This study analyzed the effect of fuel subsidy removal on prices of selected food items in Port Harcourt, Nigeria from 2001-2012. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between food prices and fuel subsidy amounts. Prices of items like beef and fish increased substantially after subsidy removals from 2001-2012. Comparisons of food prices before and after subsidy changes supported the finding that prices rise when subsidies are removed. The study concluded that removing fuel subsidies affects food prices and recommended more gradual implementation of subsidy policies to avoid sharp food price increases.
This document discusses a study that assesses consumer willingness to pay for two food products from the Agonlin region of Benin: peanut oil (Agonlinmi) and peanut wafers (kwlikwli). The study uses a hedonic pricing method to determine the implicit prices that consumers attach to different quality attributes of the products. Surveys were conducted with 400 peanut oil consumers and 150 wafer consumers in urban and rural areas. Regression analysis was then used to analyze the effects of attributes like color, aroma, taste, and geographical origin on product prices. The results showed that geographical origin was not a significant determinant of price for either product. Color was a significant attribute for peanut oil prices, while crispness significantly influenced
Determinants of seed cotton output evidence from the northern region of ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the factors influencing seed cotton output in Ghana's Northern Region. 200 cotton farmers were surveyed using multi-stage random sampling. An augmented Cobb-Douglas production model was used for analysis. The results showed farmer's education, experience, farm size, fertilizer use, labor, location, extension contact and farmer group size were significant determinants of output. The estimation also showed decreasing returns to scale of 0.824. The relevance of input factors calls for policies focusing on timely provision of quality inputs.
The document discusses the G8 Hokkaido-Toyako Summit and issues surrounding high food and fuel prices. It provides a 10-point plan from the World Bank to address the global food crisis, including immediate support for vulnerable populations, stimulating agricultural supply responses, and commitments to agriculture, risk management, and policies around biofuels. It analyzes trends in food and oil prices, their drivers and outlook, and the vulnerability of developing countries to price shocks in terms of poverty, distributional, and macroeconomic impacts. Preliminary estimates suggest that up to 105 million people could become poor due to rising food prices alone.
"FOOD CROP MARKETING AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN A HIGH PRICE
ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE", R. Benfica, R. Uaiene, D. Boughton and B. Mouzinho, Workshop on Transformation of Agri-food Systems and Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture in Mozambique: Evidence, Challenges and Implications Maputo, Mozambique, December 9, 2013
This study examines agricultural growth through crop diversification in Bangladesh. It finds that rice production, led primarily by foodgrains, has driven growth in Bangladesh's crop sector for the past two decades. As rice self-sufficiency approaches, diversification into other crops presents new opportunities. The study analyzes crop sector performance, supply response behavior, and incentives regarding comparative advantage. It finds that revenue growth comes solely from foodgrain increases. Productivity gains have maintained non-cereal crop values despite declining areas. Modern irrigation favors boro rice, displacing non-cereal crops grown on non-irrigated land. Diversification into higher-value alternative crops may promote sustainable agricultural growth.
This document discusses work concepts and definitions for the 2020 World Programme for the Census of Agriculture. It provides background on updating work-related concepts and items to be consistent with the 2013 ILO resolution. Key items covered in Theme 9 on work on the holding are identified and defined, including working time on the holding, number/time of employees, and use of contractors. Country experiences from Botswana and Uganda's recent censuses illustrate how various work-related data are collected, including labor force status, share of operations undertaken, and number/payment of hired laborers.
Census Theme 1 – Identification and general characteristics : Technical Sessi...FAO
This document discusses several items from Theme 1 (Identification and General Characteristics) of the World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. It provides background on items such as the identification and location of agricultural holdings, respondent for the holding, legal status and characteristics of the holder, and main purpose and activities of the holding. Country experiences from Armenia's 2014 Agricultural Census are also summarized, which collected information on the location, management, and sector of agricultural holdings.
Census Theme 1 – Identification and general characteristicsFAO
This document discusses Theme 1 items from the World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020 regarding the identification and general characteristics of agricultural holdings. It provides background on several items including the identification and location of agricultural holdings, the respondent, legal status and sex of the agricultural holder, and main purpose and economic activities of holdings. Country experiences from Mozambique and Tanzania collecting these types of data in their recent censuses are also summarized. The document aims to describe the concepts and importance of these key identification and characteristic items for agricultural censuses.
This document discusses a study that assesses consumer willingness to pay for two food products from the Agonlin region of Benin: peanut oil (Agonlinmi) and peanut wafers (kwlikwli). The study uses a hedonic pricing method to determine the implicit prices that consumers attach to different quality attributes of the products. Surveys were conducted with 400 peanut oil consumers and 150 wafer consumers in urban and rural areas. Regression analysis was then used to analyze the effects of attributes like color, aroma, taste, and geographical origin on product prices. The results showed that geographical origin was not a significant determinant of price for either product. Color was a significant attribute for peanut oil prices, while crispness significantly influenced
Determinants of seed cotton output evidence from the northern region of ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the factors influencing seed cotton output in Ghana's Northern Region. 200 cotton farmers were surveyed using multi-stage random sampling. An augmented Cobb-Douglas production model was used for analysis. The results showed farmer's education, experience, farm size, fertilizer use, labor, location, extension contact and farmer group size were significant determinants of output. The estimation also showed decreasing returns to scale of 0.824. The relevance of input factors calls for policies focusing on timely provision of quality inputs.
The document discusses the G8 Hokkaido-Toyako Summit and issues surrounding high food and fuel prices. It provides a 10-point plan from the World Bank to address the global food crisis, including immediate support for vulnerable populations, stimulating agricultural supply responses, and commitments to agriculture, risk management, and policies around biofuels. It analyzes trends in food and oil prices, their drivers and outlook, and the vulnerability of developing countries to price shocks in terms of poverty, distributional, and macroeconomic impacts. Preliminary estimates suggest that up to 105 million people could become poor due to rising food prices alone.
"FOOD CROP MARKETING AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN A HIGH PRICE
ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE", R. Benfica, R. Uaiene, D. Boughton and B. Mouzinho, Workshop on Transformation of Agri-food Systems and Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture in Mozambique: Evidence, Challenges and Implications Maputo, Mozambique, December 9, 2013
This study examines agricultural growth through crop diversification in Bangladesh. It finds that rice production, led primarily by foodgrains, has driven growth in Bangladesh's crop sector for the past two decades. As rice self-sufficiency approaches, diversification into other crops presents new opportunities. The study analyzes crop sector performance, supply response behavior, and incentives regarding comparative advantage. It finds that revenue growth comes solely from foodgrain increases. Productivity gains have maintained non-cereal crop values despite declining areas. Modern irrigation favors boro rice, displacing non-cereal crops grown on non-irrigated land. Diversification into higher-value alternative crops may promote sustainable agricultural growth.
This document discusses work concepts and definitions for the 2020 World Programme for the Census of Agriculture. It provides background on updating work-related concepts and items to be consistent with the 2013 ILO resolution. Key items covered in Theme 9 on work on the holding are identified and defined, including working time on the holding, number/time of employees, and use of contractors. Country experiences from Botswana and Uganda's recent censuses illustrate how various work-related data are collected, including labor force status, share of operations undertaken, and number/payment of hired laborers.
Census Theme 1 – Identification and general characteristics : Technical Sessi...FAO
This document discusses several items from Theme 1 (Identification and General Characteristics) of the World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. It provides background on items such as the identification and location of agricultural holdings, respondent for the holding, legal status and characteristics of the holder, and main purpose and activities of the holding. Country experiences from Armenia's 2014 Agricultural Census are also summarized, which collected information on the location, management, and sector of agricultural holdings.
Census Theme 1 – Identification and general characteristicsFAO
This document discusses Theme 1 items from the World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020 regarding the identification and general characteristics of agricultural holdings. It provides background on several items including the identification and location of agricultural holdings, the respondent, legal status and sex of the agricultural holder, and main purpose and economic activities of holdings. Country experiences from Mozambique and Tanzania collecting these types of data in their recent censuses are also summarized. The document aims to describe the concepts and importance of these key identification and characteristic items for agricultural censuses.
Veil as a Symbol of Manicheanism in the World Between Algeria and FranceHimawan Pradipta
This paper discusses veil no longer as a hijaab but as a symbol of political stance, an emblem of resistance, and a demarcation between men and women as well as France and Algeria. This diversity of the veil's function indicates a duality that correlates with the concept of Manicheanism. Moreover, the stem object of this paper is Frantz Fanon's "Algerian Unveiled" which will be elaborated by new perspectives.
The document discusses the contentious issue of the removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria in early 2012 and the resulting increase in petrol prices. It argues that the opposition to this policy is largely due to the Nigerian public's lack of trust in the government as a result of past broken promises. It suggests that for the government to regain trust and cooperation, it needs to fulfill its promises to the people and cut wasteful spending to demonstrate its commitment to improving citizens' lives. The document also analyzes whether the policy change is better described as the "removal of subsidy" or a "pump price hike", concluding that most Nigerians see it as the latter due to its direct impact on their cost of living.
This document provides an overview of Pier Paolo Pasolini's formulation of "free indirect discourse" as a cinematic technique. It discusses how Pasolini transposed the literary concept of free indirect discourse into film terms, drawing on theories from literary critics. Though Pasolini's understanding of free indirect discourse had flaws when applied to cinema, it nonetheless exposed techniques the cinema had not previously acknowledged. The document examines Pasolini's use and eventual abandonment of free indirect discourse in his own films, and how this sheds light on the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity in the cinematic image.
- Modern Orientalism was influenced by scholars like Silvestre de Sacy and Ernest Renan. Sacy systematized Orientalism and established it as a scholarly field of study, though he presented only fragments of information about the Orient tailored for a European audience.
- Renan applied philology to the study of Oriental Semites and Semitic languages, treating them as inferior specimens in his linguistic laboratory experiments. He constructed polarized views of Semitic and Indo-European languages that reinforced European superiority.
- Later Orientalists built upon this framework, reducing the Orient to a set of generalized characteristics that could be scrutinized and explained according to European analytical methods and perspectives. They presented selective representations of
Evolution of the antipsychiatry movementElsa von Licy
This document summarizes the history and evolution of the antipsychiatry movement from the 1960s to present day. It began as an anti-establishment movement led by thinkers like Foucault, Laing, Szasz, and Basaglia who criticized biological psychiatry and advocated that mental illness was socially constructed. By the 1980s, the movement lost support and transformed into a patient-based mental health consumer movement focused on promoting consumer rights and alternatives to traditional psychiatric treatment through advocacy groups.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study was carried out to examine the price determinants of Kolanuts in selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Eighty(80) Kolanuts sellers were randomly selected from four(4) urban Local Government Areas in Ibadan where four(4) Kolanut markets center were also visited. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Gross Margin and multiple Regression analysis. The results indicated that majority (97%) of Kolanut sellers in the study area were females. It was observed that (48%) of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-50years while (66.3%) of the respondents had primary and secondary education. Gross margin analysis showed that seven hundred and twenty three thousand, three hundred and fifty naira (₦723, 350.00) was realized as profit margin after the total variable cost(TVC) of two hundred and three thousand, four hundred and fifty naira(₦203,450.00) have been deducted as cost obtained. The results of multiple regression shows that the R2 (0.67) is high and that E-statistics further explained the ability of the independent variables in explaining the variations in the dependent variable. It was found out that slight changes in any of the explanatory variable will result in downward / upward movement in the market price of kolanut in the study area. It is imperative that more research should be carried out for more varieties of kolanut which could enhance more demand and marketing.
Analysis of food crop output volatility in agricultural policy programme regi...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes food crop output volatility in Nigeria under different agricultural policy programs from 1961 to 2009. It finds that the Pre-Operation Feed the Nation period (1961-1976) and Structural Adjustment Programme period (1986-1993) exhibited the highest volatility for most crops, while the Operation Feed the Nation period (1976-1979) and Green Revolution period (1980-1985) showed the most stable outputs. The mean outputs generally increased across policy periods since 1961 and were highest during the Post Structural Adjustment period (1994-2009). Statistical analysis confirms that the policy programs influenced crop outputs and their volatilities, though the impacts varied inconsistently across crops and regimes. The study recommends formulating specific crop policy packages as
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricult...researchagriculture
This document analyzes the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultural output in Nigeria from 1990-2000. It specifically examines the relationship between money supply, interest rates, inflation, savings, budgetary allocation and the output of cereals like maize, millet, rice and wheat. The results of a regression analysis showed that money supply, budgetary allocation and interest rates had a significant relationship with agricultural output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The analysis also revealed that while budgetary allocations to agriculture increased dramatically over the period, agricultural output levels remained largely the same, indicating a weak relationship between fiscal policy and output.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultu...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate, money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Article Citation:
Okidim IA and Albert CO.
Analysis of the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Indicators on Agricultural
Output (Cereal) (1990-2000).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 058-064.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0021.pdf
Impact Analysis of Petroluem Product Price Changes on Households’ Welfare in ...inventionjournals
This document examines the impact of changes in petrol, liquefied petroleum gas, and kerosene prices on household welfare in Zaria, Nigeria. It finds that increases in the prices of these petroleum products decrease demand for the products and have multiplier effects that increase prices of other goods and services. Conversely, decreases in petroleum product prices increase demand for the products. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to show that changes in the prices of these three fuels significantly impact household welfare in Zaria.
The effect of cost of distribution on the pump price of petroleum products in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the effect of distribution costs on the pump price of petroleum products in southeast Nigeria. It notes that the only two government-owned petroleum depots in the region are located in Enugu and Aba but are moribund, forcing marketers to transport products long distances by truck. The costs of distribution incurred by marketers include transport, levies/fees, wages, equipment/maintenance, and extortion, which negatively impact pump prices. The objectives are to determine these costs, their effect on prices, and how to reduce costs and their impact on the economy. Key issues include the lack of functional refineries and depots in the region.
Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Lentils are among the major grain crops in Ethiopia that constituted the major food crops for the majority of the country’s population. It also served as a source of income at household level and a contributor for the country’s foreign currency earnings. The study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Lentils in Ethiopia. Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified that, the total land area and the total volume of lentil production has increased at a compound growth rate of 4% and 9% respectively, while the productivity of the crop has shown a 5%compounded growth. Ethiopia exports on average 2,339,693 kg of lentils and incurred birr 18,684,845. Pakistan and United Arab Emirates are the highest recipients for Ethiopian lentils with a share of 20 % and 16 % respectively. Italy was the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr 25/kg) from Lentils export is received. Therefore, it is important to give more attention to the crop in research system so as to have more improved varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and its product to those countries which have high Value to volume ratio (VVR).
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Probability of Market Participation am...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that examined socioeconomic factors influencing cattle farmers' participation in markets in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The average cattle farmer was 43 years old, had a family of 10 people, 19 years of marketing experience, and a herd of 49 cattle. Most were male (95%), married (83%), and had some formal education (78%).
2) A logit model was used to analyze factors influencing market participation. Five variables were found to significantly impact participation: gender (being male increased the probability of participation by 45%), education level, distance to market, access to market information, and seasonality.
3) The study provides recommendations such as encouraging more
Analysis of fresh and dried fish marketing in southeast nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes fresh and dried fish marketing in Southeast Nigeria. It finds that fresh fish marketers made higher net returns than dried fish marketers. Cost of fish, cost of packaging materials, depreciation cost of marketing equipment, age of marketers, and education level significantly influenced revenues for both. While revenues differed significantly between fresh and dried fish marketers, the regression parameters did not differ significantly. The fresh fish enterprise was more profitable, with a marketing efficiency of 12.45% versus 22.29% for dried fish. Cost of fish, storage costs, and depreciation most significantly influenced fresh fish revenues, while cost of fish, storage costs, and packaging costs most influenced dried fish revenues.
11.[27 40]the impact of macroeconomic variables on non-oil exports performanc...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of macroeconomic variables (exchange rate, interest rate, government capital expenditure, government recurrent expenditure) on non-oil exports, the agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, and GDP in Nigeria from 1986-2010. The study used ordinary least squares regression and cointegration analysis. The results showed that exchange rate, government capital expenditure, and government recurrent expenditure were positively related to non-oil exports, agriculture, manufacturing, and GDP, while interest rate was negatively related. Based on these findings, the study recommends increasing investment in non-oil exports, agriculture, and manufacturing, as well as decreasing interest rates and increasing government expenditures.
Salman K. K._2023 AGRODEP Annual ConferenceAKADEMIYA2063
This study examined the determinants of profit efficiency among cattle producers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The results showed that:
1) Cattle production was profitable, with an average gross margin of ₦545,841.7 per farmer.
2) However, the average profit efficiency was low at 0.24, indicating there is potential to increase profits by 76% through improved efficiency.
3) Key factors influencing low profit efficiency included the farmers' age, lack of access to extension services, reliance on family labor, and cattle rearing as their primary occupation.
The study recommends providing training to farmers on new cattle management techniques, and establishing effective credit programs to encourage adoption of practices that can
Veil as a Symbol of Manicheanism in the World Between Algeria and FranceHimawan Pradipta
This paper discusses veil no longer as a hijaab but as a symbol of political stance, an emblem of resistance, and a demarcation between men and women as well as France and Algeria. This diversity of the veil's function indicates a duality that correlates with the concept of Manicheanism. Moreover, the stem object of this paper is Frantz Fanon's "Algerian Unveiled" which will be elaborated by new perspectives.
The document discusses the contentious issue of the removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria in early 2012 and the resulting increase in petrol prices. It argues that the opposition to this policy is largely due to the Nigerian public's lack of trust in the government as a result of past broken promises. It suggests that for the government to regain trust and cooperation, it needs to fulfill its promises to the people and cut wasteful spending to demonstrate its commitment to improving citizens' lives. The document also analyzes whether the policy change is better described as the "removal of subsidy" or a "pump price hike", concluding that most Nigerians see it as the latter due to its direct impact on their cost of living.
This document provides an overview of Pier Paolo Pasolini's formulation of "free indirect discourse" as a cinematic technique. It discusses how Pasolini transposed the literary concept of free indirect discourse into film terms, drawing on theories from literary critics. Though Pasolini's understanding of free indirect discourse had flaws when applied to cinema, it nonetheless exposed techniques the cinema had not previously acknowledged. The document examines Pasolini's use and eventual abandonment of free indirect discourse in his own films, and how this sheds light on the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity in the cinematic image.
- Modern Orientalism was influenced by scholars like Silvestre de Sacy and Ernest Renan. Sacy systematized Orientalism and established it as a scholarly field of study, though he presented only fragments of information about the Orient tailored for a European audience.
- Renan applied philology to the study of Oriental Semites and Semitic languages, treating them as inferior specimens in his linguistic laboratory experiments. He constructed polarized views of Semitic and Indo-European languages that reinforced European superiority.
- Later Orientalists built upon this framework, reducing the Orient to a set of generalized characteristics that could be scrutinized and explained according to European analytical methods and perspectives. They presented selective representations of
Evolution of the antipsychiatry movementElsa von Licy
This document summarizes the history and evolution of the antipsychiatry movement from the 1960s to present day. It began as an anti-establishment movement led by thinkers like Foucault, Laing, Szasz, and Basaglia who criticized biological psychiatry and advocated that mental illness was socially constructed. By the 1980s, the movement lost support and transformed into a patient-based mental health consumer movement focused on promoting consumer rights and alternatives to traditional psychiatric treatment through advocacy groups.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaAI Publications
The study was carried out to examine the price determinants of Kolanuts in selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Eighty(80) Kolanuts sellers were randomly selected from four(4) urban Local Government Areas in Ibadan where four(4) Kolanut markets center were also visited. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Gross Margin and multiple Regression analysis. The results indicated that majority (97%) of Kolanut sellers in the study area were females. It was observed that (48%) of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 41-50years while (66.3%) of the respondents had primary and secondary education. Gross margin analysis showed that seven hundred and twenty three thousand, three hundred and fifty naira (₦723, 350.00) was realized as profit margin after the total variable cost(TVC) of two hundred and three thousand, four hundred and fifty naira(₦203,450.00) have been deducted as cost obtained. The results of multiple regression shows that the R2 (0.67) is high and that E-statistics further explained the ability of the independent variables in explaining the variations in the dependent variable. It was found out that slight changes in any of the explanatory variable will result in downward / upward movement in the market price of kolanut in the study area. It is imperative that more research should be carried out for more varieties of kolanut which could enhance more demand and marketing.
Analysis of food crop output volatility in agricultural policy programme regi...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes food crop output volatility in Nigeria under different agricultural policy programs from 1961 to 2009. It finds that the Pre-Operation Feed the Nation period (1961-1976) and Structural Adjustment Programme period (1986-1993) exhibited the highest volatility for most crops, while the Operation Feed the Nation period (1976-1979) and Green Revolution period (1980-1985) showed the most stable outputs. The mean outputs generally increased across policy periods since 1961 and were highest during the Post Structural Adjustment period (1994-2009). Statistical analysis confirms that the policy programs influenced crop outputs and their volatilities, though the impacts varied inconsistently across crops and regimes. The study recommends formulating specific crop policy packages as
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricult...researchagriculture
This document analyzes the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultural output in Nigeria from 1990-2000. It specifically examines the relationship between money supply, interest rates, inflation, savings, budgetary allocation and the output of cereals like maize, millet, rice and wheat. The results of a regression analysis showed that money supply, budgetary allocation and interest rates had a significant relationship with agricultural output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The analysis also revealed that while budgetary allocations to agriculture increased dramatically over the period, agricultural output levels remained largely the same, indicating a weak relationship between fiscal policy and output.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultu...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate, money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Article Citation:
Okidim IA and Albert CO.
Analysis of the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Indicators on Agricultural
Output (Cereal) (1990-2000).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 058-064.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0021.pdf
Impact Analysis of Petroluem Product Price Changes on Households’ Welfare in ...inventionjournals
This document examines the impact of changes in petrol, liquefied petroleum gas, and kerosene prices on household welfare in Zaria, Nigeria. It finds that increases in the prices of these petroleum products decrease demand for the products and have multiplier effects that increase prices of other goods and services. Conversely, decreases in petroleum product prices increase demand for the products. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to show that changes in the prices of these three fuels significantly impact household welfare in Zaria.
The effect of cost of distribution on the pump price of petroleum products in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the effect of distribution costs on the pump price of petroleum products in southeast Nigeria. It notes that the only two government-owned petroleum depots in the region are located in Enugu and Aba but are moribund, forcing marketers to transport products long distances by truck. The costs of distribution incurred by marketers include transport, levies/fees, wages, equipment/maintenance, and extortion, which negatively impact pump prices. The objectives are to determine these costs, their effect on prices, and how to reduce costs and their impact on the economy. Key issues include the lack of functional refineries and depots in the region.
Trends in Production and Export of Lentils in EthiopiaPremier Publishers
Lentils are among the major grain crops in Ethiopia that constituted the major food crops for the majority of the country’s population. It also served as a source of income at household level and a contributor for the country’s foreign currency earnings. The study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and export of Lentils in Ethiopia. Secondary data on production and export of the crop were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified that, the total land area and the total volume of lentil production has increased at a compound growth rate of 4% and 9% respectively, while the productivity of the crop has shown a 5%compounded growth. Ethiopia exports on average 2,339,693 kg of lentils and incurred birr 18,684,845. Pakistan and United Arab Emirates are the highest recipients for Ethiopian lentils with a share of 20 % and 16 % respectively. Italy was the destination country from which highest value/kg (birr 25/kg) from Lentils export is received. Therefore, it is important to give more attention to the crop in research system so as to have more improved varieties and agronomic recommendations. On the other hand, we need to export the crop and its product to those countries which have high Value to volume ratio (VVR).
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Probability of Market Participation am...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that examined socioeconomic factors influencing cattle farmers' participation in markets in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The average cattle farmer was 43 years old, had a family of 10 people, 19 years of marketing experience, and a herd of 49 cattle. Most were male (95%), married (83%), and had some formal education (78%).
2) A logit model was used to analyze factors influencing market participation. Five variables were found to significantly impact participation: gender (being male increased the probability of participation by 45%), education level, distance to market, access to market information, and seasonality.
3) The study provides recommendations such as encouraging more
Analysis of fresh and dried fish marketing in southeast nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes fresh and dried fish marketing in Southeast Nigeria. It finds that fresh fish marketers made higher net returns than dried fish marketers. Cost of fish, cost of packaging materials, depreciation cost of marketing equipment, age of marketers, and education level significantly influenced revenues for both. While revenues differed significantly between fresh and dried fish marketers, the regression parameters did not differ significantly. The fresh fish enterprise was more profitable, with a marketing efficiency of 12.45% versus 22.29% for dried fish. Cost of fish, storage costs, and depreciation most significantly influenced fresh fish revenues, while cost of fish, storage costs, and packaging costs most influenced dried fish revenues.
11.[27 40]the impact of macroeconomic variables on non-oil exports performanc...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of macroeconomic variables (exchange rate, interest rate, government capital expenditure, government recurrent expenditure) on non-oil exports, the agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, and GDP in Nigeria from 1986-2010. The study used ordinary least squares regression and cointegration analysis. The results showed that exchange rate, government capital expenditure, and government recurrent expenditure were positively related to non-oil exports, agriculture, manufacturing, and GDP, while interest rate was negatively related. Based on these findings, the study recommends increasing investment in non-oil exports, agriculture, and manufacturing, as well as decreasing interest rates and increasing government expenditures.
Salman K. K._2023 AGRODEP Annual ConferenceAKADEMIYA2063
This study examined the determinants of profit efficiency among cattle producers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The results showed that:
1) Cattle production was profitable, with an average gross margin of ₦545,841.7 per farmer.
2) However, the average profit efficiency was low at 0.24, indicating there is potential to increase profits by 76% through improved efficiency.
3) Key factors influencing low profit efficiency included the farmers' age, lack of access to extension services, reliance on family labor, and cattle rearing as their primary occupation.
The study recommends providing training to farmers on new cattle management techniques, and establishing effective credit programs to encourage adoption of practices that can
Assessment of budgetary allocation to agricultural sector and its effect on a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the budgetary allocation to agriculture in Rivers State, Nigeria from 1999-2010 and its effect on agricultural output. The study found:
1) Agricultural output of crops like cassava, yam, oil palm and plantain showed little to no growth over the 12-year period despite over 21 billion naira being allocated to agriculture.
2) The highest percentage of the state budget allocated to agriculture was 9.56% in 2005, with over 1 billion naira allocated in most years except 2002, 2003, 2006-2008 and 2010.
3) There was a very poor relationship between budgetary allocations and agricultural output, as the allocations did
The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of oil price volatility on macroeconomic variables and sustainable development in Nigeria. The significant role of oil in the Nigerian economy cannot be overestimated. Though there are studies by other researchers on oil prices and macroeconomic variables, their findings are contentious and country-specific. Our literature review and methodology shade lights on these positions. We used secondary time series data in a vector auto regression analysis. We found that fluctuations in oil prices do substantially affect the real GDP, exchange rates, Unemployment, Balance of payments and interest rates in Nigeria. Negative shocks in the international oil market, have significant impact on price fluctuations. Due to increased imports in the Nigerian economy, inflationary pressures are inevitable and are pronounced. Government revenues and expenditures have decreased significantly. We recommend diversification of the economy and energy sources for sustainable development in Nigeria.
In some ways food is unlike other commodities, as local tastes, delivery costs and quality are
particularly significant issues for food producers. Food consumption has traditionally reflected
local conditions, particularly the raw materials available in the region. For this reason it has
been difficult to compare food industries in different countries. In recent years new farm and food
technologies and cheaper international transport have increased trade in food products and
reduced the importance of local conditions in determining consumption patterns. Large multinational food companies now trade food globally. Population growth and urbanisation have led
to the need for mass production of food and mass transportation to urban areas. Technological
progress has improved the quality of food and the speed with which it can be transported.
Transportation networks have been expanded and new methods of food processing such as
freeze-drying have been introduced. Japan’s food industry has changed dramatically as a result. Processed food now accounts for two-thirds of food consumption in Japan, and up to 90 per
cent if dining out and other food services are included. An increase in food imports has been one
of the main factors driving the rise in processed food consumption. Until the early 1990s, most
food imports were of ingredients for processing in Japan. To reduce costs, food processing firms
started to relocate abroad as they built up knowledge of how to manage the labour force and the
manufacturing process in foreign countries. Processed foods previously manufactured in Japan
were then imported directly from overseas affiliates of Japanese multinationals. In addition
barriers to trade and investment have been falling and consumer tastes have been diversifying,
with Western foods becoming more popular. These trends have put pressure on local food manufacturers who had previously been
protected from competition, forcing Japan’s food industry into a period of transition.
This paper provides an overview of Japan’s processed food industry from primary
production to retail sale. It discusses the features and the problems of the industry, and the key
issues facing government, industry, producers and consumers. The industry is currently facing
four types of change: shifts in demand, product or process innovations, changes in market
position and policy changes. These four factors are closely related: for instance, consumer demand affects product and process innovation, and the diversification of industries. What will
these changes mean for the food retailing and processing industry, and are they likely to introduce
greater competition?
The chain of processed food production
Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture classifies food industries into food manufacturing, wholesaling
and retailing industries.
1
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Analysis of the effect of fuel subsidy removal on selected food prices in port harcourt, rivers state nigeria (2001 2012)
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2013
Analysis of the Effect of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Selected Food
Prices in Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria (2001-2012)
Ekine D.I. and Okidim I A.
Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics/ Extension, Rivers State University of Science Technology Port
Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria
Tel: 08039312859 Email; iboh.okidim@yahoo.com
Abstract
This research was conducted to analyse the effect of fuel subsidy removal on selected food prices in Port Harcourt
(2001-2012) the food items considered were rice, yam, garri, beef and fish. The study objectives were to examine the
impact of subsidy removal on prices of rice, garri, yam, beef and fish, examine the price of different food items
before and after subsidy and to examine if subsidy removal causes inflation. Secondary data were used. Five
simple regression equations were built with fuel subsidy as independent variables (X1) while rice (Y1), yam (Y2) beef
(Y4), garri (Y3) and fish (Y5) were the dependent variable. The study showed that from 1966 to 2012, Nigeria had
removed subsidy 24 times in 58 years, and that the prices of most food items increased astronomically from 2001 to
2012 especially beef and fish due to fuel subsidy. The coefficient of determination (R2) showed that there was a
significant relationship between food prices and fuel subsidy. The study concluded that removal of fuel subsidy has
affected food prices. It was recommended that the policy of removal of subsidy be implemented gradually to
avoid further increase in price of food items.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Federal Government of Nigeria in its efforts to deregulate the downstream oil sector completely decided to
remove fuel subsidy on January 1st 2012, under the leadership of President Goodluck Jonathan. This was made real
when the president of Nigeria decided not to make provision for subsidy payment in the 2012 appropriation bill –
The budget. The president came up with a strong argument that the sum of 3.4 billion naira spent in subsidizing
fuel went into fraudulent hands (Gyoh, 2012). The sum of 1.4 trillion Naira spent annually in subsidizing fuel, had
slowed down economic growth. It was against this back drop that the government through the instrumentality of
the petroleum product price regulatory agency (PPPRA) announced the removal of fuel subsidy by 32 naira thereby
moving the previous price of fuel from 65 naira to 97 naira per litre. This singular act brought about massive
protest across Nigeria by labour unions and civil society groups to speak against this policy. The protest was
anchored on the premise that cost of everything including food items will go up. But in all this, the government
including the Nigeria chamber of commerce and industry insisted that full implementation of the subsidy policy will
bring enormous benefits to the economy of Nigeria (Osagie, 2012) Government also insisted that subsidy removal
will eliminate fuel smuggling across Nigeria boarder thereby eliminating scarcity in Nigeria. Although, in-spite of
these benefits, the federal government was not unaware of the hardship that would accompany subsidy removal
policy and as such promised some palliative measures to reduce the hardship.
1.2 Problem Statement
Gasoline, premium motor spirit (PMS) or fuel as it is normally called in Nigeria is the second most used product
after food in Nigeria. Whenever the price of fuel goes up, the price of everything goes up. This is because
transport cost for providing essential services goes up and it creates multiplier effect in the economy, the ripples are
felt even up to the rural areas. No part of the economy functions in isolation, every part of the economy depends on
the other for services,. The movement of agricultural product from one place to another depends on the transport
subsector, the tagging of price of agric transport cost; Removal of subsidy means increase in transport cost. It is on
this premise that this research is carried out to examine the effect of fuel subsidy removal on prices of food items in
Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
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2. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2013
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to analyse the effect of fuel subsidy removal on selected food items in Port
Harcourt (2001-2012) while the specific objectives were to;
(1) examine the impact of subsidy removal on selected food items such as garri, rice, beef, yam, fish
(2) examine the prices of different food items before and after the subsidy
(3) To examine if the subsidy removal has actually caused inflation with regards to pump price of fuel
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Fuel subsidy is payment made by the federal government to assist her citizens consume fuel at lower cost. When
the cost is higher they can decide not to make payments. When this happens then it is called “subsidy removal”
Subsidy may be made not only to consumers but also to producers. It may be in form of price guarantee to make
the producers produce more food. subsidy is often common, where it is given to producer of food to reduce food
insecurity (FAO, 2012) There are so many different way to classify subsidy, labour subsidy, infrastructural subsidy,
export subsidy, consumption subsidy, (Yemi, 2012). Much as subsidy is an economic necessity, who benefit from
it? Is it the citizen or the government? This question is necessary because government continue to have more
money at the expense of the citizens when there is subsidy removal, but if there is no subsidy removal, the citizen’s
benefit. Government removal of subsidy is always hung on the premise that it will use the money realize to provide
infrastructures. This has never been achieved. This culminated to the formation of Subsidy Reinvestment
Programme (SURE-P) to manage the funds accrued from the subsidy removal (Alwell, 2012) Despite the (SURE-P)
intervention the people still did not see any benefit of subsidy removal. The cost of the fuel subsidy continues to
expose the citizens to untold hard-ship due to rising cost of fuel as well as transportation which indirectly affect food
prices. A survey showed that from 2012, the prices of fruits such as oranges, pineapples, banana, apples have risen.
Cost of frozen chicken, vegetable oil and other food items sky-rocketed, this survey was done within the first month
of subsidy removal (Harambe, 2012).
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Study Area
Port Harcourt is the capital of Rivers State, Nigeria. The name Port Harcourt was named after viscount Harcourt who
was the British Secretary of State for Colonies. Port Harcourt is a city of so many multi-national oil companies
such as Shell, Agip, Chevron, Elf, Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG). Port Harcourt lies in the Niger delta
region of Nigeria; it has a population of 2.7 million people. Apart from oil exploration, other activities in the city
include large scale manufacturing, construction, tourism and hospitality, mining and fishing etc.
3.2 Sample Size and Sampling Method
The study was based on a time frame of 11 years. (2001-2012) data on the annual average market prices of food
items were collected from Agricultural Development Programme (ADP). Food prices of five staples such as rice,
garri, beef, fish and bread were purposively sampled so as to choose food items commonly consumed by the
populace.
3.3 Sources and method of data collection
The data for this research were mainly secondary. Data were collected from the River State Agricultural
Development Programme (ADP) – a government Agency that carries out research, prices of five staple food items
were collected from the agency
3.4 Method of data Analysis
The data for this research were anlysed using tables, percentage, simple regression analysis using carefully built
models, with fuel subsidy as independent variable and food items such as rice, yam, garri, beef, fish as dependent
variables. Five simple regression models were built as follows;
Y1 = f(x1)+u - - - - equal 1
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3. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2013
Y2 = f(x1)+u - - - - equal 2
Y3 = f(x1)+u - - - - equal 3
Y4 = f(x1)+u - - - - equal 4
Y5 = f(x1)+u - - - - equal 5
Where Y1 = Rice
Y2 = Yam
Y3 = Garri
Y4 = Beef
Y5 = Fish
U= Stochastic variable
4.0 Results and Discussion
Table 4.1 Price per litre of PMS and percentage increase since 1966
Date Price of PMS (k & N) Percentage increase
Jan 1966 8 kobo 73
Oct 1978 15 kobo 31
April 20 1982 20 kobo 97
March 31, 1986 39 kobo 6
April 10 1988 42 kobo 43
Jan, 1989 60k 43
March, 6 1991 70 16
Nov. 8, 1993 N5.00 61
Nov. 22 1993 N3.23 61 reduction
Oct. 2 1994 N15,00 361
Oct. 4 1994 N11 -
Dec. 20 1998 N25 127
Jan. 6 1991 N20
Jan 1 2000 N30 -
June 8, 2000 N25 -
June, 13, 2000 N22.00 18.2
Jan. 1 2002 N26
June, 20 2003 N40 35.0
Sept. 2004 N48 16.6
April 11, 2005 N52 18.2
May 28, 2005 N75 30.6
June 25, 2007 N70
Jan 15, 2009 N65
Jan 1 2012 141 53.9
Jan 16, 2012 97 32.9
Source: Field Survey 2012
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4. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2013
Table 4.1 shows the pump price per litre of petroleum motor spirit (PMS) from 1960 to 2012. The table shows that
the pump price of fuel (PMS) had continued to rise from 8 kobo in 1966 to N97 in 2012. The table revealed that
since the restoration of democracy in 1999 to 2012, they have removed subsidy 12 times (13yrs). The military junta
increased fuel price 12 times. This means that from 1966 to 2012 Nigeria has removed subsidy 24 times in 58 years.
1993 and 1994 had the greatest percentage increases of 614 and 361% respectively
Table 4.2 annual average market prices per kg of in Port Harcourt (2001-2012)
Price (N) Rice Yam Garri Beef Fish
2001 25 76.08 87.00 69.16 206.91 232.66
2004 48 105.79 85.29 72.66 318.75 281.87
2005 75 127.70 120.25 91.90 536.21 305.99
2006 75 164.50 170.10 96.60 791.66 376.66
2007 70 173.45 185.36 111.83 826.79 478.00
2008 70 192.50 292.00 123.50 877.00 1088.27
2009 65 192.33 300.00 98.50 481.00 456.00
2010 65 190.61 250.48 121.52 482.46 428.52
2011 65 170.61 138.49 126.79 958.08 994.20
2012 97 210.50 350.50 68.80 1250.00 1400.00
Source: ADP Rivers State (20001-2012)
Table 4.2Shows the relationship between fuel price and Annual market prices per kg of selected food items in Port
Harcourt, 2001-2012.
Table 4.2 above shows the relationship between fuel pump price and annual market price per kg of different food
items. The table revealed that from 2005 to 2008 when the pump price of petrol was fairly stable, most food prices
were also fairly stable, though, there were little increases in the price of food items. From 2009 to 2012, there was
astronomical rise in price of most food items, such as beef and fish. In 2011 a kilogram of rice was N138 when the
subsidy of fuel was removed it rose to N350 per kg, fish also increase from N994 per kg to N1400 per kg. When
the price of fuel was reduced from N70 to N65 in 2008 to 2009, the price of beef and fish were drastically reduced
by halve, showing that prices of food items move in the same direction with the price of fuel.
Table 4.3 percentage increase in market price of selected food item 2001-2012
Year Rice Yam Garri Beef Fish
2001-2004 28.0% -2.0% 4.8% 35.1% 17.4%
2004-2005 17.1% 29.1% 20.9% 40.5% 7.8%
2005-2006 22.4% 29.3% 4.9% 32.3% 18.7%
2006-2007 5.1% 8.2% 13.6% 4.2% 21.2%
2007-2008 9.8% 36.5% 9.4% 5.7% 56.1%
2008-2009 -0.08% 2.6% -25.4% -82.3% -138.6%
2009-2010 -0.9% -19.7 18.2% 3.0% -6.4%
2010-2011 -11.3% -80.9% 4.2% 49.6% 56.8%
2011-2012 18.9% 60.5% -82.2% 23.3% 28.9%
Source: Field Survey 2012
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5. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2013
From table 4.3 above, it was observed that the increase in the price of fuel (subsidy removal) from 2001-2004
affected all the food items, except yam that had -2. % reduction in price. conversely, from 20008-2009, there was a
drastic reduction in prices of food item, except for yam that had 2.6% increase. During this period there was no
subsidy removal, rather the price of fuel was reviewed downward. This also goes to show that prices of food items
move in the same direction with price of fuel because it impacted on transportation.
Regression Results
Y1 = 1.993 + 0.898x1
2
*R = 0.807
Y2 = 3.692 + 0.762x1
2
*R = 0.581
Y3 = 0.283 + 0.398x1
2
*R = 0.761
Y4 = 14.338 + 0.873x1
*R2 = 0.708
Y5 = 14.639 + 0.708x1
The regression results showed that all the model were significant. Meaning that the variation in the independent
variables were explained by the independent variable (fuel subsidy) up to 70% and 80%.respectively This also
showed that there was significant relationship between oil subsidy removal and price of food items in Port Harcourt,
Rivers State.
Conclusion
Removal of fuel subsidy is an indirect way of increasing fuel price. This study established that fuel subsidy
removal has effect on food prices. Increase in fuel price also increase prices of food items.
Recommendation.
The study recommended that removal of fuel subsidy policy should not be implemented in stages to prevent a hike
in the prices of food items
References
Allwell, O. (2012). State and Local government subsidy reinvestment program www.punchang.com retrieved April
23, 2012
Food and Agriculture organization (2012) FAO bulletin 2012.
Gyoh, S. (2012) Nigeria The case against fuel subsidy and the argument for deregulated petroleum sub sector
htt//awarenessfor. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Osogie C. (2012). Nigeria LCC lists, effects of fuel subsidy removal. http://allatrica.co, retrieved 20, March, 2011
Yemi I. (2012). The political economy of fuel subsidy in Nigeria http://nigeriansabroadlive.com retrieved April 12,
2012.
31