Imhotep was an ancient Egyptian polymath who served as chancellor to Pharaoh Djoser in the 27th century BCE. As an architect, he designed and oversaw construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser, considered one of the earliest monumental buildings. He was also renowned as a physician and is believed to be the first individual in history known to carry the title of physician. Imhotep made contributions to Egyptian medicine and was later deified as the god of medicine. He was highly respected in both ancient Egypt and Greece for his wisdom and achievements.
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile Nile River valley. The predictable flooding of the Nile provided rich silt that made the land ideal for agriculture. Farming was based around the seasonal flooding of the Nile. Egypt was united under a dynastic system in which power was passed down families. Major construction projects like the pyramids were built during stable periods like the Old Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt become a world trade power. The New Kingdom expanded Egypt's borders through military campaigns.
Ancient Egypt was originally comprised of multiple small kingdoms that were unified around 3100 BC by King Menes, who established the capital of Memphis and founded the First Dynasty. Menes ruled over both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, symbolized by his double crown. Egypt then experienced its Old Kingdom period characterized by peace and prosperity under strong central rule, followed by a Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom with further territorial expansion through powerful armies. Internal divisions and foreign invaders later contributed to the decline of Egyptian power.
The document summarizes information about ancient Egypt, including:
- The earliest settlements in the Nile Valley began around 7,000 years ago in an area called KEMET. King Menes later unified Egypt by building the city of Memphis.
- Ancient Egyptian history is divided into three main periods - the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. The Old and Middle Kingdoms saw periods of unity and decentralization. The New Kingdom began when Egypt repelled foreign invaders.
- Pharaohs, usually male rulers considered both political and religious leaders, governed Egypt. Famous pharaohs included Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramesses II. Ancient Egypt
The document discusses the three major periods of ancient Egyptian history - the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. It focuses on key pharaohs like Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh who ruled during the New Kingdom, and Thutmose III, one of Egypt's greatest warrior pharaohs. The document also describes the decline of Egyptian power after the New Kingdom until it was conquered by other empires like Macedonia and Rome.
Ancient Greek civilization developed between the 8th-1st centuries BC in the territory of Hellas, which included the southern Balkan Peninsula, western coast of Asia Minor, and Aegean and Ionian islands. The geography of Hellas, characterized by mountains and islands, made unification difficult and led to the development of independent city-states called poleis such as Athens and Sparta. During this period, the Greeks also began colonizing the coasts of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Ancient Greek civilization is typically divided into the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, during which time democracy was invented in Athens and the territory was later conquered by Macedon and incorporated into Hellenistic empires before
Egypt was ruled for over 3,000 years by 31 dynasties of pharaohs. Pharaohs were considered divine kings and Egypt was governed as a theocracy. Some key periods included the Old Kingdom characterized by pyramid building, the Middle Kingdom which saw power shift to nobles, and the New Kingdom when Egypt expanded its empire after repelling Hyksos invaders. Egypt was later conquered by Alexander the Great and ruled successively by the Ptolemies, Rome, and Muslim caliphates.
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were fed by a she-wolf as infants. Romulus became the first king of Rome. Over the next centuries, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. As a republic Rome expanded through military conquests, granting citizenship to more people over time. Eventually the republic transitioned again to an empire under Augustus in 27 BC, which reached its peak size before declining due to military, economic and social issues and finally fell in 476 AD with the deposition of the last emperor.
Ancient Egypt prospered due to its strong government foundation and interaction with other cultures. The Egyptian empire was formed along the fertile Nile River valley. King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BC, establishing a centralized government ruled by powerful pharaohs considered divine rulers. The stable government and taxation system allowed cities to flourish under the Old Kingdom.
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile Nile River valley. The predictable flooding of the Nile provided rich silt that made the land ideal for agriculture. Farming was based around the seasonal flooding of the Nile. Egypt was united under a dynastic system in which power was passed down families. Major construction projects like the pyramids were built during stable periods like the Old Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt become a world trade power. The New Kingdom expanded Egypt's borders through military campaigns.
Ancient Egypt was originally comprised of multiple small kingdoms that were unified around 3100 BC by King Menes, who established the capital of Memphis and founded the First Dynasty. Menes ruled over both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, symbolized by his double crown. Egypt then experienced its Old Kingdom period characterized by peace and prosperity under strong central rule, followed by a Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom with further territorial expansion through powerful armies. Internal divisions and foreign invaders later contributed to the decline of Egyptian power.
The document summarizes information about ancient Egypt, including:
- The earliest settlements in the Nile Valley began around 7,000 years ago in an area called KEMET. King Menes later unified Egypt by building the city of Memphis.
- Ancient Egyptian history is divided into three main periods - the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. The Old and Middle Kingdoms saw periods of unity and decentralization. The New Kingdom began when Egypt repelled foreign invaders.
- Pharaohs, usually male rulers considered both political and religious leaders, governed Egypt. Famous pharaohs included Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramesses II. Ancient Egypt
The document discusses the three major periods of ancient Egyptian history - the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. It focuses on key pharaohs like Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh who ruled during the New Kingdom, and Thutmose III, one of Egypt's greatest warrior pharaohs. The document also describes the decline of Egyptian power after the New Kingdom until it was conquered by other empires like Macedonia and Rome.
Ancient Greek civilization developed between the 8th-1st centuries BC in the territory of Hellas, which included the southern Balkan Peninsula, western coast of Asia Minor, and Aegean and Ionian islands. The geography of Hellas, characterized by mountains and islands, made unification difficult and led to the development of independent city-states called poleis such as Athens and Sparta. During this period, the Greeks also began colonizing the coasts of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Ancient Greek civilization is typically divided into the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, during which time democracy was invented in Athens and the territory was later conquered by Macedon and incorporated into Hellenistic empires before
Egypt was ruled for over 3,000 years by 31 dynasties of pharaohs. Pharaohs were considered divine kings and Egypt was governed as a theocracy. Some key periods included the Old Kingdom characterized by pyramid building, the Middle Kingdom which saw power shift to nobles, and the New Kingdom when Egypt expanded its empire after repelling Hyksos invaders. Egypt was later conquered by Alexander the Great and ruled successively by the Ptolemies, Rome, and Muslim caliphates.
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were fed by a she-wolf as infants. Romulus became the first king of Rome. Over the next centuries, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. As a republic Rome expanded through military conquests, granting citizenship to more people over time. Eventually the republic transitioned again to an empire under Augustus in 27 BC, which reached its peak size before declining due to military, economic and social issues and finally fell in 476 AD with the deposition of the last emperor.
Ancient Egypt prospered due to its strong government foundation and interaction with other cultures. The Egyptian empire was formed along the fertile Nile River valley. King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BC, establishing a centralized government ruled by powerful pharaohs considered divine rulers. The stable government and taxation system allowed cities to flourish under the Old Kingdom.
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile Nile River valley. The predictable flooding of the Nile provided rich farmland and three distinct seasons. Egypt had a polytheistic religion that was intertwined with government, with the Pharaoh viewed as a living god. Society was organized around agriculture along the Nile, with surplus crops supporting trade and those unable to work. Egypt developed into three main periods or kingdoms - the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms - during which time it built pyramids, established hieroglyphics, and became a powerful empire and trade hub before eventually declining due to internal and external forces.
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from around 2030 to 1640 BCE. After a period of decentralization following the Old Kingdom, two kings helped regain order and centralize power under the pharaoh once more. Egypt engaged in increased trade during this period and a new writing system was developed. The economy was based on agriculture along the fertile Nile River valley. Art from this period depicted more realistic human figures and stories from Egyptian mythology and the afterlife. Architecture consisted primarily of simpler pyramids and temples. Eventually, foreign influences weakened royal power, leading to the Second Intermediate Period.
The document provides an overview of three sections from a chapter on Roman civilization:
1. Life in Ancient Rome - It discusses Roman cultural achievements like architecture, art, literature and daily life including roles of men, women, and slaves.
2. The Fall of Rome - Weakened by invaders, plagues and economic troubles, the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century AD, while the Eastern Empire continued.
3. The Byzantine Empire - After the fall of Rome, the Eastern Empire flourished as the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople.
- Egypt was unified around 3100 BC under King Narmer (also known as Menes), who conquered Upper and Lower Egypt and established the first dynasty. This began a period of stability and centralized rule under divine pharaohs that lasted over 3,000 years.
- The Nile River provided highly predictable flooding that made the land fertile and facilitated Egypt's isolation, uniform culture, and political stability. Egyptians developed a complex religion, burial customs, hieroglyphic writing system, and constructed large pyramids and temples.
- Egyptian society was highly stratified with the pharaoh as a god-king at the top. After death, individuals underwent mummification to preserve their body for the after
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt, including its three kingdoms (Old, Middle, and New), geography along the Nile River, religion and beliefs, and social classes. Key points include:
- Ancient Egypt was divided into powerful kingdoms over different time periods and experienced decline when faced with challenges like invasions and crop failures.
- The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, making agriculture and settlements possible in an otherwise barren desert region. It flooded annually, depositing rich silt.
- Egyptians had a polytheistic religion and believed the pharaoh was both a ruler and a god. They mummified the dead and used spells to navigate the afterlife.
The New Kingdom of Egypt was a period of great power and expansion under pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Tutmosis III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II. Some key events included Hatshepsut ruling as one of Egypt's most successful female pharaohs, Tutmosis III's military campaigns expanding Egyptian control, Akhenaten briefly establishing a new monotheistic religion, and Ramesses II engaging the Hittites in history's first recorded peace treaty after the Battle of Kadesh. However, internal divisions and foreign invasions later contributed to the decline of Egypt's New Kingdom and its independence.
The document summarizes important time periods and rulers in ancient Egyptian history. It describes three main kingdoms: the Old Kingdom characterized by absolute rulers considered gods who were buried in pyramids; the Middle Kingdom known as a golden age with prosperous trade and hidden tombs for pharaohs; and the New Kingdom period of Egyptian expansion and military power when pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings. Key pharaohs mentioned include Khufu, builder of the Great Pyramid; Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh; and Thutmose III who established the Egyptian Empire.
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean Sea in a mountainous region called Hellas. This terrain influenced the development of independent city-states rather than large kingdoms. Two early civilizations, the Minoans and Mycenaeans, preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and the spread of Greek culture through colonization. The Classical period was defined by the growth of Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy and wars with Persia. The Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip and Alexander the Great, spreading Greek culture further and dividing Greece into Hellenistic kingdoms.
The document discusses the Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions after the fall of Rome in 1453. It lasted until conquered by the Ottoman Turks. It also discusses the lasting influence of Greco-Roman culture on Western civilization, through Rome's adoption and preservation of Greek arts, religion, and ideas. Key aspects like Latin language, architecture, philosophy, law, and literature have profoundly shaped Western society.
Life as a colony of the Roman Empire. Complete Roman Domination of Egypt by the Roman exploitation makes Egypt a weak country. Eventually sees the rise of Christianity and then Islam.
The document discusses key features of ancient Egyptian civilization, including its geography centered around the Nile River, polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, and division of history into the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. It notes Egypt's early unification and stable political conditions allowed its culture to remain largely unchanged for thousands of years, unlike Mesopotamia. Key figures mentioned include King Menes, who united Upper and Lower Egypt, and King Tutankhamun, whose intact tomb was a major archaeological discovery.
The document summarizes the origins and history of ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It describes Rome being founded by Romulus on the banks of the Tiber River and outlines the three periods of Roman government: the Monarchy, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. Key events included the establishment of the Republic in 509 BC which established democracy and the rule of law, the Punic Wars which expanded Roman control of the Mediterranean, and the rise and rule of Julius Caesar which transformed Rome into an Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The Empire reached its peak but declined due to military, economic and social issues and was eventually divided and fell when the Western
The document discusses several key pharaohs who contributed to Egypt's New Kingdom period of power and expansion. Ahmose rid Egypt of the Hyksos and established trade, expanding Egypt's borders. Amenhotep expanded further into Nubia and built a new capital. Thutmose fully established the warrior pharaoh concept and took control of Nubian resources. Hatshepsut encouraged trade instead of warfare and sent trading expeditions. Tuthmosis III organized soldiers to defeat enemies and created Egypt's largest empire. Religion greatly influenced Egyptian society and culture.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations, located along the Nile River in Northeast Africa. For almost 30 centuries from its unification around 3100 BC until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. Ancient Egyptian history can be divided into eight distinct periods, including the Old Kingdom known for pyramid building, the Middle Kingdom considered Egypt's classical age, and the New Kingdom which saw Egypt's greatest expansion. Ancient Egyptian religion was polytheistic and centered around the king and gods, with religion playing an integral role in all aspects of Egyptian society.
- The Nile River was essential to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization, flooding the valley annually and depositing rich soil that allowed for agriculture. Egypt was protected on most sides by desert, allowing its culture to develop uniquely.
- The Egyptians built massive stone structures like the pyramids and temples using architectural skills and large workforces, and decorated them with paintings, carvings, and statues that depicted religious stories and pharaonic history.
- Egyptian society was stratified with the pharaoh as divine ruler at the top and peasants, scribes, and other workers below, and the country was governed through a bureaucracy headed by viziers that also organized large construction projects.
The document provides information about Egypt, including its location in northeast Africa and division into Upper and Lower Egypt. It discusses the importance of the Nile River, which flows through Egypt, as well as several important historical periods like the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. Key figures mentioned include Imhotep, who built the first step pyramid, and Hatshepsut, who was one of Egypt's rare female pharaohs known as the "girl pharaoh."
The document provides information about ancient Greece, including:
- The history of Greece can be traced back to Stone Age hunters and early farmers like the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Greece later experienced invasions and wars during the Dark Ages.
- Important sites in Greece include the Acropolis in Athens, home to structures like the Parthenon. Greek culture and religion centered around temples built in classical styles.
- The Greeks held athletic competitions like the Olympics to honor the gods. Arts and philosophy also flourished in Greek civilization.
- The document discusses key figures and periods in ancient Greek history like the Greco-Persian Wars, Alexander the Great, and important philosophers, scientists
Mesopotalia and the Near East: The Roots of Western CulturePaulVMcDowell
The document provides an overview of Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, including the development of agriculture, writing, cities, and social stratification. Key points include the domestication of plants and animals in the Fertile Crescent starting 9000 BC, the growth of cities like Uruk and Eridu with temples and irrigation systems between 5000-3000 BC, and the development of cuneiform writing out of clay token accounting systems by 3100 BC.
For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to.docxkeugene1
For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world.
Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology.
The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions.
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD (C. 5000-3100 B.C.)
Encompassed at least 2,000 years of gradual development of the Egyptian civilization. This took place in the late Stone Age/Neolithic period.
4
Neolithic (late Stone Age) communities in northeastern Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture and made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics and religion (including a great reverence for the dead and possibly a belief in life after death).
Mesopotamia also believe in this religion
5
Around 3400 B.C., two separate kingdoms were established: the Red Land to the north, based in the Nile River Delta and extending along the Nile perhaps to Atfih; and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila.
King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty.
ARCHAIC (EARLY DYNASTIC) PERIOD (C. 3100-2686 B.C.)
The Archaic Period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship. To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus. The earliest known hieroglyphic writing also dates to this period.
In the Archaic Period, as in all other periods, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture (largely wheat and barley) formed the economic base of the Egyptian state. The annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year; farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned.
OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.)
The Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty of pharaohs. Around 2630 B.C., the third dynasty’s King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest and healer, to design a funerary monument for him; the result was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near Memphis.
Pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Built for Khufu, who ruled from 2589 to 2566 B.C. Two other pyramids were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors K.
The document provides information on various small civilizations that contributed to history, including the Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Ancient Egyptians. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Phoenicians were traders based in present-day Lebanon who established colonies across the Mediterranean and introduced Mesopotamian culture through trade and colonization.
2) The Hebrews migrated to the Jordan River valley and their monotheistic religion of Judaism influenced Christianity and Islam. They established the kingdom of Israel in Palestine under kings David and Solomon.
3) Ancient Egypt was defined by the Nile River and had a complex government and social hierarchy led by powerful pharaohs. Major periods included the
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile Nile River valley. The predictable flooding of the Nile provided rich farmland and three distinct seasons. Egypt had a polytheistic religion that was intertwined with government, with the Pharaoh viewed as a living god. Society was organized around agriculture along the Nile, with surplus crops supporting trade and those unable to work. Egypt developed into three main periods or kingdoms - the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms - during which time it built pyramids, established hieroglyphics, and became a powerful empire and trade hub before eventually declining due to internal and external forces.
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from around 2030 to 1640 BCE. After a period of decentralization following the Old Kingdom, two kings helped regain order and centralize power under the pharaoh once more. Egypt engaged in increased trade during this period and a new writing system was developed. The economy was based on agriculture along the fertile Nile River valley. Art from this period depicted more realistic human figures and stories from Egyptian mythology and the afterlife. Architecture consisted primarily of simpler pyramids and temples. Eventually, foreign influences weakened royal power, leading to the Second Intermediate Period.
The document provides an overview of three sections from a chapter on Roman civilization:
1. Life in Ancient Rome - It discusses Roman cultural achievements like architecture, art, literature and daily life including roles of men, women, and slaves.
2. The Fall of Rome - Weakened by invaders, plagues and economic troubles, the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century AD, while the Eastern Empire continued.
3. The Byzantine Empire - After the fall of Rome, the Eastern Empire flourished as the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople.
- Egypt was unified around 3100 BC under King Narmer (also known as Menes), who conquered Upper and Lower Egypt and established the first dynasty. This began a period of stability and centralized rule under divine pharaohs that lasted over 3,000 years.
- The Nile River provided highly predictable flooding that made the land fertile and facilitated Egypt's isolation, uniform culture, and political stability. Egyptians developed a complex religion, burial customs, hieroglyphic writing system, and constructed large pyramids and temples.
- Egyptian society was highly stratified with the pharaoh as a god-king at the top. After death, individuals underwent mummification to preserve their body for the after
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt, including its three kingdoms (Old, Middle, and New), geography along the Nile River, religion and beliefs, and social classes. Key points include:
- Ancient Egypt was divided into powerful kingdoms over different time periods and experienced decline when faced with challenges like invasions and crop failures.
- The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, making agriculture and settlements possible in an otherwise barren desert region. It flooded annually, depositing rich silt.
- Egyptians had a polytheistic religion and believed the pharaoh was both a ruler and a god. They mummified the dead and used spells to navigate the afterlife.
The New Kingdom of Egypt was a period of great power and expansion under pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Tutmosis III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II. Some key events included Hatshepsut ruling as one of Egypt's most successful female pharaohs, Tutmosis III's military campaigns expanding Egyptian control, Akhenaten briefly establishing a new monotheistic religion, and Ramesses II engaging the Hittites in history's first recorded peace treaty after the Battle of Kadesh. However, internal divisions and foreign invasions later contributed to the decline of Egypt's New Kingdom and its independence.
The document summarizes important time periods and rulers in ancient Egyptian history. It describes three main kingdoms: the Old Kingdom characterized by absolute rulers considered gods who were buried in pyramids; the Middle Kingdom known as a golden age with prosperous trade and hidden tombs for pharaohs; and the New Kingdom period of Egyptian expansion and military power when pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings. Key pharaohs mentioned include Khufu, builder of the Great Pyramid; Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh; and Thutmose III who established the Egyptian Empire.
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean Sea in a mountainous region called Hellas. This terrain influenced the development of independent city-states rather than large kingdoms. Two early civilizations, the Minoans and Mycenaeans, preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and the spread of Greek culture through colonization. The Classical period was defined by the growth of Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy and wars with Persia. The Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip and Alexander the Great, spreading Greek culture further and dividing Greece into Hellenistic kingdoms.
The document discusses the Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions after the fall of Rome in 1453. It lasted until conquered by the Ottoman Turks. It also discusses the lasting influence of Greco-Roman culture on Western civilization, through Rome's adoption and preservation of Greek arts, religion, and ideas. Key aspects like Latin language, architecture, philosophy, law, and literature have profoundly shaped Western society.
Life as a colony of the Roman Empire. Complete Roman Domination of Egypt by the Roman exploitation makes Egypt a weak country. Eventually sees the rise of Christianity and then Islam.
The document discusses key features of ancient Egyptian civilization, including its geography centered around the Nile River, polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, and division of history into the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. It notes Egypt's early unification and stable political conditions allowed its culture to remain largely unchanged for thousands of years, unlike Mesopotamia. Key figures mentioned include King Menes, who united Upper and Lower Egypt, and King Tutankhamun, whose intact tomb was a major archaeological discovery.
The document summarizes the origins and history of ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It describes Rome being founded by Romulus on the banks of the Tiber River and outlines the three periods of Roman government: the Monarchy, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. Key events included the establishment of the Republic in 509 BC which established democracy and the rule of law, the Punic Wars which expanded Roman control of the Mediterranean, and the rise and rule of Julius Caesar which transformed Rome into an Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The Empire reached its peak but declined due to military, economic and social issues and was eventually divided and fell when the Western
The document discusses several key pharaohs who contributed to Egypt's New Kingdom period of power and expansion. Ahmose rid Egypt of the Hyksos and established trade, expanding Egypt's borders. Amenhotep expanded further into Nubia and built a new capital. Thutmose fully established the warrior pharaoh concept and took control of Nubian resources. Hatshepsut encouraged trade instead of warfare and sent trading expeditions. Tuthmosis III organized soldiers to defeat enemies and created Egypt's largest empire. Religion greatly influenced Egyptian society and culture.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations, located along the Nile River in Northeast Africa. For almost 30 centuries from its unification around 3100 BC until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. Ancient Egyptian history can be divided into eight distinct periods, including the Old Kingdom known for pyramid building, the Middle Kingdom considered Egypt's classical age, and the New Kingdom which saw Egypt's greatest expansion. Ancient Egyptian religion was polytheistic and centered around the king and gods, with religion playing an integral role in all aspects of Egyptian society.
- The Nile River was essential to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization, flooding the valley annually and depositing rich soil that allowed for agriculture. Egypt was protected on most sides by desert, allowing its culture to develop uniquely.
- The Egyptians built massive stone structures like the pyramids and temples using architectural skills and large workforces, and decorated them with paintings, carvings, and statues that depicted religious stories and pharaonic history.
- Egyptian society was stratified with the pharaoh as divine ruler at the top and peasants, scribes, and other workers below, and the country was governed through a bureaucracy headed by viziers that also organized large construction projects.
The document provides information about Egypt, including its location in northeast Africa and division into Upper and Lower Egypt. It discusses the importance of the Nile River, which flows through Egypt, as well as several important historical periods like the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. Key figures mentioned include Imhotep, who built the first step pyramid, and Hatshepsut, who was one of Egypt's rare female pharaohs known as the "girl pharaoh."
The document provides information about ancient Greece, including:
- The history of Greece can be traced back to Stone Age hunters and early farmers like the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Greece later experienced invasions and wars during the Dark Ages.
- Important sites in Greece include the Acropolis in Athens, home to structures like the Parthenon. Greek culture and religion centered around temples built in classical styles.
- The Greeks held athletic competitions like the Olympics to honor the gods. Arts and philosophy also flourished in Greek civilization.
- The document discusses key figures and periods in ancient Greek history like the Greco-Persian Wars, Alexander the Great, and important philosophers, scientists
Mesopotalia and the Near East: The Roots of Western CulturePaulVMcDowell
The document provides an overview of Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, including the development of agriculture, writing, cities, and social stratification. Key points include the domestication of plants and animals in the Fertile Crescent starting 9000 BC, the growth of cities like Uruk and Eridu with temples and irrigation systems between 5000-3000 BC, and the development of cuneiform writing out of clay token accounting systems by 3100 BC.
For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to.docxkeugene1
For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world.
Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology.
The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions.
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD (C. 5000-3100 B.C.)
Encompassed at least 2,000 years of gradual development of the Egyptian civilization. This took place in the late Stone Age/Neolithic period.
4
Neolithic (late Stone Age) communities in northeastern Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture and made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics and religion (including a great reverence for the dead and possibly a belief in life after death).
Mesopotamia also believe in this religion
5
Around 3400 B.C., two separate kingdoms were established: the Red Land to the north, based in the Nile River Delta and extending along the Nile perhaps to Atfih; and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila.
King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty.
ARCHAIC (EARLY DYNASTIC) PERIOD (C. 3100-2686 B.C.)
The Archaic Period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship. To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus. The earliest known hieroglyphic writing also dates to this period.
In the Archaic Period, as in all other periods, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture (largely wheat and barley) formed the economic base of the Egyptian state. The annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year; farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned.
OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.)
The Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty of pharaohs. Around 2630 B.C., the third dynasty’s King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest and healer, to design a funerary monument for him; the result was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near Memphis.
Pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Built for Khufu, who ruled from 2589 to 2566 B.C. Two other pyramids were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors K.
The document provides information on various small civilizations that contributed to history, including the Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Ancient Egyptians. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The Phoenicians were traders based in present-day Lebanon who established colonies across the Mediterranean and introduced Mesopotamian culture through trade and colonization.
2) The Hebrews migrated to the Jordan River valley and their monotheistic religion of Judaism influenced Christianity and Islam. They established the kingdom of Israel in Palestine under kings David and Solomon.
3) Ancient Egypt was defined by the Nile River and had a complex government and social hierarchy led by powerful pharaohs. Major periods included the
The document provides information about early dynasties in ancient China, including the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It notes that the Xia dynasty was the first, located along the Yellow River around 2000 BC. The Shang dynasty then rose to power between 1700-1027 BC, establishing its capital at Anyang. The Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang in 1027 BC and instituted a feudal system of governance. Key developments included the early use of bronze, oracle bone scripts, and a polytheistic folk religion with ancestor worship.
Ancient Egypt prospered due to its stable government structure and interaction with other cultures. The Egyptian empire was first formed along the fertile Nile River valley. A unified kingdom was established around 3100 BC under King Menes, beginning the Old Kingdom period of pyramid building. Subsequent kingdoms including the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom expanded Egypt's territories and established trade networks, while maintaining political and religious rule centered on the pharaoh.
A quick history explanation about ancient Egypt. Feel free to read and have knowledge on ancient Egyptian's dynasty and rulers. And also know about the most famous "Pyramids of Egypt."
Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the lower Nile River that lasted from around 3150 BC to 30 BC. It began as independent kingdoms that eventually were united and experienced stable periods under powerful rulers, such as the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. The civilization was able to thrive due to stable agriculture supported by annual Nile River floods. Ancient Egyptian architecture featured post and lintel construction with columns decorated to resemble plants. The major religion was polytheistic and centered around gods controlling nature and important myths like that of Osiris and Isis. Egyptians had an elaborate concept of the afterlife involving mummification and tombs to preserve the soul.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations. The document provides background information on Ancient Egypt, including that the name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek name for the country. It discusses some of Egypt's major river valley civilizations and highlights the importance of the predictable flooding of the Nile River in the development of Egyptian settlements and agriculture. Key sites from Ancient Egypt are described, such as the pyramids at Giza and structures built during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian cities, tomb types (such as mastabas and rock-cut tombs), and religious sites (like Karnak and Luxor Temple) are also outlined.
The ancient Egyptians developed one of the most successful civilizations, inventing hieroglyphics, papyrus, and the calendar. They had a stratified social structure led by pharaohs and believed in an afterlife, practicing mummification. Some notable early figures were Menes, the first pharaoh who unified Egypt, and Imhotep, an architect who designed the step pyramid at Saqqara. Later, Hatshepsut ruled as the first female pharaoh.
Egypt is located in northeast Africa and is divided into upper and lower Egypt. Arabic is Egypt's official language and its population is around 76 million people. The Nile River, which is the longest river in the world, runs through Egypt from central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Some key events and periods in ancient Egyptian history include the Old Kingdom from 2700-2200 BC when the first pyramids including the Great Pyramids of Giza were built, the Middle Kingdom from 2055-1750 BC which was a stable period, and the New Kingdom from 1550-1050 BC when Egypt reached its peak of power. Important pharaohs included Menes who united upper and lower Egypt, Djoser who
The empires of Egypt and Nubia interacted along the Nile River through both cultural exchange and military conflict over many centuries. Egypt expanded south during the Middle Kingdom and conquered parts of Nubia, but grew weaker over time and was invaded by Hyksos invaders. Under Thutmose III and later rulers, Egypt regained power and expanded further south into Nubia, dominating the Nubian kingdom of Kush. However, as Egypt declined, Kush emerged as a powerful kingdom and the Kushite king Piankhi was able to conquer Egypt. The interaction between the two civilizations resulted in the spread of culture between their peoples.
The document provides information about various aspects of ancient Egypt. It begins with background on Egypt's name and location. It then discusses key river valley civilizations including Egypt along the Nile River. Several sections describe important periods in ancient Egyptian history like the Old Kingdom known for pyramid building, the Middle Kingdom ruled from Thebes, and the New Kingdom golden age. Additional sections provide details on sites like Giza's pyramids and Sphinx, King Tut's tomb, temples at Karnak and Luxor, and the Valley of the Kings burial ground. In summary, the document outlines the major historical periods of ancient Egypt and some of its most prominent archaeological sites and monuments.
The document provides information about various aspects of ancient Egypt. It begins with background on Egypt's name and location. It then discusses some of Egypt's earliest civilizations along the Nile River. Several key periods in ancient Egyptian history are outlined, including the Old Kingdom known for building pyramids, the Middle Kingdom which reunited Egypt, and the New Kingdom that marked Egypt's golden age. Important sites from these eras like the pyramids at Giza and King Tut's tomb are described. The document also provides details on various structures used in ancient Egypt such as mastabas, rock-cut tombs, and temples at Karnak and Luxor.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt, including its geography along the Nile River, early settlements and way of life, the rise of kingdoms and dynasties, and the three main periods of ancient Egyptian civilization: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. It describes key pharaohs like Khufu, Hatshepsut, and Thutmose III and discusses Egyptian religion, the building of pyramids, and the Egyptian empire's expansion through trade and conquest.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Fertile Crescent. The rivers' seasonal flooding deposited silt that nourished agriculture, allowing civilization to develop. The Sumerians built the first Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Uruk by 3000 BC and invented cuneiform writing and the wheel. Their theocratic city-states were later conquered by the Akkadians and Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire. Key developments included Hammurabi's Code of Laws and the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted over 3000 years, showing incredible continuity and consistency. Egyptian imagery, concepts, and perspectives have had immense influence on later cultures, providing building blocks for Greek and Roman culture and influencing the Western tradition. The annual flooding of the Nile river shaped Egyptian culture, creating fertile land and influencing their concept of cyclical time. Egyptian art styles and royal imagery remained remarkably consistent over millennia, which Egyptians viewed as representing stability and the correctness of their culture.
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The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian history and culture from the Early Dynastic Period through the end of the New Kingdom. It describes the unification of Egypt under King Menes, the establishment of Memphis as the capital, and the highly effective yet adaptable system of government created by the pharaohs. It also discusses important Egyptian gods like Ma'at, Osiris and Seth, the role of pyramids in burial rituals, and the major historical periods of Egyptian rule.
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1. 1. Pharaonic Egypt with its world famous civilization existed between 5,500 and 332
BCE.
2. It spread across the valley and delta of the River Nile
3. Northward in the North-East corner of Africa, with a large desert to the West
4. and East, and sea to the North and further East.
5. However, it was the valley of the Nile that defined the state of Egypt where the land
was rich in
6. resources such as wild and domesticated animals, fish, birds, stone quarries and
7. metals, specially gold, in the Eastern Desert.
8. The people of ancient Egypt have left behind numerous monuments and artifacts,
9. many of them covered in the script now known as hieroglyphs; a form of
pictorial
10.writing used to inscribe their language and document aspects of their culture.
11.Important Achievements
12.Ancient Egyptians had an agricultural economy, an organized government
system,
13.social traditions and a set of strictly enforced laws unlike most of their
14.prehistoric predecessors, Egyptians had a stable society where many people
lived
15.their entire lives in the same place and thus, such stability allowed for
16.achievements in several areas.
17.Interestingly, in this ancient society many individuals were relatively
18.wealthy,
19.compared to their ancestors, and thus, could afford healthcare, which was
20.available because social stability allowed medical experimentation to flourish.
21.Ancient Egyptians mastered the process of mummification; a process that
22.entailed knowledge of the human body and how it works.
23.A mummification process was done by using a long hooked implement that
was
24.inserted through the nostril, to break the thin bone of the brain case
25.(called the ethmoid bone)
26.to allow the removal of the brain, and to facilitate the process of preservation.
2. 27.It is interesting to note here that many priests in Pharaonic Egypt
28.were also medical doctors. From the calendar to the Pyramids, the ancient
29.Egyptian culture is known for its achievements in nearly all fields of
knowledge.
30.The numeric system (including fractions), a written language,
31.mummification, time keeping, Papyrus, courts and justice system,
32. even eye-makeup and door locks are among its most famous
achievements.
33.
1. Although the ancient Egyptian civilization was not the earliest to
2. flourish, it lasted longer than any other,
3. and it was absolutely the most spectacular civilization in history, especially in its
heyday.
4. The civilized life (such as agriculture and building towns) appeared in Egypt as early
as the
5. sixth millennium BCE. It developed into distinctive regional cultures in both
6. Upper and Lower Egypt. The unification of the two lands (Upper and Lower Egypt)
took
7. place in around 3100 BCE under the legendary ruler Mena who is said to
8. have founded the capital city of Memphis on the border between Upper and Lower
Egypt.
9. Historians divide the history of Pharaonic Egypt into the following periods:
10.Prehistory
11.(up to 3100 BCE)
12.The Archaic period
13.(3100 to 2700 BCE)
14.The Old Kingdom (2700 to 2200 BCE)
3. 15.The First Intermediate Period (2200 to 2060 BCE)
16.The Middle Kingdom (2060 to 1635 BCE)
17.The Second Intermediate Period (1635 to 1552 BCE)
18.The New Kingdom (1552 to 1070 BCE)
19.The Third Intermediate Period (1070 to 712 BCE)
20.and The Late Period (712 to 332 BCE)
21.At the times of prosperity ( the three kingdoms) the kings of Egypt initiated
numerous building projects
22.and sent out expeditions to extend Egypt's borders and expand trade routes,
23.while during the so-called First, Second and Third Intermediate Periods,
24.the land was politically fragmented
25.often reverting to local rule in Upper and Lower Egypt.
26.Historians also divided Pharaonic history into a number of ruling families known as
‘dynasties’,
27.each consisting of a sequence of rulers, usually united by such factors as
28.kinship or the location of the principal royal residences.
29.This essentially political approach has served very well over the years as a way
30.of dividing up the Egyptian chronology into a series of convenient blocks
31.each with its own distinctive characteristics.
32.The Archaic Period
33.Also known as the Early Dynastic Period,
34.comprises the first two dynasties that ruled Egypt for almost 400 years.
35.The greatest achievement during this period was forming the powerful unified state
36.and forging a national consciousness in all its regions.
37.The highest offices in the government were reserved for members of the royal
family.
38.The Old Kingdom
39.During the Old Kingdom
40.Egypt experienced a long and uninterrupted period of economic prosperity and
political stability.
41.As a continuation of the Early Dynastic Period, it rapidly
4. 42.grew into a centrally organized state
43.ruled by King believed to be endowed with qualified supernatural powers.
44.It was administered by a literate elite selected, at least partly, on merit.
45.Egypt enjoyed almost complete self sufficiency and safety with its natural borders;
46.no external rivals threatened its dominance of the north-eastern corner of Africa
47.and the immediately adjacent areas of Western Asia.
48.Egyptian advance in religious
49.ideas was reflected in breathtaking
50.achievements in arts and architecture.
51.The Old Kingdom began with the 3rd Dynasty which was dominated by the reign of
Djoser.
52.His famous pyramid at Saqqara is an example of his ambition and power.
53.Aided in his projects by his no less celebrated architect Imhotep,
54.he conceived the idea of being buried under an immense monument of stone,
55.which was to assume the form of a pyramid;
56.a sort of gigantic monumental stairway that would enable the deceased pharaoh
57.to enter the realm of the sun and the sky and meet his peers, the gods.
58.The 4th Dynasty brought the three sovereigns who were
59.the builders of what posterity has considered among the Seven Wonders
60.of the World, namely Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure.
61.These three kings had the advantage of an absolute power of their people and of a
faithful and devoted court.
62.The most famous of all is King Khufu (Cheops, in Greek),
63.the owner of the the Great Pyramid of Giza;
64.the only wonder that still exists from the seven ancient ones.
65.The Great Pyramid was the tallest building on earth for 45 centuries.
66.The Middle Kingdom
67.Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt started to suffer economically
68.due to the financing of mortuary monuments and the lower inundations of the Nile.
69.This led to the decentralization of power and eventually led to civil wars in different
regions.
5. 70.It was not until the 11th Dynasty under King Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II,
71.that Egypt was reunited again.
72.Under the 11th Dynasty, Egypt recovered quickly from the civil wars which had long
divided the country.
73.The Middle Kingdom starts with Amenemhet I and his descendants, who
74.essentially had no legitimate claim to rule and were not of royal origin but
75.they took several shrewd political measures to establish their dynasty.
76.Amenemhet I introduced co-regencies to counteract any attempt to place
77.a rival claimant on the throne after his death.
78.In the year 20 of his reign he made his eldest son (later Senusret I) his co-regent,
79.and they ruled together for twenty years. This custom was continued throughout the
dynasty
80.and ensured a smooth succession, even when violent events occurred.
81.These kings also dealt with the problem of a powerful provincial nobility,
82.which had contributed to the downfall of the Old Kingdom.
83.Under Amenemhet I the nobles retained many privileges and built
84.magnificent rock-cut tombs in their own provinces.
85.Their political and military strength still posed a threat to the king,
86.and a later ruler of Dynasty 12, Senusret III took
87.decisive action and suppressed these men, removing their rights and privileges
88.and closing their local courts so that they never again challenged royal authority.
89.Their great provincial tombs ceased after his reign, and a new
90.middle class, consisting mainly of craftsmen, tradesmen, and small farmers,
replaced the nobles.
91.The New Kingdom
92.After the end of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos
93.who came from West Asia and formed the 15th Dynasty.
94.The New Kingdom was started by the Theban rulers of the 18th Dynasty
95.who succeeded in driving the Hyksos out of Egypt.
96.They attributed their victory over the Hyksos to the support of their local god, Amen,
97.and later credited him with the military advances in Asia,
6. 98.which laid the foundations of the Egyptian empire.
99.With the help of the priests, the kings of Egypt associated Amen
100. with the sun god Re, creating an all-powerful deity Amen-Re.
101. As Egypt’s foreign conquests reached their peak by mid-18th Dynasty,
102. the God’s universality and role as creator of all peoples were emphasized.
103. His great temple at Karnak shows unequaled and unprecedented power.
104. Amen-Re became the supreme state god and the “King of Gods,”
105. who assimilated the characteristics and powers of other major deities
106. such as Re, Min, and Ptah.
107. The wealth and cosmopolitan outlook that the Egyptians enjoyed by mid-18th
Dynasty
108. resulted from the founding of the world's first empire.
109. The military valor and prowess of the Kings of 18th Dynasty were legendary.
110. The achievements of the Tuthmosis I were surpassed only by those of his
111. grandson Tuthmosis III who undertook 17 campaigns in order to control the
area and was never defeated.
112. Eventually, under Amenhotep III, peaceful diplomacy, the exchange of royal
gifts, and marriages
113. between the royal families replaced active warfare between Egypt and the
Ancient Kingdoms.
114. And towards the end of the 18th Dynasty, Amenhotep IV inherited
115. the throne of Amenhotep III and began to make unprecedented changes.
116. At first he lived in Thebes (which is Modern day Luxor) with his Queen
Nefertiti.
117. Apparently he had already started to promote the cult of his favorite god,
118. the Aten, by building temples to the deity in proximity to Amen-Re’s temple
at Karnak.
119. Unlike other rulers Amenhotep IV did not simply wish to claim the superiority
of his God.
120. He attempted to impose a form of solar monotheism on Egypt based on the
121. worship of the life force present in the sun and symbolized by the Aten (sun’s
disk).
7. 122. This cult, unlike others, did not tolerate the existence of other deities.
123. As his relationship with Amen-Re’s priesthood deteriorated, Amenhotep IV
124. took radical steps. He disbanded the priesthood of all gods except Aten,
125. obliterated the gods’ names from the monuments, and diverted the income
from those cults to support Aten.
126. He expressed his allegiance to Aten by changing his name to Akhenaten.
127. Finally, he moved his capital city from Thebes to a new,specially selected
slide in Middle Egypt.
128. There, he built Akhetaten (known today as Amarna, or Tell el-Amarna) as his
political and religious capital.
129. The son of Akhenaten is the famous golden pharaoh Tutankhamun,
130. whose almost intact tomb was found in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings on the
west bank of Luxor.
131. Of all the Pharaohs who continue to live in legend long after their death
132. is the great king Ramesses II, who ruled Egypt for 67 years.
133. His reign was marked by diplomatic and military triumphs
134. as well as monumental construction programs all over Egypt and Nubia.
135.
1. Today, we tell you the story of Imhotep.
2. Who is Imhotep? And why does his name stand out in the history of ancient Egypt?
3. Although not a royal figure in ancient Egypt, Imhotep (Imouthes in Greek) is known
better than many others,
4. and he eventually became one of the most famous figures in the ancient world.
5. His name means “he who comes in Peace".
6. Imhotep gained renown as architect, physician, sage, scribe, poet, astronomer,
priest, and visier.
7. He is known as the world's first named architect.
8. 8. who built Egypt's first Pyramid, and is identified as the first physician in the
9. world.
10.Imhotep was born in the village of Gebelein, south of ancient Thebes,
11.and his father was also an architect named Kanofer.
12.Very little details are available of his life as a man.
13.Imhotep the Architect
14.Imhotep is the first master builder known to us by name.
15.He is credited as the first architect to build a pyramid:
16.Djoser’s Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara,
17.which is considered to be one of the most brilliant architectural structures of
the ancient world.
18.and recognized as the first monumental stone structure.
19.Imhotep is also known to have made
1. contributions to the building of the unfinished pyramid of Sekhemkhet.
2. Known as the patron of architects, knowledge and scribes in ancient Egypt,
3. Imhotep’s achievements have been acknowledged by many historians.
4. For example, James Henry Breasted describes him saying:
5. “In priestly wisdom, in magic, in the formulation of wise proverbs, in medicine and
architecture;
6. this remarkable figure of Djoser’s reign left so notable a reputation that his name
was never forgotten.
7. He was the patron spirit of the later scribes,
8. to whom they regularly poured out a libation from the water
9. jug of their writing outfit before beginning their work."
10.Imhotep The Physician
11.Since the earliest, prehistoric days, medicine had been practiced in ancient Egypt,
12.and it became quite advanced in later periods.
13.It is believed that, as the high priest, Imhotep also served as the nation's chief
physician in his time.
14.As a physician, he had to take medical care of thousands of workers engaged in the
great project of the Step Pyramid.
9. 15.Some historians credited him as being the founder of Egyptian medicine
16.and some identify him as the real author of the Edwin Smith papyrus,
17.where more than 90 anatomical terms and 48 injuries are described.
18.As such, Imhotep appears as the first physician in ancient Egypt,
19.at the same time, he stands out as the first physician who is known by name in the
written history of the world.
20.Despite his many other accomplishments in a variety of fields,
21.Imhotep is best remembered as the first great physician,
22.as it appears from the inscriptions on the walls of temples.
23.Indeed we learn that Imhotep was:
24.The good physician of gods and men, a kind and merciful god,
25.assuaging the suffering of those in pain,
26.healing the diseases of men, and giving peaceful sleep to the restless and suffering.
27.The god who protects human beings, who gives to him who calls upon him,
28.who gives life to men and women.
29.The god who gives a son to him was none.
30.It is often thought that he was the one who founded a school of medicine in
Memphis,
31.some 2,200 years before the Western Father of Medicine Hippocrates was born.
32.Sir William Osler tells us that Imhotep was: " the first figure of a physician to stand
out clearly from the mists of antiquity."
33.Imhotep diagnosed and treated over 200 diseases,
34.15 of which were of the abdomen, 11 of the bladder, 10 of the rectum, 29 of the
eyes,
35.and 18 of the skin, hair, nails and tongue.
36.Imhotep treated tuberculosis,
37.gallstones,
38.appendicitis,
39.gout and arthritis.
40.He also performed surgery and practiced some dentistry.
41.He extracted medicine from plants.
10. 42.Imhotep also knew the position and function of the vital organs and circulation of
the blood system.
43.The Encyclopedia Britannica says that the evidence afforded by
44.Egyptian and Greek texts support the view that Imhotep’s reputation was very
respected in early times.
45.His prestige increased with the lapse of centuries, and his temples in Greek times
were the centers of medical teachings.
46.Imhotep the God.
47.Egyptians saw Imhotep as the “inventor of healing: and therefore, a 100 years after
he died,
48.he was elevated to the status of a medical demigod.
49.The cult of Imhotep reached its peak in Greco-Roman times,
50.and he was identified with Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine.
51.Around 2,000 years after his Death, in about 525 BCE, he was proclaimed a god,
52.and replaced Nefertum in the great triad at Memphis.
53.In the Turin Canon, he was known as the “son of Ptah,”
54.and he was also associated with Thoth, the god of wisdom, writing and learning.
55.The worship of Imhotep lasted until about 550 CE.
56.Several temples were erected in his honor at Philae, Memphis and elsewhere,
57.and patients flocked to these temples from far and near,
58.and returned to their homes on the banks of the Nile filled with gratitude
59.for the gift of healing that had been bestowed upon them by the great physician.
60.Imhotep is indeed an example of the “personality cult.”
61.As a learned sage, he was the deified after death,
62.and became a special intercessor for the living, very much like the Roman Catholic
saints.