to understand its content quickly. The presentation outlines the objectives of the session and describes the main elements of an abstract including its purpose and types. It also defines citations and references, and explains APA citation style and how to format a reference list. Finally, it discusses title pages, distinguishing between a professional title page with more required elements and a student title page.

1. APA 7th Edition
Abstract, Reference/
Citations, and Title
Page

2. Jens
Martensson
Objectives
College English
Page 2
After this PowerPoint students
should be able to:
1. Define the term Abstract
2. State the types of Abstract
3. Define APA Citation and APA
Reference and the different
styles.
4. Give the meaning of a Title Page
and the different types of Title
Pages.
5. Complete the games and
activities given from each section
of the PowerPoint.

3. Jens
Martensson
What is an
Abstract?
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4. Jens
Martensson
An abstract is a short statement about your
paper. It also provides an outline of the paper
and gives readers a complete understanding of
the research.
"As stated above, a well-prepared abstract
allows the readers to promptly and accurately
point out the basic content of the paper.
Therefore, no one would want to read a text that
has a boring abstract or one that is all over the
place."
p 4
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5. Jens
Martensson
1. Informative- It presents and
explains all the main arguments
and the important results and
evidence in the complete
article/paper/book. It includes
the information that can be
found in a descriptive abstract
but also includes the results and
conclusions of the research An
informative abstract is rarely
more than 10% of the length of
the entire work but can be less if
the work is longer.
3. Critical- A critical abstract provides in
addition to describing the main
findings and information, a judgment
or comment about the study's validity,
reliability, or completeness. It is also a
critical evaluation of the document.
An abstractor evaluates the document
and often compares it with other
works on the same subject.
Types of Abstract
2. Descriptive- Descriptive abstract
indicates the type of information found in
the work. It makes no judgments about
the work, nor does it provide results or
conclusions. Descriptive abstracts are
usually very short and contain keywords
and may include the purpose, methods,
and scope of the research.
p 5
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https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-
and-tools/abstracts/

6. Jens
Martensson
What is the purpose of an abstract?
An abstract has multiple purposes, such as:
● Let the readers get the main point of your paper
or article quickly and decide whether it's worth
their time to read the full paper or article.
● Prepares readers to follow the detailed
information, analyses, and arguments in the full
paper or article.
● Helps readers remember key points from the
paper or article.
NB: The link also contains samples.
p 6
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7. Jens
Martensson
1. Abstracts typically are limited to
no more than 250 words. This
provides the readers with a quick
overview of your essay or report.
If you are submitting work for
publication, check the journal’s
instructions for authors for
abstract length and formatting
requirements, which may be
different from those of APA
journals.
3. Abstracts in paragraph format are
written as a single paragraph without
indentation of the first line.
Structured abstracts are also written
as a single paragraph without
indentation, and labels are inserted to
identify various sections (e.g.,
Objective, Method, Results,
Conclusions); use the labels and
formatting prescribed by the journal
to which you are submitting your
manuscript (e.g., APA journals use
bold italic for the labels).
NOTES:
2. Place the abstract on its own page
after the title page. Write the section
label “Abstract” in bold title case,
centered at the top of the page, and
place the abstract below the label.
Abstracts may appear in a
paragraph or structured format.
p 7
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8. Jens
Martensson
When writing an abstract, it must contain
the following:
• Key aspects of the literature review
• Problem under investigation or research
question(s)
• Methods used (including brief descriptions
the study design, sample, and sample size)
• Study results
• Implications (i.e., why this study is
applications of the results or findings)
• Clearly stated hypothesis or hypotheses
p 8
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9. Jens
Martensson
Recommended Fonts
• 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 10-point
Lucida Sans, 12-point Times New Roman, 11-
point Georgia, or 10-point
• Computer Modern 2-in-1 margins on all side's
placement:
• Second page of the paper section label:
“Abstract”
• Centered and in bold
• Written as a single paragraph
• Double-spaced
Abstract Fonts
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10. Jens
Martensson
Examples of Abstract
p 10
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https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-
and-tools/abstracts/

11. Jens
Martensson
Abstract Poem
Just like pages of reports, but an abstract
concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your
research.
It is a short summary of a longer work so that
teachers may not have to use too much effort.
The structure may vary slightly depending on
your discipline, but an abstract should describe
the purpose of your labor.
A common way to structure your abstract is to use
the IMRAD structure.
Which stands for the introduction, methods, and
results of your research.
p 11
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12. Jens
Martensson
What is a
Reference/
Citation?
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13. Jens
Martensson
A reference citation is documentation needed to
make your paper acceptable for academic
purposes. It gives authoritative sources for your
statements, helps the reader gain access to
those sources, and acknowledges the fact that
the information used in a paper did not
originate with the writer.
Citation is a quotation or an explicit
reference to a source of information. When
writing a paper of any kind, it is vital that you
cite your sources accurately.
p 13
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14. Jens
Martensson
APA style uses the author/date method of citation
in which the author's last name and the year of
the publication are inserted in the actual text of
the paper.
Examples:
• Williams, French, and Joseph (1962) found...
• Williams et al. (1962) recommended...
• “The actual boundaries of the grammatical
abstraction called a sentence" (Shaughnessy,
1977, p. 24) or about which form of
punctuation they should use.
• Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited
Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
p 14
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15. Citation:
“And the child smiled on the
Giant, and said to him, 'You let
play once in your garden, today
you shall come with me to my
garden, which is Paradise.”
Oscar Wilde(1888)
The Selfish Giant

16. Jens
Martensson
APA style suggests using a reference list for
references cited in the text of a paper rather than
a bibliography. Arrange entries in alphabetical
order by surname of the first author.
Examples:
• Castle, E. B. (1970). The teacher. London: Oxford
University Press
• American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic
and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.).
Washington, D.C.: Author.
• Medley, D. M. (1983). Teacher effectiveness. In H. E.
Mitzel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of educational research
(Vol. 4, pp. 1894-1903). New York: The Free Press.
p 16
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17. Reference:
The Selfish Giant can refer to
of the five stories in the
The Happy Prince and Other
(1888) by Oscar Wilde. The
Giant (1972 film), a Canadian
animated film adaptation. The
Selfish Giant (2013 film), a
film.

18. Jens
Martensson
What is a
Title Page?
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19. Jens
Martensson
According to the internet, a title is a name
given to something (such as a book, song,
or job) to identify or describe it. The title
should be a succinct statement of the paper.
As expected, a title page is the first page of a
book and it includes important information
such as: the title, subtitle, author,
publisher, edition etc. However, there are
both a professional and a student version of
a title page.
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20. Jens
Martensson
1. Professional Title Page:
A professional title page is
usually longer than a student’s
version of the title page. This is
because it has more elements
which includes:
1. Running head
2. Page number
3. Paper title
4. Author (s)
5. Affiliations
6. Author (s) note
Student Title Page:
This is usually done according to
instructions/guidelines given by
an instructor or professor usually
a specific style of formatting is
given to students which
determines the elements. These
elements include:
1. Page number
2. Page title
3. Author (s)
4. Affiliations
5. Course
6. Instructor
7. Due date
Types of Title Page
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21. Professional
Title
Page

22. Student
Title
Page