For GTU students

1. MCWC(2170710)
Antenna Propagation
Made By:
Tarang Desai
140950107100
CSE – B
7th Semester

2. Antenna
• An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric energy into
radio waves, and vice versa.
• It is usually used with a radio transmitter or a radio receiver.
• Antenna is a device for sending and receiving electromagnetic waves.

3. Types of Antenna
• Isotropic Antenna
• Idealized
• Radiates power equally in all directions.
• Omni-directional
• Dipole Antenna
• Half-wave dipole antenna
• Hertz antenna
• Quarter-wave vertical antenna
• Marconi antenna
• Parabolic Reflective Antenna

4. Propagation Modes
• There are three types of propagation modes for an antenna. They are
as follows:
• Ground-wave propagation
• Sky-wave propagation
• Line-of-sight propagation

5. Ground-wave propagation
• In this type of wave propagation, the wave follows the surface of the
Earth.
• It can propagate to considerable distances.
• The frequencies of these waves is up to 2MHz.
• Example
• AM radio

6. Ground-wave propagation

7. Sky-wave propagation
• In this type of wave propagation, signal is reflected from ionized layer
of atmosphere back down to earth.
• Signal can travel a number of hops, back and forth between
ionosphere and Earth’s surface.
• Example
• Amateur radio
• CB radio

8. Sky-wave propagation

9. Line-of-sight propagation
• In this type of wave propagation, transmitting and receiving antennas
must be within line of sight.
• The wave travels very less distance, i.e. till the naked eye can see.
• When wave changes medium, speed changes.
• Wave bends at the boundary between mediums.

10. Line-of-sight propagation