1. The document contains review questions about environmental ethics. 2. Industries pollute to cut costs and increase profits. Proper waste disposal and energy consumption can be expensive for companies. 3. Normal economic forces were historically against pollution control because it would reduce corporate profits. However, attitudes are changing as regulations require companies to consider environmental impacts. 4. A totally unpolluted environment is unrealistic since manufacturing waste is inevitable, but efforts should be made to minimize pollution and find new uses for residues.

1. Review Questions Chapter II (Page 36)
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
1) How does personal wealth relate to ethics? Can you provide personal example?
2) Why do industries pollute?
3) Why would normal economic forces against pollution control? Do you fell that is
changing?
4) Is it reasonable to expect a totally unpolluted environment? Why or why not?
5) What has been the dominant societal attitude toward resource use?
6) Describe the differences between development, preservation, and the conservation ethics.
Must there always be conflict among these ethics?
7) What is a major motivating force of corporate management?
8) Why do decision makers view the actions of corporations differently from the way they
view the actions of individuals?

2. 1. How does personal wealth relate to ethics? Can you provide personal example?
 Personal wealth is very a main factor that relate to ethic (especially environmental
ethic) because like individuals, we should have a fundamental ethical responsibility
to respect nature and to care for the Earth. And we have to recognize that each of us
is individually responsible for the quality of the environment we live in and that our
personal actions and person wealth affect environmental quality for better or worse.
o For example: personal wealth includes our specific person's assets,
money, car, house, and value of possessions.
2. Why do industries pollute?
 Industry is naturally dirty because it consumes energy and resources, and it produces
waste that must be discarded/throw away. Proper waste disposal and energy
consumption can be costly, and ultimately reduce profits for the company. Many
companies choose to pollute in order to cut down cost in exchange for higher profits.
In industry workers always do many works like, procuring raw materials,
manufacturing and marketing, and disposing if waste. So industry or company has
adopted pollution as a corporate policy, and corporation are legal entities designed to
operate at a profit. In our industrial world, discarding materials taken from the Earth
at great cost is also generally unwise. Perhaps material and products that are no
longer in use should be termed residues rather than waste, so industrials need to
pollute to environment after their products or material can’t use anymore, they will
waste it out.
3. Why would normal economic forces against pollution control? Do you feel that is
changing?
 Because it doesn’t want to lose benefits or bankrupt or go down the, factories or
industries. If it doesn’t force against pollution control, it is going to reduce the
benefits from the factories or industries. Nowadays, before they generate or build
something just like industry or factory, they always consider about the environment
first how to prevent or how find the solution to deal with or solve with it.
 For instance, they have an industry to find mine in the ground. Procuring
raw materials (Mine is in the ground). In order to get the mine, we have to
cut the trees. When we cut the trees, it makes animals lose or don’t have

3. their refuge/shelter. So, it causes trouble to the environment. However,
when they dig the ground, it leads to have smoke move/go to in the air, the
dusty ground cause to atmosphere, and the sound makes the animals afraid
or run away.
 When they get the mine, they have to take it to wash. The water that wash
these mine it flows/drain into the water to lake, stream, river, or sea.
 When they wash that mine already and these mines are not pure, so they
have to use chemical substances to divide it. After they utilize, those
chemical substances drop or drain to the water. So, it harms to the
environment.
o If they don’t force against pollution control, they have to obey or respect
the laws or policies of the environment or United Nation. So, they have to
think about polluting from their industry or find the solution to deal with
or solve those problems.
4. Is it reasonable to expect a totally unpolluted environment? Why or why not?
 No, it is not. Because the production of waste is inevitable when processing raw
materials. The by-product of processing needs to be considered a residue rather than a
waste, and the residues need to be recycled or a new use should be found. So, it is
probably not reasonable to expect a totally unpolluted environment; manufacturers
should consider it a goal in which they should attempt to achieve.
5. What has been the dominant societal attitude toward resource use?
 The dominant societal attitude that has been toward resource use is business and
technological development that have increased the exploitation to natural resource.
o For example, the energy industries need a lot of fossil fuel and some other
technological such desalination which remove salt from seawater also
takes a lot of energy.
6. Describe the differences between development, preservation, and the conservation
ethics. Must there always be conflict among these ethics?
 The development ethic – based on individualism or egocentrism. It assumes that the
human race is and should be the master of nature and that the Earth and its resources
exist for our benefit and pleasure.

4. o It means that human is the master of natural resources includes: biological
resources/living things and physical resources/non-living things. However,
human has right to take or use the natural resources depend on they want
because all of them belong to the human.
 The preservation ethic - considers nature special in itself. Nature has intrinsic value
or inherent worth apart from human appropriation.
o It means that we should preserve/keep/save the natural resources for fresh,
beautiful, clean air, not to cut down or touch them, or human relax the
stress for fun. This moral don’t care about economics.
 The conservation ethic – also called the management ethic. It is related to the
scientific preservationist view but extends the rational consideration to the entire
Earth and for all time.
o It means that we should balance between natural resources and
development. This moral is about green growth economics or blue
economics.
o For example, if one area has less short forests or it don’t have much
important for animals or people, we should develop it to be farm area/rice
field or paddy field for people grow crops or plant rice. If an area has a lot
of big forests; it is very significant for animals or birds to live, find food,
or give birth/deliver a baby. Or it is essential/necessary for people to bring
advantage from the forests, we should prevent or preserve together in
order to sustainable.
7. What is a major motivating force of corporate management?
 The major motivating force of corporate management is profitability because
stockholders expect immediate return on their investment. The profits of corporate
management are about the environment and the profits of business because the
environment is supremely significant for all biological resources/organisms or
physical resources on the Earth. However, they have to practice in balance. It means
that we get both the benefits from corporate management and help or protect the
environment.

5. o For example, we have the land one hundred Ares or one hectare to plant
the rice. First of all, we consider about the environment when we plant the
rice. Rice can live in condition good when it has enough water, shine,
fertilize, or insecticide (chemical substance to kill or protect the insect).
Our rice only uses natural fertilize (dung) and merely utilize insecticide
one time in one year. Let’s say we get input from our rice 5 tons in one
year when we use like this and in order to protect the environment and
help our land long-used as well.
8. Why do decision makers view the actions of corporations differently from the way
they view the actions of individuals?
 Decision makers view the actions of corporations differently from the way they view
the actions of corporations of individuals because when we are corporate in the
groups, it is easy to share opinion or experiences or to deal with or solve the
problems. When someone produces something that lead to something bad or wrong,
the member of the groups help to tell or correct to be better.
o For instance, we are corporate to build/generate a factory. We have a lot of
idea how to get the benefits from the factory and how to protect the
environment. First of all, getting the benefits from the factory by helping
people has a job to do in the factory reduce the rate of unemployment in
the country. Secondly, if we have factories, they can supply the material or
something in the country let’s say the factories produce clothes. Finally,
these factories can help economic of the country increased. How to protect
the environment when we are corporate. We know that when we create the
factories, they are polluted a lot of smoke, waste, or polluted water. In
order to prevent the smoke, we can buy the layer to cover smoke tube so
as to reduce the chemical substances. Moreover, the waste has to pack in
the sack or litter bins in order. Furthermore, we should dig a well in order
to stock the water that flow or drain from the factories or recycling that
water if we have ability.
o When you do individual, you know you harm the environment. It means
that you think it justice.