William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
New Iowa Bill Proposed to Create Bible Study Courses in Public SchoolsSheila R. Vitale
The founder of Living Epistles Ministries in Port Jefferson Station, New York, Sheila Vitale functions as a pastor and teacher for the organization. In her spare time, Sheila Vitale enjoys studying the Bible.
West Virginia to Join Other States in Bible Courses for Public SchoolsSheila R. Vitale
Since founding Living Epistles Ministries in Port Jefferson Station, New York, in 1998, Sheila Vitale has been the manager, teacher, and pastor. Sheila Vitale studies the Bible for both her work and personal life.
The Great State of Design with CSS Grid Layout and FriendsStacy Kvernmo
For far too long we've been forced to reuse layout patterns that have worked in the past, creating a web full of sites that all look the same. Narrow timelines, browser support restrictions and lack of a true grid system have led us to create work that is "good enough".
I've spent years exploring how we can make the web a more unique space. With some of the newer CSS techniques available, we can start to make more creative designs. CSS Grid Layout is on the horizon and will play a major role in the design of our sites. Finally having a true, 2 dimensional grid will give our layouts much more flexibility and it is on us to explore the possibilities.
This talk was presented at CSS Day 2016.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
New Iowa Bill Proposed to Create Bible Study Courses in Public SchoolsSheila R. Vitale
The founder of Living Epistles Ministries in Port Jefferson Station, New York, Sheila Vitale functions as a pastor and teacher for the organization. In her spare time, Sheila Vitale enjoys studying the Bible.
West Virginia to Join Other States in Bible Courses for Public SchoolsSheila R. Vitale
Since founding Living Epistles Ministries in Port Jefferson Station, New York, in 1998, Sheila Vitale has been the manager, teacher, and pastor. Sheila Vitale studies the Bible for both her work and personal life.
The Great State of Design with CSS Grid Layout and FriendsStacy Kvernmo
For far too long we've been forced to reuse layout patterns that have worked in the past, creating a web full of sites that all look the same. Narrow timelines, browser support restrictions and lack of a true grid system have led us to create work that is "good enough".
I've spent years exploring how we can make the web a more unique space. With some of the newer CSS techniques available, we can start to make more creative designs. CSS Grid Layout is on the horizon and will play a major role in the design of our sites. Finally having a true, 2 dimensional grid will give our layouts much more flexibility and it is on us to explore the possibilities.
This talk was presented at CSS Day 2016.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
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R E L I G I O U S F R E E D O M & E S T A B L I S H M E N T C A U S EWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
1
RELIGION IN
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
1
RELIGION IN
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
OVERVIEW – A COMPLEX ISSUE
The issue of the proper role of religion in the public schools continues to be the subject of great
controversy. School officials, parents and students -- as well as lawyers and judges -- wrestle with
these questions every day. However, clear standards and guidance are elusive. This handbook will
help provide a roadmap through this terrain.
It is important to bear in mind that this issue is extremely complex. Decision makers must address
many competing demands, invariably looking to balance the constitutional mandates of separation
of church and state and the right to freely exercise religion, as well as freedom of speech. They
must include in their thinking the needs and rights of both the religious and the non-religious.
Furthermore, decision makers must strive towards a vision of a pluralistic America that is open
and welcoming to all groups, including religious minorities.
This subject matter area, while complex, does not have to be divisive. School districts should set
forth clear policies regarding religion in the public schools that satisfy both the letter and the
spirit of the First Amendment. Parents should become involved in the process of discussing these
policies with educators, and approach difficulties with an understanding that mistakes and
misinformation, not malice, underlie a great many of the problems which typically arise in this
area.
Addressing these concerns with civility does not mean that those involved should understate the
importance of these issues, nor should they shy away from insisting that their concerns are heard
and addressed. Rather, all of us should recognize that although we may define it differently, our
common goal is to ensure that the vision of religious liberty upon which this nation was founded is
preserved. Few Americans would disagree that our individual religious freedom is extremely
precious and that no one should be subjected to inappropriate religious coercion.
The Anti-Defamation League has been fighting anti-Semitism, racism and bigotry since 1913. To
that end, we have been fighting for the religious liberty rights of all Americans – whether in the
minority or majority - to practice their religions freely and without government interference. As a
result, we have developed an expertise in this area. We encourage you to reach out to your local
Anti-Defamation League Regional Office any time you think we can be of assistance.
PROVIDED BY: Civil Rights Division
1
RELIGION IN
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
BACKGROUND – RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN
AMERICA & OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Since its founding in 1913, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) has been guided by its mandate of
combating bigotry, bias and discrimination, and securing the rights and liberties of all citizens of
the United States. ADL deeply believes deeply in the importance of pre ...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
Professor William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington.Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
Professor William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington.Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
R E L I G O U S R I G H T S O F T E A C H E R S I N T H E S C H O O L E NWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
FREEDOM OF RELIGIONLimiting Congress to protect both chu.docxshericehewat
FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Limiting Congress to protect both church and state, and the individual’s right to believe
The First Amendment reads, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” These are the “democratic freedoms,” the liberties that the founders believed to be so necessary to ensuring a free and unfettered people that they crammed them all into the very first of the amendments. For all that, none of these liberties has escaped controversy, and none has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to be absolute or unlimited.
Why Is Religious Freedom Valuable?
The briefest look around the world tells us what happens when politics and religion are allowed to mix. When it comes to conflicts over religion, over our fundamental beliefs about the world and the way life should be lived, the stakes are enormous. Passions run deep, and compromise is difficult. In the United States, where a majority of people are religious, religious battles tend to take place in the courts, under the guidelines set out by the First Amendment.
Although not all the founders endorsed religious freedom for everyone, some of them, notably Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, cherished the notion of a universal freedom of conscience—the right of all individuals to believe as they pleased. Jefferson wrote that the First Amendment built “a wall of separation between church and State.”14 The founders based their view of religious freedom on two main arguments. First, history has shown, from the Holy Roman Empire to the Church of England, that when church and state are linked, all individual freedoms are in jeopardy. After all, if government is merely the arm of God, what power of government cannot be justified? Furthermore, religion can divide society into the factions that Madison saw as the primary threat to republican government and individual liberty. A second argument for practicing religious freedom is based on the effect that politics can have on religious concerns. Early champions of a separation between politics and religion worried that the spiritual purity and sanctity of religion would be ruined if it was mixed with the worldly realm of politics, with its emphasis on power and influence.15
The Establishment Clause
The beginning of the First Amendment, forbidding Congress to make laws that would establish an official religion, is known as the establishment clause. Americans have fought over the meaning of the establishment clause almost since its inception. Although founders like Jefferson and Madison were clear on their position that church and state should be separate realms, other early Americans were not.
establishment clause the First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church
A similar di ...
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
5. Establishment Clause “ Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion . . .” Meanings: No State Religion, or Wall of Separation, or Neutrality and Non-promotion NOT: absence of religious coercion
6. Free Exercise Clause “ . . . nor prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” Meanings Beliefs cannot be prohibited, AND Practices cannot be prohibited on religious grounds, BUT Laws can prohibit a practice generally even if some religions do it.
7. Free Exercise Clause The Free Exercise Clause Some religious practices may conflict with other rights, and then be denied or punished Employment Division v. Smith (1988) - work related “misconduct” state gov’t doesn’t have to justify the burdens it might put on religious exercise which are imposed by laws nuetral towards religion
8. Free Exercise Clause The Free Exercise Clause Some religious practices may conflict with other rights, and then be denied or punished Religious Freedom Restoration Act (1993)aka the American Indian Religious Freedom Act SEC. 2. CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSES. (a) FINDINGS.--The Congress finds (1) the framers of the American Constitution, recognizing free exercise of religion as an unalienable right, secured its protection in the First Amendment to the Constitution; (2) laws "neutral" toward religion may substantially burden religious exercise as surely as laws intended to interfere with religious exercise; (3) governments should not substantially burden religious exercise without compelling justification;
9. Exercise vs. Establishment Free exercise by government officials can establish religion. Wearing religious clothing while carrying out one’s official duties can create an establishment of religion, even if one’s religion requires the clothing. Most often, preventing establishment takes precedence over allowing free exercise.
10. School Prayer Engel v. Vitale (1962) Official school prayer was recited at the beginning of each day, led by school officials. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) State law required bible recitations at the beginning of each school day. Organized religious activities in public schools constitute establishments of religion. Engel: School officials cannot promote religion, even non-coercively. Abington: With regard to religion, “The government is neutral, and, while protecting all, it prefers none, and it disparages none.”
11. School Prayer School sponsorship is the decisive factor. School-sponsored actions are not free exercises of religion. Student-led prayer is unconstitutional if it is school-sanctioned. Santa Fe ISD v. Doe (2000) Violation of the establishment clause.
12. Schools and Prayer A student prays silently to herself before an exam. The teacher punishes her. Have her rights been violated? The religious act is undertaken by a private citizen, not a government official. There is no establishment of religion; neither Engel nor Abington apply. The student’s free exercise rights have been violated.
13. Lemon Test Federal funds to parochial schools - Elementary and Secondary Schools Act Lemon v Kurtzman (1971) 1. have a secular legislative purpose 2. Have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion 3. not foster an excessive gov’t “entanglement” with religion
14. Schools and Prayer Agostini v Felton 1997 public schools could send teachers to remediate in parochial schools Zelman v Simmons-Harris 2002 families in Cleveland, OH could use vouchers to send students to religious schools
15. Schools and Prayer Kiryas Joel v Grumet 1994 NY can’t create public school district favoring Hasidic Jews
16. Schools and Prayer 1984 Equal Access Act no school receiving fed. funds can keep students from using facilities for religious worship if school open for other student meetings
17. Schools and Prayer UVA must subsidize religious publications just as much as other school publications are subsidized but Washington state allowed to withhold general scholarship monies to students pursuing devotional theology degree
18.
Editor's Notes
John Barron co-owned a profitable wharf in the Baltimore harbor. He sued the mayor of Baltimore for damages, claiming that when the city had diverted the flow of streams while engaging in street construction, it had created mounds of sand and earth near his wharf making the water too shallow for most vessels. The trial court awarded Barron damages of $4,500, but the appellate court reversed the ruling. The Supreme Court decided that the Bill of Rights, specifically the Fifth Ame ndment's guarante e that government takings of private property for public use require just compensation, are restrictions on the federal government alone. Gitlow extended certain rights of b of r- esp free speech/press to govt of individual states.Used due process of 14th.
2nd 3rd 7th-trail by jury in common cases 5th- grand jury requir 8th- prohibit excessive fines
initially found guilty of illegal drug use so no unemploy benefits allowed Oregon Ct of Appeals reversed it saying can’t deny benefits based religous use of peyote cause that violated their right to exercise religion Oregon Supreme ct agreed- not cause illegal drug but b/c state claiming this action of Smith and Black violated financial integrity of worker’s compensation fund- was outweighed by burden on their religious freedoms state appealed to SC cause denying unemploy benefits was ok cause peyote was illegal and a crime SC "It is a permissible reading of the [free exercise clause]...to say that if prohibiting the exercise of religion is not the object of the [law] but merely the incidental effect of a generally applicable and otherwise valid provision, the First Amendment has not been offended. "The Free Exercise Clause permits the State to prohibit sacramental peyote use and thus to deny unemployment benefits to persons discharged for such use." Neutral laws of general applicability do not violate the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment .
football game a school district in Texas between H ousto n and Galvesto n , allo wed students to offer Christian prayers over the public ad dress system at h ome football games. These p rayers were given by an elected student chaplain . Two sets of current or former students and their respective moth ers—one Mormon , the other Catholic —objected to this practice and filed a suit on the basis of a violation of the E stablish ment Clause.
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