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…… aanndd nnooww ffoorr ssoommeetthhiinngg 
ccoommpplleetteellyy ddiiffffeerreenntt…… 
SSeett TThheeoorryy 
AAccttuuaallllyy,, yyoouu wwiillll sseeee tthhaatt llooggiicc aanndd 
sseett tthheeoorryy aarree vveerryy cclloosseellyy rreellaatteedd.. 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 1
SSeett TThheeoorryy 
• SSeett:: CCoolllleeccttiioonn ooff oobbjjeeccttss ((““eelleemmeennttss””)) 
• aaÎAA ““aa iiss aann eelleemmeenntt ooff AA”” 
““aa iiss aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff AA”” 
• aaÏAA ““aa iiss nnoott aann eelleemmeenntt ooff AA”” 
• AA == {{aa11,, aa22,, ……,, aann}} ““AA ccoonnttaaiinnss……”” 
• OOrrddeerr ooff eelleemmeennttss iiss mmeeaanniinngglleessss 
• IItt ddooeess nnoott mmaatttteerr hhooww oofftteenn tthhee ssaammee 
eelleemmeenntt iiss lliisstteedd.. 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 2
SSeett EEqquuaalliittyy 
SSeettss AA aanndd BB aarree eeqquuaall iiff aanndd oonnllyy iiff tthheeyy 
ccoonnttaaiinn eexxaaccttllyy tthhee ssaammee eelleemmeennttss.. 
EExxaammpplleess:: 
• AA == {{99,, 22,, 77,, --3}},, BB == {{77,, 99,, --3,, 22}} :: AA == BB 
• AA == {{ddoogg,, ccaatt,, hhoorrssee}},, 
BB == {{ccaatt,, hhoorrssee,, ssqquuiirrrreell,, ddoogg}} :: AA  BB 
• AA == {{ddoogg,, ccaatt,, hhoorrssee}},, 
BB == {{ccaatt,, hhoorrssee,, ddoogg,, ddoogg}} :: AA == BB 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 3
EExxaammpplleess ffoorr SSeettss 
““SSttaannddaarrdd”” SSeettss:: 
• NNaattuurraall nnuummbbeerrss NN == {{00,, 11,, 22,, 3,, ……}} 
• IInntteeggeerrss ZZ == {{……,, --22,, --11,, 00,, 11,, 22,, ……}} 
• PPoossiittiivvee IInntteeggeerrss ZZ++ == {{11,, 22,, 3,, 44,, ……}} 
• RReeaall NNuummbbeerrss RR == {{4477..3,, --1122,, p,, ……}} 
• RRaattiioonnaall NNuummbbeerrss QQ == {{11..55,, 22..66,, --3..88,, 1155,, ……}} 
((ccoorrrreecctt ddeeffiinniittiioonn wwiillll ffoollllooww)) 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 4
EExxaammpplleess ffoorr SSeettss 
• AA == Æ ““eemmppttyy sseett//nnuullll sseett”” 
• AA == {{zz}} NNoottee:: zzÎAA,, bbuutt zz ¹ {{zz}} 
• AA == {{{{bb,, cc}},, {{cc,, xx,, dd}}}} 
• AA == {{{{xx,, yy}}}} 
NNoottee:: {{xx,, yy}} ÎAA,, bbuutt {{xx,, yy}} ¹ {{{{xx,, yy}}}} 
• AA == {{xx || PP((xx))}} 
““sseett ooff aallll xx ssuucchh tthhaatt PP((xx))”” 
• AA == {{xx || xxÎNN Ù xx >> 77}} == {{88,, 99,, 1100,, ……}} 
““sseett bbuuiillddeerr nnoottaattiioonn”” 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 5
EExxaammpplleess ffoorr SSeettss 
WWee aarree nnooww aabbllee ttoo ddeeffiinnee tthhee sseett ooff rraattiioonnaall 
nnuummbbeerrss QQ:: 
QQ == {{aa//bb || aaÎZZ Ù bbÎZZ++}} 
oorr 
QQ == {{aa//bb || aaÎZZ Ù bbÎZZ Ù bb¹00}} 
AAnndd hhooww aabboouutt tthhee sseett ooff rreeaall nnuummbbeerrss RR?? 
RR == {{rr || rr iiss aa rreeaall nnuummbbeerr}} 
TThhaatt iiss tthhee bbeesstt wwee ccaann ddoo.. 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 6
SSuubbsseettss 
AA Í BB ““AA iiss aa ssuubbsseett ooff BB”” 
AA Í BB iiff aanndd oonnllyy iiff eevveerryy eelleemmeenntt ooff AA iiss aallssoo 
aann eelleemmeenntt ooff BB.. 
WWee ccaann ccoommpplleetteellyy ffoorrmmaalliizzee tthhiiss:: 
AA Í BB Û "xx ((xxÎAA ® xxÎBB)) 
EExxaammpplleess:: 
AA == {{33,, 99}},, BB == {{55,, 99,, 11,, 33}},, AA  BB ?? ttrruuee 
AA == {{33,, 33,, 33,, 99}},, BB == {{55,, 99,, 11,, 33}},, AA  BB ?? 
ttrruuee 
ffaallssee 
AA == {{11,, 22,, 33}},, BB == {{22,, 33,, 44}},, AA  BB ?? 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 7
SSuubbsseettss 
UUsseeffuull rruulleess:: 
• AA == BB Û ((AA Í BB)) Ù ((BB Í AA)) 
• ((AA Í BB)) Ù ((BB Í CC)) Þ AA Í CC ((sseeee VVeennnn 
DDiiaaggrraamm)) 
UU 
BB CC 
AA 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 8
SSuubbsseettss 
UUsseeffuull rruulleess:: 
" Æ Í AA ffoorr aannyy sseett AA 
• AA Í AA ffoorr aannyy sseett AA 
PPrrooppeerr ssuubbsseettss:: 
AA Ì BB ““AA iiss aa pprrooppeerr ssuubbsseett ooff BB”” 
AA Ì BB Û "xx ((xxÎAA ® xxÎBB)) Ù $xx ((xxÎBB Ù xxÏAA)) 
oorr 
AA Ì BB Û "xx ((xxÎAA ® xxÎBB)) Ù Ø"xx ((xxÎBB ® xxÎAA)) 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 9
CCaarrddiinnaalliittyy ooff SSeettss 
IIff aa sseett SS ccoonnttaaiinnss nn ddiissttiinncctt eelleemmeennttss,, nnÎNN,, 
wwee ccaallll SS aa ffiinniittee sseett wwiitthh ccaarrddiinnaalliittyy nn.. 
EExxaammpplleess:: 
AA == {{MMeerrcceeddeess,, BBMMWW,, PPoorrsscchhee}},, ||AA|| == 33 
BB == {{11,, {{22,, 33}},, {{44,, 55}},, 66}} ||BB|| == 44 
CC ==  ||CC|| == 00 
DD == {{ xxNN || xx  77000000 }} ||DD|| == 77000011 
EE == {{ xxNN || xx  77000000 }} EE iiss iinnffiinniittee!! 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 10
TThhee PPoowweerr SSeett 
PP((AA)) ““ppoowweerr sseett ooff AA”” 
PP((AA)) == {{BB || BB Í AA}} ((ccoonnttaaiinnss aallll ssuubbsseettss ooff AA)) 
EExxaammpplleess:: 
AA == {{xx,, yy,, zz}} 
PP((AA)) == {{Æ,, {{xx}},, {{yy}},, {{zz}},, {{xx,, yy}},, {{xx,, zz}},, {{yy,, zz}},, {{xx,, yy,, zz}}}} 
AA == Æ 
PP((AA)) == {{Æ}} 
NNoottee:: ||AA|| == 00,, ||PP((AA))|| == 11 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 11
TThhee PPoowweerr SSeett 
CCaarrddiinnaalliittyy ooff ppoowweerr sseettss:: 
|| PP((AA)) || == 22||AA|| 
• IImmaaggiinnee eeaacchh eelleemmeenntt iinn AA hhaass aann ““oonn//ooffff”” sswwiittcchh 
• EEaacchh ppoossssiibbllee sswwiittcchh ccoonnffiigguurraattiioonn iinn AA 
ccoorrrreessppoonnddss ttoo oonnee eelleemmeenntt iinn 22AA 
AA 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 
xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 
yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy 
zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz 
• FFoorr 33 eelleemmeennttss iinn AA,, tthheerree aarree 
222222 == 88 eelleemmeennttss iinn PP((AA)) 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 12
CCaarrtteessiiaann PPrroodduucctt 
TThhee oorrddeerreedd nn--ttuuppllee ((aa11,, aa22,, aa33,, ……,, aann)) iiss aann oorrddeerreedd 
ccoolllleeccttiioonn ooff oobbjjeeccttss.. 
TTwwoo oorrddeerreedd nn--ttuupplleess ((aa11,, aa22,, aa33,, ……,, aann)) aanndd 
((bb11,, bb22,, bb33,, ……,, bbnn)) aarree eeqquuaall iiff aanndd oonnllyy iiff tthheeyy 
ccoonnttaaiinn eexxaaccttllyy tthhee ssaammee eelleemmeennttss iinn tthhee ssaammee 
oorrddeerr,, ii..ee.. aaii == bbii ffoorr 11 £ ii £ nn.. 
TThhee CCaarrtteessiiaann pprroodduucctt ooff ttwwoo sseettss iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass:: 
AA´BB == {{((aa,, bb)) || aaÎAA Ù bbÎBB}} 
EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{xx,, yy}},, BB == {{aa,, bb,, cc}} 
AA´BB == {{((xx,, aa)),, ((xx,, bb)),, ((xx,, cc)),, ((yy,, aa)),, ((yy,, bb)),, ((yy,, cc))}} 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 13
CCaarrtteessiiaann PPrroodduucctt 
TThhee CCaarrtteessiiaann pprroodduucctt ooff ttwwoo sseettss iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass:: 
AA´BB == {{((aa,, bb)) || aaÎAA Ù bbÎBB}} 
EExxaammppllee:: 
AA == {{ggoooodd,, bbaadd}},, BB == {{ssttuuddeenntt,, pprrooff}} 
AA´BB == {{((ggoooodd,, ssttuuddeenntt)),, ((ggoooodd,, pprrooff)),, ((bbaadd,, ssttuuddeenntt)),, ((bbaadd,, pprrooff))}} 
BBAA == {{((ssttuuddeenntt,, ggoooodd)),, ((pprrooff,, ggoooodd)),, ((ssttuuddeenntt,, bbaadd)),, ((pprrooff,, bbaadd))}} 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 14
CCaarrtteessiiaann PPrroodduucctt 
NNoottee tthhaatt:: 
• AA´Æ == Æ 
• Æ´AA == Æ 
• FFoorr nnoonn--eemmppttyy sseettss AA aanndd BB:: AA¹BB Û AA´BB ¹ BB´AA 
• ||AA´BB|| == ||AA||×||BB|| 
TThhee CCaarrtteessiiaann pprroodduucctt ooff ttwwoo oorr mmoorree sseettss iiss 
ddeeffiinneedd aass:: 
AA11´AA22´……´AAnn == {{((aa11,, aa22,, ……,, aann)) || aaiiÎAA ffoorr 11 £ ii £ nn}} 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 15
SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss 
UUnniioonn:: AAÈBB == {{xx || xxÎAA Ú xxÎBB}} 
EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{aa,, bb}},, BB == {{bb,, cc,, dd}} 
AAÈBB == {{aa,, bb,, cc,, dd}} 
IInntteerrsseeccttiioonn:: AAÇBB == {{xx || xxÎAA Ù xxÎBB}} 
EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{aa,, bb}},, BB == {{bb,, cc,, dd}} 
AAÇBB == {{bb}} 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 16
SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss 
TTwwoo sseettss aarree ccaalllleedd ddiissjjooiinntt iiff tthheeiirr iinntteerrsseeccttiioonn 
iiss eemmppttyy,, tthhaatt iiss,, tthheeyy sshhaarree nnoo eelleemmeennttss:: 
AAÇBB == Æ 
TThhee ddiiffffeerreennccee bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo sseettss AA aanndd BB 
ccoonnttaaiinnss eexxaaccttllyy tthhoossee eelleemmeennttss ooff AA tthhaatt aarree 
nnoott iinn BB:: 
AA--BB == {{xx || xxÎAA Ù xxÏBB}} 
EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{aa,, bb}},, BB == {{bb,, cc,, dd}},, AA--BB == {{aa}} 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 17
SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss 
TThhee ccoommpplleemmeenntt ooff aa sseett AA ccoonnttaaiinnss eexxaaccttllyy 
tthhoossee eelleemmeennttss uunnddeerr ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn tthhaatt aarree nnoott 
iinn AA:: 
AAcc == UU--AA 
EExxaammppllee:: UU == NN,, BB == {{22500,, 22511,, 22522,, ……}} 
BBcc == {{00,, 11,, 22,, ……,, 22448,, 22449}} 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 18
SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss 
TTaabbllee 11 iinn SSeeccttiioonn 11..55 sshhoowwss mmaannyy uusseeffuull eeqquuaattiioonnss.. 
HHooww ccaann wwee pprroovvee AAÈ((BBÇCC)) == ((AAÈBB))Ç((AAÈCC))?? 
MMeetthhoodd II:: 
xxÎAAÈ((BBÇCC)) 
Û xxÎAA Ú xxÎ((BBÇCC)) 
Û xxÎAA Ú ((xxÎBB Ù xxÎCC)) 
Û ((xxÎAA Ú xxÎBB)) Ù ((xxÎAA Ú xxÎCC)) 
((ddiissttrriibbuuttiivvee llaaww ffoorr llooggiiccaall eexxpprreessssiioonnss)) 
Û xxÎ((AAÈBB)) Ù xxÎ((AAÈCC)) 
Û xxÎ((AAÈBB))Ç((AAÈCC)) 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 19
SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss 
MMeetthhoodd IIII:: MMeemmbbeerrsshhiipp ttaabbllee 
11 mmeeaannss ““xx iiss aann eelleemmeenntt ooff tthhiiss sseett”” 
00 mmeeaannss ““xx iiss nnoott aann eelleemmeenntt ooff tthhiiss sseett”” 
AA BB CC BBCC AA((BBCC)) AABB AACC ((AABB)) ((AACC)) 
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 
00 00 11 00 00 00 11 00 
00 11 00 00 00 11 00 00 
00 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 
11 00 00 00 11 11 11 11 
11 00 11 00 11 11 11 11 
11 11 00 00 11 11 11 11 
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 20
SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss 
EEvveerryy llooggiiccaall eexxpprreessssiioonn ccaann bbee ttrraannssffoorrmmeedd iinnttoo aann 
eeqquuiivvaalleenntt eexxpprreessssiioonn iinn sseett tthheeoorryy aanndd vviiccee vveerrssaa.. 
YYoouu ccoouulldd wwoorrkk oonn EExxeerrcciisseess 99 aanndd 1199 iinn SSeeccttiioonn 11..55 
ttoo ggeett ssoommee pprraaccttiiccee.. 
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 21

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Ankit

  • 1. …… aanndd nnooww ffoorr ssoommeetthhiinngg ccoommpplleetteellyy ddiiffffeerreenntt…… SSeett TThheeoorryy AAccttuuaallllyy,, yyoouu wwiillll sseeee tthhaatt llooggiicc aanndd sseett tthheeoorryy aarree vveerryy cclloosseellyy rreellaatteedd.. Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 1
  • 2. SSeett TThheeoorryy • SSeett:: CCoolllleeccttiioonn ooff oobbjjeeccttss ((““eelleemmeennttss””)) • aaÎAA ““aa iiss aann eelleemmeenntt ooff AA”” ““aa iiss aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff AA”” • aaÏAA ““aa iiss nnoott aann eelleemmeenntt ooff AA”” • AA == {{aa11,, aa22,, ……,, aann}} ““AA ccoonnttaaiinnss……”” • OOrrddeerr ooff eelleemmeennttss iiss mmeeaanniinngglleessss • IItt ddooeess nnoott mmaatttteerr hhooww oofftteenn tthhee ssaammee eelleemmeenntt iiss lliisstteedd.. Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 2
  • 3. SSeett EEqquuaalliittyy SSeettss AA aanndd BB aarree eeqquuaall iiff aanndd oonnllyy iiff tthheeyy ccoonnttaaiinn eexxaaccttllyy tthhee ssaammee eelleemmeennttss.. EExxaammpplleess:: • AA == {{99,, 22,, 77,, --3}},, BB == {{77,, 99,, --3,, 22}} :: AA == BB • AA == {{ddoogg,, ccaatt,, hhoorrssee}},, BB == {{ccaatt,, hhoorrssee,, ssqquuiirrrreell,, ddoogg}} :: AA  BB • AA == {{ddoogg,, ccaatt,, hhoorrssee}},, BB == {{ccaatt,, hhoorrssee,, ddoogg,, ddoogg}} :: AA == BB Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 3
  • 4. EExxaammpplleess ffoorr SSeettss ““SSttaannddaarrdd”” SSeettss:: • NNaattuurraall nnuummbbeerrss NN == {{00,, 11,, 22,, 3,, ……}} • IInntteeggeerrss ZZ == {{……,, --22,, --11,, 00,, 11,, 22,, ……}} • PPoossiittiivvee IInntteeggeerrss ZZ++ == {{11,, 22,, 3,, 44,, ……}} • RReeaall NNuummbbeerrss RR == {{4477..3,, --1122,, p,, ……}} • RRaattiioonnaall NNuummbbeerrss QQ == {{11..55,, 22..66,, --3..88,, 1155,, ……}} ((ccoorrrreecctt ddeeffiinniittiioonn wwiillll ffoollllooww)) Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 4
  • 5. EExxaammpplleess ffoorr SSeettss • AA == Æ ““eemmppttyy sseett//nnuullll sseett”” • AA == {{zz}} NNoottee:: zzÎAA,, bbuutt zz ¹ {{zz}} • AA == {{{{bb,, cc}},, {{cc,, xx,, dd}}}} • AA == {{{{xx,, yy}}}} NNoottee:: {{xx,, yy}} ÎAA,, bbuutt {{xx,, yy}} ¹ {{{{xx,, yy}}}} • AA == {{xx || PP((xx))}} ““sseett ooff aallll xx ssuucchh tthhaatt PP((xx))”” • AA == {{xx || xxÎNN Ù xx >> 77}} == {{88,, 99,, 1100,, ……}} ““sseett bbuuiillddeerr nnoottaattiioonn”” Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 5
  • 6. EExxaammpplleess ffoorr SSeettss WWee aarree nnooww aabbllee ttoo ddeeffiinnee tthhee sseett ooff rraattiioonnaall nnuummbbeerrss QQ:: QQ == {{aa//bb || aaÎZZ Ù bbÎZZ++}} oorr QQ == {{aa//bb || aaÎZZ Ù bbÎZZ Ù bb¹00}} AAnndd hhooww aabboouutt tthhee sseett ooff rreeaall nnuummbbeerrss RR?? RR == {{rr || rr iiss aa rreeaall nnuummbbeerr}} TThhaatt iiss tthhee bbeesstt wwee ccaann ddoo.. Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 6
  • 7. SSuubbsseettss AA Í BB ““AA iiss aa ssuubbsseett ooff BB”” AA Í BB iiff aanndd oonnllyy iiff eevveerryy eelleemmeenntt ooff AA iiss aallssoo aann eelleemmeenntt ooff BB.. WWee ccaann ccoommpplleetteellyy ffoorrmmaalliizzee tthhiiss:: AA Í BB Û "xx ((xxÎAA ® xxÎBB)) EExxaammpplleess:: AA == {{33,, 99}},, BB == {{55,, 99,, 11,, 33}},, AA  BB ?? ttrruuee AA == {{33,, 33,, 33,, 99}},, BB == {{55,, 99,, 11,, 33}},, AA  BB ?? ttrruuee ffaallssee AA == {{11,, 22,, 33}},, BB == {{22,, 33,, 44}},, AA  BB ?? Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 7
  • 8. SSuubbsseettss UUsseeffuull rruulleess:: • AA == BB Û ((AA Í BB)) Ù ((BB Í AA)) • ((AA Í BB)) Ù ((BB Í CC)) Þ AA Í CC ((sseeee VVeennnn DDiiaaggrraamm)) UU BB CC AA Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 8
  • 9. SSuubbsseettss UUsseeffuull rruulleess:: " Æ Í AA ffoorr aannyy sseett AA • AA Í AA ffoorr aannyy sseett AA PPrrooppeerr ssuubbsseettss:: AA Ì BB ““AA iiss aa pprrooppeerr ssuubbsseett ooff BB”” AA Ì BB Û "xx ((xxÎAA ® xxÎBB)) Ù $xx ((xxÎBB Ù xxÏAA)) oorr AA Ì BB Û "xx ((xxÎAA ® xxÎBB)) Ù Ø"xx ((xxÎBB ® xxÎAA)) Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 9
  • 10. CCaarrddiinnaalliittyy ooff SSeettss IIff aa sseett SS ccoonnttaaiinnss nn ddiissttiinncctt eelleemmeennttss,, nnÎNN,, wwee ccaallll SS aa ffiinniittee sseett wwiitthh ccaarrddiinnaalliittyy nn.. EExxaammpplleess:: AA == {{MMeerrcceeddeess,, BBMMWW,, PPoorrsscchhee}},, ||AA|| == 33 BB == {{11,, {{22,, 33}},, {{44,, 55}},, 66}} ||BB|| == 44 CC ==  ||CC|| == 00 DD == {{ xxNN || xx  77000000 }} ||DD|| == 77000011 EE == {{ xxNN || xx  77000000 }} EE iiss iinnffiinniittee!! Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 10
  • 11. TThhee PPoowweerr SSeett PP((AA)) ““ppoowweerr sseett ooff AA”” PP((AA)) == {{BB || BB Í AA}} ((ccoonnttaaiinnss aallll ssuubbsseettss ooff AA)) EExxaammpplleess:: AA == {{xx,, yy,, zz}} PP((AA)) == {{Æ,, {{xx}},, {{yy}},, {{zz}},, {{xx,, yy}},, {{xx,, zz}},, {{yy,, zz}},, {{xx,, yy,, zz}}}} AA == Æ PP((AA)) == {{Æ}} NNoottee:: ||AA|| == 00,, ||PP((AA))|| == 11 Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 11
  • 12. TThhee PPoowweerr SSeett CCaarrddiinnaalliittyy ooff ppoowweerr sseettss:: || PP((AA)) || == 22||AA|| • IImmaaggiinnee eeaacchh eelleemmeenntt iinn AA hhaass aann ““oonn//ooffff”” sswwiittcchh • EEaacchh ppoossssiibbllee sswwiittcchh ccoonnffiigguurraattiioonn iinn AA ccoorrrreessppoonnddss ttoo oonnee eelleemmeenntt iinn 22AA AA 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz zz • FFoorr 33 eelleemmeennttss iinn AA,, tthheerree aarree 222222 == 88 eelleemmeennttss iinn PP((AA)) Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 12
  • 13. CCaarrtteessiiaann PPrroodduucctt TThhee oorrddeerreedd nn--ttuuppllee ((aa11,, aa22,, aa33,, ……,, aann)) iiss aann oorrddeerreedd ccoolllleeccttiioonn ooff oobbjjeeccttss.. TTwwoo oorrddeerreedd nn--ttuupplleess ((aa11,, aa22,, aa33,, ……,, aann)) aanndd ((bb11,, bb22,, bb33,, ……,, bbnn)) aarree eeqquuaall iiff aanndd oonnllyy iiff tthheeyy ccoonnttaaiinn eexxaaccttllyy tthhee ssaammee eelleemmeennttss iinn tthhee ssaammee oorrddeerr,, ii..ee.. aaii == bbii ffoorr 11 £ ii £ nn.. TThhee CCaarrtteessiiaann pprroodduucctt ooff ttwwoo sseettss iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass:: AA´BB == {{((aa,, bb)) || aaÎAA Ù bbÎBB}} EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{xx,, yy}},, BB == {{aa,, bb,, cc}} AA´BB == {{((xx,, aa)),, ((xx,, bb)),, ((xx,, cc)),, ((yy,, aa)),, ((yy,, bb)),, ((yy,, cc))}} Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 13
  • 14. CCaarrtteessiiaann PPrroodduucctt TThhee CCaarrtteessiiaann pprroodduucctt ooff ttwwoo sseettss iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass:: AA´BB == {{((aa,, bb)) || aaÎAA Ù bbÎBB}} EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{ggoooodd,, bbaadd}},, BB == {{ssttuuddeenntt,, pprrooff}} AA´BB == {{((ggoooodd,, ssttuuddeenntt)),, ((ggoooodd,, pprrooff)),, ((bbaadd,, ssttuuddeenntt)),, ((bbaadd,, pprrooff))}} BBAA == {{((ssttuuddeenntt,, ggoooodd)),, ((pprrooff,, ggoooodd)),, ((ssttuuddeenntt,, bbaadd)),, ((pprrooff,, bbaadd))}} Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 14
  • 15. CCaarrtteessiiaann PPrroodduucctt NNoottee tthhaatt:: • AA´Æ == Æ • Æ´AA == Æ • FFoorr nnoonn--eemmppttyy sseettss AA aanndd BB:: AA¹BB Û AA´BB ¹ BB´AA • ||AA´BB|| == ||AA||×||BB|| TThhee CCaarrtteessiiaann pprroodduucctt ooff ttwwoo oorr mmoorree sseettss iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass:: AA11´AA22´……´AAnn == {{((aa11,, aa22,, ……,, aann)) || aaiiÎAA ffoorr 11 £ ii £ nn}} Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 15
  • 16. SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss UUnniioonn:: AAÈBB == {{xx || xxÎAA Ú xxÎBB}} EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{aa,, bb}},, BB == {{bb,, cc,, dd}} AAÈBB == {{aa,, bb,, cc,, dd}} IInntteerrsseeccttiioonn:: AAÇBB == {{xx || xxÎAA Ù xxÎBB}} EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{aa,, bb}},, BB == {{bb,, cc,, dd}} AAÇBB == {{bb}} Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 16
  • 17. SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss TTwwoo sseettss aarree ccaalllleedd ddiissjjooiinntt iiff tthheeiirr iinntteerrsseeccttiioonn iiss eemmppttyy,, tthhaatt iiss,, tthheeyy sshhaarree nnoo eelleemmeennttss:: AAÇBB == Æ TThhee ddiiffffeerreennccee bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo sseettss AA aanndd BB ccoonnttaaiinnss eexxaaccttllyy tthhoossee eelleemmeennttss ooff AA tthhaatt aarree nnoott iinn BB:: AA--BB == {{xx || xxÎAA Ù xxÏBB}} EExxaammppllee:: AA == {{aa,, bb}},, BB == {{bb,, cc,, dd}},, AA--BB == {{aa}} Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 17
  • 18. SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss TThhee ccoommpplleemmeenntt ooff aa sseett AA ccoonnttaaiinnss eexxaaccttllyy tthhoossee eelleemmeennttss uunnddeerr ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn tthhaatt aarree nnoott iinn AA:: AAcc == UU--AA EExxaammppllee:: UU == NN,, BB == {{22500,, 22511,, 22522,, ……}} BBcc == {{00,, 11,, 22,, ……,, 22448,, 22449}} Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 18
  • 19. SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss TTaabbllee 11 iinn SSeeccttiioonn 11..55 sshhoowwss mmaannyy uusseeffuull eeqquuaattiioonnss.. HHooww ccaann wwee pprroovvee AAÈ((BBÇCC)) == ((AAÈBB))Ç((AAÈCC))?? MMeetthhoodd II:: xxÎAAÈ((BBÇCC)) Û xxÎAA Ú xxÎ((BBÇCC)) Û xxÎAA Ú ((xxÎBB Ù xxÎCC)) Û ((xxÎAA Ú xxÎBB)) Ù ((xxÎAA Ú xxÎCC)) ((ddiissttrriibbuuttiivvee llaaww ffoorr llooggiiccaall eexxpprreessssiioonnss)) Û xxÎ((AAÈBB)) Ù xxÎ((AAÈCC)) Û xxÎ((AAÈBB))Ç((AAÈCC)) Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 19
  • 20. SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss MMeetthhoodd IIII:: MMeemmbbeerrsshhiipp ttaabbllee 11 mmeeaannss ““xx iiss aann eelleemmeenntt ooff tthhiiss sseett”” 00 mmeeaannss ““xx iiss nnoott aann eelleemmeenntt ooff tthhiiss sseett”” AA BB CC BBCC AA((BBCC)) AABB AACC ((AABB)) ((AACC)) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 11 00 00 11 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 00 00 00 11 11 11 11 11 00 11 00 11 11 11 11 11 11 00 00 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 20
  • 21. SSeett OOppeerraattiioonnss EEvveerryy llooggiiccaall eexxpprreessssiioonn ccaann bbee ttrraannssffoorrmmeedd iinnttoo aann eeqquuiivvaalleenntt eexxpprreessssiioonn iinn sseett tthheeoorryy aanndd vviiccee vveerrssaa.. YYoouu ccoouulldd wwoorrkk oonn EExxeerrcciisseess 99 aanndd 1199 iinn SSeeccttiioonn 11..55 ttoo ggeett ssoommee pprraaccttiiccee.. Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 21