I. This document classifies and summarizes different antibiotic classes: tetracyclines, penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. II. It describes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of each class. Tetracyclines, cephalosporins, penicillin, and macrolides work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Aminoglycosides interfere with bacterial ribosomes. III. The classes are used to treat various bacterial infections. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal distress, hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity.

5. Classification
I. Tetracycline
II. Penicillin
III. Cephalosporin
IV. Macrolides
V. Aminoglycosides

6. Tetracyclines
Mechanism of action
 Entry of these agents into subceptible organism is
mediated by two way through passive diffusion or
through energy dependent transport protein.
 These agents enter into cytoplasm and increase its
concentration in bacterial cell. The drug bind
reversibly with 30 s ribosomal subunit.
 And blocking the access of amino tRNA and
through this blocking of bacterial protein synthesis.

7. Pharmacokinetics
 Most antimicrobial drugs are administered either
by the intravenous (IV),intramuscular(IM), or oral
administration .
 Tetracycline is given only in intravenous and oral
 Tetracycline are adequately absorbed after oral
ingestion..

8. USES OF TETRACYCLINES:
o Antibacterial resistance
o Non antibacterial resistance like inflammation
o Tissue destructive disease like antifibrilogenics
o Parkinson and other neurodegenerative disease
o Anti viral and anti cancer
o Cholera
o Urinary tract infection
o Skin and soft tissue infection

9. Adverse effects
 Gastric distress.
 Hepatotoxicity.
 Diarrhea.
 Ototoxicity.
 Diarrhea
 Nausea.
 Vomiting.

10. CEPHALOSPORINS:
Mechanism of action
 Cephalosporins are bactericidal antibiotics as they
kill microorganism when used at therapeutic dose..
 Cephalasporins disrupt the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer forming the bacteria cell wall by
combining Penicillin binding protein
 The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall
structural sintegrity.

11. THERAPEUTIC USES:

12. Pharmacokinetics:
 Given in intramuscular and intravenously. Poor oral
absorption. Elimination through kidney.
Adverse effect:
 Allergic reaction.
 Diarrhea.
 Nephritis

13. PENICILLIN:
Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain
species of Penicillium and is produced when
growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is
not produced during active growth. Production
is also limited by feedback in the synthesis
pathway of penicillin.

14. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
 Penicillin is a widely used antibiotic prescribe to
treat staphylococci and streptococci bacterial
infections. Penicillin belongs to the beta- lactam
family of antibiotics, the members of which use a
similar mechanism of action to inhibit bacterial cell
growth that eventually kills the bacteria

15. THERAPEUTIC USE:
PNEUMONIA,
SCARLET FEVER,
EAR, SKIN, AND THROAT INFECTIONS
TO PREVENT RECURRENT RHEUMATIC
FEVER AND CHOREA

16. ADVERSE EFFECTS:
 Urticaria,
 Pruritus,
 Angioedema
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea

17. MACROLIDES:
The macrolides bind irreversibly to a site
on the 50s subunit of the bacteria
ribosome,thus inhibiting translocation step
of protein synthesis. They may be
bectericidal at higher doses.

18. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
o Macrolides are protein synthesis inhibitors.
o Macrolides is inhibition of protein biosynthesis,thy
do this by preventing peptidyletransferase from
adding to growing peptide attach to tRNA to next
amino acid as well as inhibition of ribosomal
translational.
o Macrolides antibiotics binding to P site on 50s
subunit of bacterial ribosome.

19. PHARMACOKINETICS:
➢MACROLIDES IN ENTERIC COATED TABLETS.
ABSORBED IN ORAL ADMINISTRATION.
➢ELIMINATION THROUGH LIVER.
Therapeutic use:
 Respiratory infection
 Sinusitis
 Gastrointestinal tract
 Skin infection
 Pharyngitis
 Sexually transmit disease

20. Adverse effect:
 hepatic dysfunction.
 Ototoxity.
 Cholestatic jaundice.
 Gastric distress.

21. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Mechanism of action
Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that block bacterial
protein synthesis interfere with the processes at the
30S subunit or 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial
ribosome
Pharmacokinetics:
Adequate absorption after oral administration. Given
parentally. Excretion via urine.

22. USES OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES:
 Gram-negative bacterial strains
 severe infections of the abdomen
 and urinary tract,
 bacteremia
 endocarditis

23. ADVERSE EFFECT:
 Ototoxicity.
 Nephrotoxicity.
 Allergic reaction.
 Neuromuscular paralysis.