The document summarizes the anatomy and development of the inner ear. It discusses the embryological development from otic placodes to the formation of the membranous labyrinth. The inner ear anatomy includes the bony labyrinth containing the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea, as well as the membranous labyrinth containing the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule and endolymphatic structures. The organ of Corti is described as the sensory receptor organ of the cochlea containing inner and outer hair cells. The mechanism of hearing is also briefly outlined involving mechanical conduction of sound and the traveling wave theory of sound transmission in the cochle

1. ANATOMY OF
INNER EAR
Dr PRAWAL S D
M.S. ENT
1st YEAR PG
KIMS HUBLI

2. EMBRYOLOGY
 Involves three main phases:
 Development(4th to 8th week)
 Growth (8th to 16th week)
 Ossification (16th to 24th week)

3. DEVELOPMENT OF INNER EAR
OTIC PLACODES
OTIC PITS
OTOCYST

6.  Otic vesicle or the otocyst sinks into the mesenchymal cells of
developing head
 These mesenchymal cells helps in the development of the outer bony
capsule of the inner ear

7.  Otocyst differentiates into
1. Dorsal utricular portion – utricle, semicircular canal and
endolymphatic duct
2. Ventral saccular portion – saccule and cochlear duct
 All of these structures together forms the membranous
labyrinth

8. DEVELOPMENT OF SACCULE AND
COCHLEAR DUCT

9. DEVELOPMENT OF COCHLEA

10. DEVELOPMENT OF ORGAN OF CORTI
 Initially , epithelial cells of the cochlear duct are alike
 They form two ridges : The inner ridge , and the outer ridge
 The outer ridge forms one row of inner hair cells and three or
four rows of outer hair cells
 Hair cells are the sensory cells of auditory system
 Tectorial membrane , a fibrillar gelatinous substance attached
to the spiral limbus that rests with its tip on the hair cells
 The sensory cells and tectorial membrane together constitutes
the ORGAN OF CORTI

12. ANATOMY OF INNER EAR
 Inner ear is present in the petrous
part of the temporal bone
 It is present between
middle ear laterally and the
internal acoustic meatus medially

13.  BONY LABYRINTH
1. VESTIBULE
2. SEMICIRCULAR CANAL
3. COCHLEA
 MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
1. COCHLEAR DUCT
2. UTRICLE AND SACCULE
3. SEMICIRCULAR DUCT
4. ENDOLYMPHATIC SAC AND DUCT

15. BONY LABYRINTH
 VESTIBULE
 Central chamber of the labyrinth
 In lateral wall lies the oval window
 Inner aspect of the medial wall presents two recesses, a
spherical recesses for saccule, an elliptical recesses for utricle
 Opening of aqueduct of vestibule is present below it through
which passes the endolymphatic duct
 Posterior superior part of vestibule are the five opening of the
semicircular canal

17.  Semicircular canal
 They are three in number lateral, posterior and superior
 All lie in planes at right angle to one another
 The non ampullated ends of the posterior and superior
semicircular canals unite to form a common channel called the
crus commune

20.  BONY COCHLEA
 The bony cochlea is a coiled tube making 2.5 to 2.75 turns round the
central pyramid of bone called the modiolus
 The base of the modiolus is directed towards the internal acoustic
meatus and transmits vessels and nerves to the cochlea
 Around the modiolus winding spirally like the thread of a screw is a
thin plate of bone called osseous spiral lamina, which gives
attachment to the basilar membrane

21.  The bony cochlea contains three compartments
 Scala vestibuli
 Scala media
 Scala tympani

25. MEMBRANEOUS LABYRINTH
 COCHLEAR DUCT
 It is a blind coiled tube
 Made up of three walls
1. The basilar membrane
2. The reissner’s membrane
3. The striae vascularis – contains vascular epithelium and
concerned with secretion of endolymph

30.  UTRICLE AND SACCULE
 Utricle lies in the posterior part of the bony vestibule
 Receives the five opening of semicircular canal
 Connected to saccule via utriculosaccular duct
 The macula of the utricle lies mainly in the horizontal plane on the
inferior surface of the utricle and plays an important role in
determining orientation of the head when the head is upright
 The macula of the saccule is located mainly in a vertical plane and
signals head orientation when the person is lying down.

32.  SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
 They are three in number
 The ampullated end of each duct contains a thickened ridge of
neuroepithelium called crista ampullaris

36.  ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT AND SAC
 Formed by the union of two ducts one form the utricle and another
from the saccule
 Passes through the vestibular aqueduct
 The terminal part is dilated to form endolymphatic sac

38. INNER EAR FLUID AND THEIR
CIRCULATION
 PERILYMPH
 Fills the space between the bony and the membranous labyrinth
 Resembles extracellular fluid is rich in sodium ions
 It communicates with CSF through the aqueduct of cochlea which
opens into scala tympani

39.  TWO VIEWS REGARDING THE FORMATION OF PERILYMPH
 It is the filtrate of blood serum and is formed by capillaries of the
spiral ligament
 It is a direct continuation of CSF and reaches the labyrinth via
aqueduct of cochlea

40.  ENDOLYMPH
 Fills the entire membranous labyrinth and resembles intracellular
fluid, being rich in potassium ions
 Secreted by the secretory cells of the stria vascularis of the cochlea
and by the dark cells

41.  TWO VIEWS REGARDING ITS FLOW
 LONGITUDINAL : Endolymph from the cochlea reaches saccule, utricle
and endolymphatic duct and get absorbed through endolymphatic sac
which lies in the subdural space
 RADIAL : Endolymph is secreted by stria vascularis and also gets
absorbed via stria vascularis

42. ORGAN OF CORTI

43.  It was discovered by Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti
 Components of organ of corti
 Hair cells : Important receptor cells of hearing and transduce sound
energy into electrical energy , Inner hair cells are arranged in a single
row , inner cells are richly supplied by afferent cochlear fibers and
are probably more important in the transmission of auditory impulse,
outer hair cells are more in number and are arranged in 3 – 4 layers
and mainly receives efferent innervation from olivary complex and
are concerned with modulating the function of inner hair cells

50.  Tunnel of corti : Formed by inner and the outer rods , it contains
fluid called cortilymph
 Supporting cells : Dieters’ cells and cells of hansen
 Tectorial membrane : Contains gelatinous matrix with delicate fibers,
The shearing force between the hair cells and tectorial membrane
produces the stimulus to hair cells

54. MECHANISM OF HEARING
 MECHANICAL CONDUCTION OF SOUNDS
 IMPEDENCE MATCHING MECHANISM : Lever action of the ossicles and
hydraulic action of tympanic membrane

55. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF COCHLEA
 BASILAR MEMBRANE
 Basilar membrane is a fibrous membrane
 Made of 20,000 to 30,000 basilar fibers
 Length of basilar membrane increases from base 0.04mm to apex
0.5mm
 Diameter of the fibers decreases
 Hundred fold decrease in overall stiffness

56.  TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVE IN COCHLEA – TRAVELING WAVE
 Initial effect of the soundwave entering the oval window causes the
basilar membrane at the base of the cochlea to move in direction of
the round window
 However due to elastic tension which is built in basilar membrane
initiates a fluid wave that travel along the basilar membrane which
travel towards the helicotrema

57.  PATTERN OF VIBRATION – Each wave is weak at the onset but
becomes stronger when it reaches that portion of the basilar
membrane that has a natural resonant frequency equal to the
respective sound frequency
 AMPLITUDE PATTERN OF VIBRATION

61. FUNCTION OF ORGAN OF CORTI
 Organ of corti is the receptor organ which generate the nerve
impulse in response to vibration of basilar membrane
 Auditory impulses are mainly transmitted by inner hair cells
 Excitation of the hair cells - stereocilia, project upward
from the hair cells and either touch or are embedded in
the surface gel coating of the tectorial membrane
 Bending in one direction causes depolarization and
bending in other direction causes hyperpolarization

62.  Hair cell receptor potentials and excitation of auditory
nerve fibers
 The stereocilia are stiff structures because each has a rigid protein
framework. They become progressively longer on the side of the hair cell
away from the modiolus
 The tops of the shorter stereocilia are attached by thin filaments to the back
sides of their adjacent longer stereocilia. Therefore, whenever the cilia are
bent in the direction of the longer ones, the tips of the smaller stereocilia are
tugged outward from the surface of the hair cell.

63.  This causes a mechanical transduction that opens 200 to 300 cation-
conducting channels, allowing rapid movement of positively charged
potassium ions from the surrounding scala media fluid into the stereocilia,
which causes depolarization of the hair cell membrane.
 Hair cells releases excitatory neurotransmitter
 ENDOCHOCLEAR POTENTIAL : An electrical potential of about +80 mv exists
between endolymph and perilymph

66. THANK
YOU