Android is a mobile operating system based on the Linux kernel. It was developed by Android Inc which was later acquired by Google. Android is designed for touchscreen devices like smartphones and tablets. It has gained popularity due to features like being open source, allowing upgrades, and having many free apps. However, limitations include reduced battery life from apps running in the background, devices heating up with prolonged use, needing an internet connection to function, and potential malware being present in the Google Play Store.