This document outlines the proposed methodology for installing an offshore pipeline including 5 key stages: 1) Onshore pipeline installation, 2) Shore approach construction, 3) Offshore pipelaying using a pipelay barge, 4) Riser installation at an offshore platform, and 5) Post-lay trenching of the subsea pipeline. The document provides details on the pipeline route, scope of work, project schedule, management team, pipelay barge specifications, and methodology for each construction stage.
JCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Manual ALL:572900 Onwardsjksnendmmd
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theJCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.JCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General
Hydraulics
Body and Framework
PlaceAce Control System
Servo Control System
Engine
Transmission
Axles
Brakes
Hydraulic Steering
Electrics
Service Tools
Index
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to haveJCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
8
Design Considerations for Antisurge Valve SizingVijay Sarathy
This document provides guidelines for sizing an anti-surge valve for a centrifugal compressor. It begins with definitions of surge and how it can damage compressors. It then outlines the methodology for sizing an anti-surge valve, which involves calculating the valve coefficient based on parameters like mass flow rate, pressure ratio, piping geometry, and gas properties. The document provides a case study applying this methodology to size a 4" anti-surge valve for a gas compressor system operating between 11.61 and 30.13 bara.
2009 HONDA ODYSSEY Service Repair Manualhkksejkdmm
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the2009 HONDA ODYSSEY, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.2009 HONDA ODYSSEY Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
Maintenance
Engine
Control System
Mechanical
Fuel Service Specifications
Emission Control
Intake Exhaust Cooling
Lube
Ignition Starting Charging
Auto Transmission Clutch
Manual Transmission
Transfer Propeller Shaft
Drive Shaft
Differential
Axle Suspension
Tire & Wheel
Brake Control
Brake
Parking Brake
Steering Column
Power Steering
Air Condition
Suppl Restraint System
Seat Belt
Engine Immobilizer
Cruise Control
Wiper & Washer
Door Lock
Meter Audio/Visual
Horn
Windshield/Glass Mirror
Instrument Panel
Seat
Engine Hood/ Door
Exterior & Interior
Electrical
Multiplex/ Can Communication
And much more
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have2009 HONDA ODYSSEY Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
8
The document summarizes Omega elastomer couplings produced by Rexnord. The couplings use a split-in-half flex element design that allows for simplified assembly and disassembly. They can accommodate misalignment through a torsionally soft flex element. The couplings are suitable for both horizontal and vertical applications in industries like brewing.
The document provides an overview of petroleum storage tank training, covering topics such as:
- Tank design types including fixed roof, internal floating roof, and floating roof tanks
- Selection of tank type based on product properties and volatility
- Tank structure including bottom/floor design, bottom and shell plates, and foundation types
- Stability calculations and anchor requirements for withstanding wind loads
- Tank inspection and safety procedures
The training aims to identify tank components, understand tank limitations, perform calculations, and operate tanks safely.
The document provides instructions for hydrostatic testing circulating fluidized bed units. It outlines procedures for filling the unit with treated water, performing the hydrostatic test at 1.5 times the design pressure, and post-test procedures like pressurizing the unit with nitrogen and removing test plugs from safety valves. The key requirements are to fill the superheater and boiler with treated water, test to at least 1.5 times the design pressure, and pressurize the unit with nitrogen after testing.
This program addresses in an integrated manner the key activities involved in the safe, effective and timely commissioning and start-up of a new plant or facility. Start Up and Commissioning of new plant and equipment presents both a major technical and management challenge. An organisation’s personnel must familiarise themselves with new equipment, processes and technologies, develop the relevant operating and safety procedures.
At the same time there is the requirement to execute an exceptionally large scope of work – much of it complex when compared to routine operations - over a short period of time, with equipment and plant which is as yet unproven and that may pose significant risks to personnel, environment and profitability.
This 5 day training course addresses the technical issues of commissioning and starting up various equipment and asset types commonly found in processing plant environments, the development of specific commissioning procedures, process and facility wide commissioning strategies. The course will also address the broader managerial issues of commissioning and start up planning, resourcing, budgeting and cost control, risk management – safety, environmental, financial and operational, problem solving and trouble shooting.
This document outlines the proposed methodology for installing an offshore pipeline including 5 key stages: 1) Onshore pipeline installation, 2) Shore approach construction, 3) Offshore pipelaying using a pipelay barge, 4) Riser installation at an offshore platform, and 5) Post-lay trenching of the subsea pipeline. The document provides details on the pipeline route, scope of work, project schedule, management team, pipelay barge specifications, and methodology for each construction stage.
JCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Manual ALL:572900 Onwardsjksnendmmd
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theJCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.JCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General
Hydraulics
Body and Framework
PlaceAce Control System
Servo Control System
Engine
Transmission
Axles
Brakes
Hydraulic Steering
Electrics
Service Tools
Index
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to haveJCB 537-130 TELESCOPIC HANDLER Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
8
Design Considerations for Antisurge Valve SizingVijay Sarathy
This document provides guidelines for sizing an anti-surge valve for a centrifugal compressor. It begins with definitions of surge and how it can damage compressors. It then outlines the methodology for sizing an anti-surge valve, which involves calculating the valve coefficient based on parameters like mass flow rate, pressure ratio, piping geometry, and gas properties. The document provides a case study applying this methodology to size a 4" anti-surge valve for a gas compressor system operating between 11.61 and 30.13 bara.
2009 HONDA ODYSSEY Service Repair Manualhkksejkdmm
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the2009 HONDA ODYSSEY, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.2009 HONDA ODYSSEY Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
Maintenance
Engine
Control System
Mechanical
Fuel Service Specifications
Emission Control
Intake Exhaust Cooling
Lube
Ignition Starting Charging
Auto Transmission Clutch
Manual Transmission
Transfer Propeller Shaft
Drive Shaft
Differential
Axle Suspension
Tire & Wheel
Brake Control
Brake
Parking Brake
Steering Column
Power Steering
Air Condition
Suppl Restraint System
Seat Belt
Engine Immobilizer
Cruise Control
Wiper & Washer
Door Lock
Meter Audio/Visual
Horn
Windshield/Glass Mirror
Instrument Panel
Seat
Engine Hood/ Door
Exterior & Interior
Electrical
Multiplex/ Can Communication
And much more
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have2009 HONDA ODYSSEY Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
8
The document summarizes Omega elastomer couplings produced by Rexnord. The couplings use a split-in-half flex element design that allows for simplified assembly and disassembly. They can accommodate misalignment through a torsionally soft flex element. The couplings are suitable for both horizontal and vertical applications in industries like brewing.
The document provides an overview of petroleum storage tank training, covering topics such as:
- Tank design types including fixed roof, internal floating roof, and floating roof tanks
- Selection of tank type based on product properties and volatility
- Tank structure including bottom/floor design, bottom and shell plates, and foundation types
- Stability calculations and anchor requirements for withstanding wind loads
- Tank inspection and safety procedures
The training aims to identify tank components, understand tank limitations, perform calculations, and operate tanks safely.
The document provides instructions for hydrostatic testing circulating fluidized bed units. It outlines procedures for filling the unit with treated water, performing the hydrostatic test at 1.5 times the design pressure, and post-test procedures like pressurizing the unit with nitrogen and removing test plugs from safety valves. The key requirements are to fill the superheater and boiler with treated water, test to at least 1.5 times the design pressure, and pressurize the unit with nitrogen after testing.
This program addresses in an integrated manner the key activities involved in the safe, effective and timely commissioning and start-up of a new plant or facility. Start Up and Commissioning of new plant and equipment presents both a major technical and management challenge. An organisation’s personnel must familiarise themselves with new equipment, processes and technologies, develop the relevant operating and safety procedures.
At the same time there is the requirement to execute an exceptionally large scope of work – much of it complex when compared to routine operations - over a short period of time, with equipment and plant which is as yet unproven and that may pose significant risks to personnel, environment and profitability.
This 5 day training course addresses the technical issues of commissioning and starting up various equipment and asset types commonly found in processing plant environments, the development of specific commissioning procedures, process and facility wide commissioning strategies. The course will also address the broader managerial issues of commissioning and start up planning, resourcing, budgeting and cost control, risk management – safety, environmental, financial and operational, problem solving and trouble shooting.
The presentation provides an overview of offshore platform design, including a brief history and classification of water depths. It describes the two main types of offshore platforms - fixed structures that extend to the seabed like steel jackets, concrete gravity structures, and compliant towers, and floating structures near the water surface including tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, spars, and FPSOs. Key details are provided on various fixed and floating platform designs.
The document provides details of OHE assets along the Mansarovar to Sindhi Camp and yard section of JMRC metro rail. It includes track length, contact and messenger wires, mast types, cantilevers, section insulators, and other OHE components. It then summarizes the ROCS system used in tunnels, details of masts, steady arms, encumbrance, wire sizes and tensions. The document also discusses regulating equipment, section insulators, neutral section design, earthing and bonding systems, return conductors, OHE parameters and sectioning. Finally, it outlines the maintenance and inspection schedules and vehicles used to maintain the overhead line equipment.
This document provides guidance for conducting a pre-commissioning safety review of a process or plant (Hazard Study 5). The purpose is to check that the detailed implementation meets requirements before start-up. A cross-functional team inspects arrangements for employee health, safety, and environmental protection. The commissioning manager coordinates inspection of all areas, using a checklist to ensure all factors are considered. Any outstanding actions must be closed or scheduled before start-up. The review verifies the project complies with standards and is ready to safely commence operations.
The document describes the electrical system configuration of an Airbus A320 aircraft. In normal configuration, external power can supply the AC and DC ground/flight buses directly without powering the entire aircraft network when only ground services are required. The document also outlines failure scenarios for individual engine generators, AC bus 1, and transformer rectifiers TR1 and TR2, as well as flight operations using only battery power on the ground or in flight at speeds under 50 knots.
Separation Process on Offshore Topside platformashutoshgugnani
The document discusses separating well fluids such as water, gas, and oil using production separators. It describes three types of separators - horizontal, vertical, and spherical - that separate fluids using differences in gravity by handling continuous flow streams. It also discusses two separation methods: stage separation which uses multiple separators at successively lower pressures, and low-temperature separation which removes water vapor from high-pressure gas wells using dehydration.
This document outlines the scope of work for an EPC contract for a Central Area Field Complex Project in Algeria. It includes 180 pages describing the project overview, general contracting requirements, work descriptions, design and engineering scope, HSE requirements, materials procurement, construction, commissioning, and special notes. The contractor will be responsible for engineering, procurement, construction, and commissioning of the facilities, and must comply with Algerian regulations and international HSE standards.
This document provides guidance for inspectors on paints and coatings. It outlines approved coating systems for various applications and services, including internal and external pipe coatings for buried, insulated, and atmospheric exposure conditions. It also provides standards on surface preparation, coating application, thickness measurement, and repair. Inspectors are instructed to follow the coating manufacturer's recommendations and use properly calibrated equipment to ensure coatings meet thickness and cure requirements.
Overview of main components of subsea production / injection systems, including:
Wellhead
Subsea tree (Vertical, Horizontal, or Drill-thru)
Structural foundation / Template / Manifold /Jumpers
Subsea processing equipment
Chemical injection system
Umbilical with electrical power and signal cables
Risers
Production Control and Monitoring System
This report provides an offshore helideck review checklist to ensure helideck safety standards. It contains sections on general helideck information, surface, dimensions, markings, nets, lighting, obstructions, equipment, and emergency response. Installation owners are to conduct regular inspections using this checklist to verify compliance with international aviation standards and identify any non-compliances. Maintaining consistent inspection of helideck conditions and equipment is important for supporting safe helicopter operations on offshore installations.
The document discusses mechanical completion, which involves checking and testing equipment, piping, instrumentation, and other components to confirm they are installed correctly and ready for commissioning. It describes the documentation involved, including mechanical completion certificates, check records, and punch lists. Various activities involved in mechanical completion are also outlined for disciplines like mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, and piping.
1) Pragati Electricals Pvt. Ltd. was established in 1975 and manufactures instrument transformers up to 132kV in two factories in India.
2) The document is a certificate verifying that Pragati Electricals' quality system is in compliance with ISO 9001:2000 standards for the design, development, and manufacture of instrument transformers for industrial applications.
3) The certificate includes the scope of registration and applies to goods and services provided from Pragati's specified addresses.
The document discusses the safety of cross-country pipelines. It provides details about Petronet CCK Limited, a subsidiary of BPCL that has laid a 292 km petroleum product pipeline from Cochin to Karur via Coimbatore. It describes the design, facilities, operational safety features, emergency preparedness measures, mutual aid agreements, and emergency response and disaster management plan of the pipeline to ensure safety during transportation of products.
The document discusses several water and waste water management solutions from James Fisher Tank Inspection including:
1) A lead discriminator that can identify and locate service pipes without excavation in 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2) 3D SONAR technology that can map settlements in harbors, tanks, and storage facilities with a survey time of 45 minutes and a maximum range and depth of 40 meters and 200 meters respectively.
3) Techniques for in-situ stress measurement in concrete and steel reinforcement to test and monitor concrete structures.
Stress analysis of storage tank piping - Jeba AnandJeba Anand Nadar
1. The document discusses stress analysis of storage tank piping. It covers classification of tanks based on fluid type and construction, modeling of tanks in Caesar software, API 650 calculations, and nozzle checks as per API 650 standards.
2. Key points include classification of tanks as fixed roof, floating roof, horizontal pressure, and Horton sphere types. Modeling of tanks in Caesar involves defining displacements for tank settlement and bulging. Nozzle checks involve verifying loads do not exceed allowable limits given tank dimensions and properties.
3. Piping connected to tanks must be properly routed and supported, accounting for tank behavior due to settlement, thermal growth, and bulging under liquid head pressure. Spring supports may
This document provides procedures for the fabrication, installation, and erection of piping. It outlines responsibilities for construction management, engineering, quality control, and health and safety. It also describes procedures for receiving and storing materials, pre-fabrication including cutting, beveling and fit-up, welding, testing, and installation of underground and erected piping. Attachments include job safety analyses, work flows, lifting plans, and inspection forms. The goal is to ensure compliance with contractual and health, safety, and environmental requirements for piping work.
The document provides guidelines for erecting steel structures, including:
- Unloading materials using cranes and manually arranging them near installation locations.
- Erecting columns by lifting them into place with cranes, setting them on anchor bolts, and securing with temporary cables until bolts are tightened.
- Assembling rafter members on the ground, installing bracing, and then lifting into place and connecting to erected columns.
- Repeating column and rafter erection to complete frames, ensuring connections are bolted before releasing lifting equipment.
The document discusses instrumentation symbology used on piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It explains different types of instruments based on their mounting location such as field mounted, board mounted, and distributed control system mounted. Common instrumentation symbols are presented along with their meaning. Basic concepts around control loops and principles of P&IDs are described through examples. An exercise is included to draw a control loop for pH adjustment of a process tank based on given process conditions.
Offshore oil platforms are large structures located in the sea that house crews and machinery used to explore and produce fossil fuels from under the ocean bed. They are normally located on continental shelves but can be located in deeper waters. There are over 6,500 offshore oil and gas installations distributed across 53 countries, with the largest numbers located in the Gulf of Mexico, Asia, and parts of Europe and Africa. Different types of offshore platforms include fixed platforms, compliant towers, semi-submersible platforms, jack-up drilling rigs, drillships, floating production systems, and tension-leg platforms.
This document discusses UPS sizing calculations. It provides a 4 step methodology: 1) determine loads, 2) construct load profile and calculate design load/energy, 3) size battery bank, 4) size inverter, rectifier, and static switch. Key aspects include determining load profiles based on autonomy requirements, calculating design load/energy margins, selecting battery cell configurations and capacities based on voltage tolerances, and right-sizing power conversion components based on load and battery specifications.
This document outlines quality standards for piping at Saudi Aramco. It discusses quality assurance and quality control programs and procedures. It provides definitions for key terms like inspection test plans. It lists numerous Saudi Aramco standards for different types of underground piping including sanitary sewers, storm drains, water systems, and sprinkler systems. It also provides material specifications, joint types, pressure testing requirements, and documentation requirements for quality records.
The presentation provides an overview of offshore platform design, including a brief history and classification of water depths. It describes the two main types of offshore platforms - fixed structures that extend to the seabed like steel jackets, concrete gravity structures, and compliant towers, and floating structures near the water surface including tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, spars, and FPSOs. Key details are provided on various fixed and floating platform designs.
The document provides details of OHE assets along the Mansarovar to Sindhi Camp and yard section of JMRC metro rail. It includes track length, contact and messenger wires, mast types, cantilevers, section insulators, and other OHE components. It then summarizes the ROCS system used in tunnels, details of masts, steady arms, encumbrance, wire sizes and tensions. The document also discusses regulating equipment, section insulators, neutral section design, earthing and bonding systems, return conductors, OHE parameters and sectioning. Finally, it outlines the maintenance and inspection schedules and vehicles used to maintain the overhead line equipment.
This document provides guidance for conducting a pre-commissioning safety review of a process or plant (Hazard Study 5). The purpose is to check that the detailed implementation meets requirements before start-up. A cross-functional team inspects arrangements for employee health, safety, and environmental protection. The commissioning manager coordinates inspection of all areas, using a checklist to ensure all factors are considered. Any outstanding actions must be closed or scheduled before start-up. The review verifies the project complies with standards and is ready to safely commence operations.
The document describes the electrical system configuration of an Airbus A320 aircraft. In normal configuration, external power can supply the AC and DC ground/flight buses directly without powering the entire aircraft network when only ground services are required. The document also outlines failure scenarios for individual engine generators, AC bus 1, and transformer rectifiers TR1 and TR2, as well as flight operations using only battery power on the ground or in flight at speeds under 50 knots.
Separation Process on Offshore Topside platformashutoshgugnani
The document discusses separating well fluids such as water, gas, and oil using production separators. It describes three types of separators - horizontal, vertical, and spherical - that separate fluids using differences in gravity by handling continuous flow streams. It also discusses two separation methods: stage separation which uses multiple separators at successively lower pressures, and low-temperature separation which removes water vapor from high-pressure gas wells using dehydration.
This document outlines the scope of work for an EPC contract for a Central Area Field Complex Project in Algeria. It includes 180 pages describing the project overview, general contracting requirements, work descriptions, design and engineering scope, HSE requirements, materials procurement, construction, commissioning, and special notes. The contractor will be responsible for engineering, procurement, construction, and commissioning of the facilities, and must comply with Algerian regulations and international HSE standards.
This document provides guidance for inspectors on paints and coatings. It outlines approved coating systems for various applications and services, including internal and external pipe coatings for buried, insulated, and atmospheric exposure conditions. It also provides standards on surface preparation, coating application, thickness measurement, and repair. Inspectors are instructed to follow the coating manufacturer's recommendations and use properly calibrated equipment to ensure coatings meet thickness and cure requirements.
Overview of main components of subsea production / injection systems, including:
Wellhead
Subsea tree (Vertical, Horizontal, or Drill-thru)
Structural foundation / Template / Manifold /Jumpers
Subsea processing equipment
Chemical injection system
Umbilical with electrical power and signal cables
Risers
Production Control and Monitoring System
This report provides an offshore helideck review checklist to ensure helideck safety standards. It contains sections on general helideck information, surface, dimensions, markings, nets, lighting, obstructions, equipment, and emergency response. Installation owners are to conduct regular inspections using this checklist to verify compliance with international aviation standards and identify any non-compliances. Maintaining consistent inspection of helideck conditions and equipment is important for supporting safe helicopter operations on offshore installations.
The document discusses mechanical completion, which involves checking and testing equipment, piping, instrumentation, and other components to confirm they are installed correctly and ready for commissioning. It describes the documentation involved, including mechanical completion certificates, check records, and punch lists. Various activities involved in mechanical completion are also outlined for disciplines like mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, and piping.
1) Pragati Electricals Pvt. Ltd. was established in 1975 and manufactures instrument transformers up to 132kV in two factories in India.
2) The document is a certificate verifying that Pragati Electricals' quality system is in compliance with ISO 9001:2000 standards for the design, development, and manufacture of instrument transformers for industrial applications.
3) The certificate includes the scope of registration and applies to goods and services provided from Pragati's specified addresses.
The document discusses the safety of cross-country pipelines. It provides details about Petronet CCK Limited, a subsidiary of BPCL that has laid a 292 km petroleum product pipeline from Cochin to Karur via Coimbatore. It describes the design, facilities, operational safety features, emergency preparedness measures, mutual aid agreements, and emergency response and disaster management plan of the pipeline to ensure safety during transportation of products.
The document discusses several water and waste water management solutions from James Fisher Tank Inspection including:
1) A lead discriminator that can identify and locate service pipes without excavation in 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2) 3D SONAR technology that can map settlements in harbors, tanks, and storage facilities with a survey time of 45 minutes and a maximum range and depth of 40 meters and 200 meters respectively.
3) Techniques for in-situ stress measurement in concrete and steel reinforcement to test and monitor concrete structures.
Stress analysis of storage tank piping - Jeba AnandJeba Anand Nadar
1. The document discusses stress analysis of storage tank piping. It covers classification of tanks based on fluid type and construction, modeling of tanks in Caesar software, API 650 calculations, and nozzle checks as per API 650 standards.
2. Key points include classification of tanks as fixed roof, floating roof, horizontal pressure, and Horton sphere types. Modeling of tanks in Caesar involves defining displacements for tank settlement and bulging. Nozzle checks involve verifying loads do not exceed allowable limits given tank dimensions and properties.
3. Piping connected to tanks must be properly routed and supported, accounting for tank behavior due to settlement, thermal growth, and bulging under liquid head pressure. Spring supports may
This document provides procedures for the fabrication, installation, and erection of piping. It outlines responsibilities for construction management, engineering, quality control, and health and safety. It also describes procedures for receiving and storing materials, pre-fabrication including cutting, beveling and fit-up, welding, testing, and installation of underground and erected piping. Attachments include job safety analyses, work flows, lifting plans, and inspection forms. The goal is to ensure compliance with contractual and health, safety, and environmental requirements for piping work.
The document provides guidelines for erecting steel structures, including:
- Unloading materials using cranes and manually arranging them near installation locations.
- Erecting columns by lifting them into place with cranes, setting them on anchor bolts, and securing with temporary cables until bolts are tightened.
- Assembling rafter members on the ground, installing bracing, and then lifting into place and connecting to erected columns.
- Repeating column and rafter erection to complete frames, ensuring connections are bolted before releasing lifting equipment.
The document discusses instrumentation symbology used on piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It explains different types of instruments based on their mounting location such as field mounted, board mounted, and distributed control system mounted. Common instrumentation symbols are presented along with their meaning. Basic concepts around control loops and principles of P&IDs are described through examples. An exercise is included to draw a control loop for pH adjustment of a process tank based on given process conditions.
Offshore oil platforms are large structures located in the sea that house crews and machinery used to explore and produce fossil fuels from under the ocean bed. They are normally located on continental shelves but can be located in deeper waters. There are over 6,500 offshore oil and gas installations distributed across 53 countries, with the largest numbers located in the Gulf of Mexico, Asia, and parts of Europe and Africa. Different types of offshore platforms include fixed platforms, compliant towers, semi-submersible platforms, jack-up drilling rigs, drillships, floating production systems, and tension-leg platforms.
This document discusses UPS sizing calculations. It provides a 4 step methodology: 1) determine loads, 2) construct load profile and calculate design load/energy, 3) size battery bank, 4) size inverter, rectifier, and static switch. Key aspects include determining load profiles based on autonomy requirements, calculating design load/energy margins, selecting battery cell configurations and capacities based on voltage tolerances, and right-sizing power conversion components based on load and battery specifications.
This document outlines quality standards for piping at Saudi Aramco. It discusses quality assurance and quality control programs and procedures. It provides definitions for key terms like inspection test plans. It lists numerous Saudi Aramco standards for different types of underground piping including sanitary sewers, storm drains, water systems, and sprinkler systems. It also provides material specifications, joint types, pressure testing requirements, and documentation requirements for quality records.
1. 3. ANALIZA I RUKOVANJE SUSTAVIMA (upućivanja, morske i slatke
rashladne vode, goriva, ulja zapodmazivanja)
3.1 SUSTAV MORSKE RASHLADNE VODE
Namjena sustava morske vode jest osigurati dobavu i cirkulaciju dovoljne količine
morske vode odgovarajuće temperature (20°C) za hlađenje slatke vode sustava hlađenja glavnog
(porivnog) dizel motora i pomoćnih motora, tj. dizel-generatora, te drugih pomoćnih strojeva.
Sustav morske rashladne vode (slika 1) napaja se morem preko dva usisa morske vode-
niskog i visokog. Visoki usis morske vode obično se koristi dok je brod u plovidbi sa teretom ili
dolaskom u luku zbog toga što, osobito u plićim lukama, postoji opasnost od usisavanja raznih
nečistoća i mulja s dna. U plovidbi broda pod balastom koristi se niski usis.
Slika 1. Sustav morske vode
Pumpe morske vode usisavaju more preko usisnih košara, odnosno filtara. Na ovom
primjeru ugrađene su dvije glavne pumpe mora i jedna pomoćna. Jedna glavna pumpa mora radi
dok je druga u pripremi (stand by). Ukoliko dođe do nepravilnosti u radu pumpe koja je u pogonu
(nestanak napajanja na E.M., smanjenje tlaka iz bilo kojeg razloga, itd.), uređaj za automatsku
zamjenu pumpi uključi pumpu koja je bila u pripremi, a isključuje pumpu koja je do tada radila,
2. javljajući tu promjenu u brodsku alarmnu centralu strojarnice koja aktivira alarm. Jasno je da
usisni i tlačni ventil pumpe koja je u pripremi moraju stalno biti otvoreni. Na ovom načelu rade
gotovo sve pumpe u pripremi na nenadziranim strojarnicama. Pomoćna pumpa radi samo kod
operacija s teretom kada je potrebno zadovoljiti veće potrebe rashladne morske vode za
kodenzaciju pare (turbopumpe). Glavna pumpa morske (2) vode može se koristiti kao kaljužna
pumpa u nuždi.
Protok od pumpi ide do rashladnika koji su spojeni paralelno i to:
- rashladnik slatke vode 1,
- rashladnik slatke vode2,
- kondenzator pare,
- rashladnik vode dizel-generatora 1,
- rashladnik vode dizel-generatora 2,
- kondenzator klima uređaja,
- generator slatke vode (evaporator).
More koje prođe kroz rashladnike, prima na sebe toplinu i tako zagrijano vodi se do
trosmjernog automatskog ventila koji, bez obzira na promjene temperature mora i toplinsko
opterećenje rashladnika, održava stalnu temperaturu morske vode u sustavu. Ukoliko je potrebna
viša temperatura u sustavu, više tople vode odlazi prema pumpi, a manje izvan broda i obrnuto.
Sustav se obično proračunava na maksimalnu temperaturu morske vode od 32-35°C.
Dvije protupožarne pumpe koje se koriste i kao pumpe opće službe (balast) također
usisavaju more preko preko usisnih košara i filtara. Protupožarna pumpa u nuždi ima svoju
zasebnu usisnu košaru.
Postupak pripreme i puštanje u rad sustava morske vode:
1.1 Otvoriti odgovarajuće usisne ventile mora (niski ili visoki usis)
1.2 Otvoriti usisne i tlačne ventile na pumpi.
1.3 Otvoriti ventile na rashladnicima. U normalnim uvjetima dovoljan je jedan rashladnik
slatke vode.
1.4 Namjestiti regulator za recirkulaciju na trosmjernom automatskom ventilu na automatski
rad i 20°C.
1.5 Uputiti (lokalno) jednu pumpu mora.
1.6 Drugu pumpu postaviti na automatski rad (na upravljačkom panelu). Normalno je da jedna
pumpa bude u radu druga u pripremi (standby).
3.2 SUSTAV RASHLADNE SLATKE VODE
Namjena sustava slatke vode jest osigurati cirkulaciju i nadopunu dovoljne količine slatke
vode odgovarajuće temperature za hlađenje cilindara, ulja za podmazivanje i hlađenje stapa, te
zraka neophodnih za rad glavnog i pomoćnih dizel motora.
Suvremeni rashladni sustav (slika 2) sastoji se od dva povezana kruga rashladne vode:
kruga rashladne vode visoke temperature (HTFW – High Temperature Fresh Water) i kruga
3. rashladne vode niske temperature (LTFW – Low Temperature Fresh Water). Razlika od
klasičnog sustava, u kojem se morska voda koristila za hlađenje rashladnika kompresora ulja,
zraka, rashladnih uređaja, turbogeneratora, itd., je u tome što je sada tu ulogu preuzela voda niske
temperature. Osnovna prednost je u tome što otpada razgranati i složeni sustav morske vode koji
je izložen agresivnom djelovanju morske vode.
Slika 2. Sustav slatke vode
Krug visoke temperature (HTFW) služi samo za hlađenje glavnog motora (košuljice
cilindara) i grijanje tijekom boravka u luci. Dio toplinske energije slatke vode na izlazu iz motora
koristi se za proizvodnju (isparavanje) morske vode u evaporatoru. Rashladni krug niske
temperature (LTFW) hladi sve ostale pomoćne uređaje i to:
- dva kompresora zraka za upućivanje,
- kompresor zraka za pomoćne službe,
- sustav podmazivanja turbogeneratora i pumpi tereta,
- ulje za podmazivanje statvene cijevi
- sustav hlađenja ispirnog zraka glavnog motora,
- hlađenje sustava ulja bregaste osovine i ulja za podmazivanje glavnog motora.
Krug visoke temperature ima dvije glavne rashladne pumpe i jednu pomoćnu pumpu koja služi za
hlađenje motora u slučaju gubitka električne energije (black out) ili za grijanje motora tjekom
4. lučkog pogona. Zagrijana voda (80-85°C) odlazi prema rashladnicima slatke vode (1) i (2)
(uvijek je jedan rashladnik u pogonu a drugi u rezervi), dok se jedan dio vode vraća na usis
pumpi preko automatskog trosmjernog ventila upravljanog regulatorom temperature HTFW.
Trosmjerni ventil održava konstantnu temperaturu vode visoke temperature, miješajući prema
potrebi manje zagrijanu vodu niske temperature, koja dolazi iz grupe rashladnika koji su hlađeni
vodom niske temperature, i više zagrijanu vodu visoke temperature koja dolazi iz glavnog
motora. Pumpe vode visoke temperature šalju rashladnu vodu temperature oko 70°C prema
glavnom motoru gdje ona na sebe prima toplinu cilindara. Ekspanzijski ili kompenzacijski tank
spaja se na izlaz rashladne vode iz motora uvijek na najvišu točku. Njegova namjena je nadopuna
sustava slatkom vodom uslijed eventualnih propuštanja i isparavanja. Za dužeg perioda
mirovanja glavnog motora potrebno je isti predgrijavati i to zagrijavanjem vode pomoću parnog
grijača. Uobičajena temperatura predgrijanja je 55-60°C. Nedovoljno predgrijavanje glavnog
motora prije upućivanja može dovesti do oštećenja ležajeva motora i propuštanja vode.
Krug niske temperature je također opskrbljen sa dvije glavne rashladne pumpe i sa
jednom pomoćnom pompom koja služi za hlađenje uređaja kod lučkog pogona ili u slučaju
gubitka električne energije (black out). Rashladne pumpe vode niske temperature usisavaju vodu
preko trosmjernog automatskog ventila za održavanje konstantne temperature (34°C) i tlače je
prema grupi rashladnika. Konstantna temperatura vode niske temperature održava se miješanjem
vode koja je prošla kroz rashladnike slatke vode. Slično kao i kod sustava morske vode, glavne
pumpe su “stand by” izvedbe, dok pomoćne pumpe opslužuju sustav za vrijeme mirovanja
glavnog motora. Sve pumpe sustava morske vode i sustava slatke vode uglavnom su
centrifugalne izvedbe.
3.3 SUSTAV ULJA
Namjena sustava ulja (slika 3) je cirkulacija i nadopuna dovoljne količine ulja
odgovarajućeg tlaka, čistoće i temperature koje služi za podmazivanje (cirkulacijsko-tlačno
podmazivanje) i za odvođenje topline dijelova glavnog motora.
5. Slika 3. Sustav ulja glavnog motora
Uobičajeni sustav sastoji se od tri neovisna sustava ulja. Prvi je sustav za podmazivanje
ležajeva glavnog motora (glavni ležajevi, leteći ležaj, odrivni ležaj, ležajevi križne glave), te za
rashlađivanje stapala (slika 4).
6. Slika 4. Sustav podmazivanja ležajeva glavnog motora
Drugi sustav služi za podmazivanje razvodne osovine (osovina koja pogoni visokotlačne
pumpe goriva i aktuator za hidrauličko otvaranje ispušnog ventila).
Treći sustav služi za podmazivanje cilindara glavnog motora (slika 5).
Slika 5. Kontrola parametara cilindara glavnog motora
7. Glavne pumpe ulja za podmazivanje ležajeva su obično vijčane izvedbe i usisavaju ulje iz
slivnog tanka glavnog motor, temperature oko 50°C, te ga tlače pod tlakom od 3 bara kroz filtere
prema rashladnicima ulja. Naravno, dok jedna pumpa radi, druga je u pripremi. Za održavanje
konstantne temperature (45°C) brine se trosmjerni automatski ventil s regulatorom čiji se
pripadajući osjetnik nalazi na izlaznoj cijevi ulja iz rashladnika. Prema potrebi miješa se ulje koje
je prošlo kroz rashladnik s uljem koje ide mimo rashladnika (by-pass). Nakon toga ulje odlazi
prema glavnom motoru gdje se jedan dio odvaja za podmazivanje križne glave i rashlađivanje
stapa, dok se drugi dio koristi za podmazivanje ležajeva glavnog motora. Ulje se dalje slijeva u
karter motora, a odatle u slivni tank. Ulja za podmazivanje sadrže u sebi vodu (posljedica
propuštanja ili kondenzacije), metalne čestice, šljaku, hrđu, čestice ugljena, asfaltne ostatke,
organske i anorganske kiseline, te stoga obvezatno podliježu pročišćavanju. Centrifugalni
separator (slika 6) služi za pročišćavanje ulja od tih nečistoća, te za odvajanje vode iz ulja. Ovaj
uređaj djeluje tako da se ulje dovede u rotacijsko gibanje kako bi centrifugalne sile odvojile
izmiješane tekućine i čestice različitih gustoća. Sve nečistoće štetne i strane primjese moraju se iz
ulja odstraniti da se smanji trošenje ležajeva koji se podmazuju uljem. Separator, preko posebne
ili privješene pumpe, usisava ulje iz slivnog tanka i pročišćeno ulje vraća u isti tank, dok
nečistoće i vodu izbacuje u tank taloga (sludge tank).
Slika 6. Sustav centrifuglanog separatora ulja
Proces separiranja (odjeljivanja) krutih i težih čestica (nečistoće i voda) od lakših (ulja) bolje se
odvija što je ulje manje viskoznosti. Viskoznost prilikom odjeljivanja treba biti nešto niža od 37,4
cSt. U tu svrhu se gorivo i mazivo ulje grije u posebnim parnim ili električnim grijačima na
približnu temperaturu od 75-90°C. Ukoliko je u centrifugalnom čistiocu potrebno razdijeliti
mješavinu ulja i vode, u kojoj je količinski više ulja, bubanj čistioca treba napuniti vrućom
vodom prije nego se uvodi mješavina. Temperatura vode treba biti jednaka temperaturi potrebnoj
za grijanje ulja. Nadalje, poželjno je prije ulaza nečistog ulja u separator dodavati slatku vodu,
8. kojoj je temperatura 5°C iznad temperature ulja na ulazu u čistioc. Ovim postupkom voda ispire
organske i anorganske kiseline nastale izgaranjem teškog goriva cilindru motora, a koje procure
uz stap cilindra u karter motora i pomiješaju se s uljem. Također se postiže lakše odjelivanje
krutih čestica jer iste bivaju ovlažene i teže. Preporučljivo je ukupnu količinu ulja u sustavu
podmazivanja i hlađenja pročistiti 2,5-3 puta u roku od 24 sata.
Na slivni tank ugrađena je i preljevna cijev prema preljevnom tanku ulja (spill oil tank). U
slučaju potrebe nadopunjavanja, ili pak izmjene cijele količine ulja, koristi se pumpa ulja za
nadopunjivanje koja je povezana sa skladišnim tankovima ulja. Detektor uljnih para (oil mist), u
slučaju prevelike količine uljnih para u karteru, zaustavlja glavni motor i tako otklanja opasnost
od eksplozije.
Pumpe ulja razvodne osovine usisavaju ulje iz tanka ulja razvodne osovine i tlače ga
preko rashladnika (hlađen slatkom vodom) i filtera prema razvodnoj osovini. Za održavanje
konstantne temperature (45°C) brine se trosmjerni automatski ventil s regulatorom čiji se
pripadajući osjetnik nalazi na izlaznoj cijevi iz rashladnika. Prema potrebi miješa se ulje koje je
prošlo kroz rashladnik s uljem koje ide mimo rashladnika (by-pass). Ulje se, nakon što obavi
svoju radnju, vraća u isti tank. Taj tank se nadopunjuje iz sustava ulja za podmazivanje ležajeva,
križne glave i hlađenja stapa preko pripadajućeg ventila. Ispust tanka teče u preljevni tank ulja.
Dakle, u ova dva sustava nalazi se ulje iste kvalitete i osobina.
Sustav ulja za podmazivanje cilindara sastoji se od dnevnog i skladišnog tanka. Za
nadopunjavanje dnevnog tanka cilindarskog ulja služi pumpa cilindarskog ulja koja je
cjevovodom povezana sa skladišnim tankom cilindarskog ulja. Iz dnevnog tanka cilindarskog ulja
ulje slobodnim padom dolazi do lubrifikatora i odatle se tlači u priključke za podmazivanje koji
su radijalno raspoređeni na više mjesta po cilindarskoj košuljici. Ulje koje podmazuje cilindarsku
košuljicu i stapne prstenove da bi nakon toga izgorjelo zajedno s gorivom.
Radni postupci kod pokretanja glavnog motora :
• Pokretanja sustava za podmazivanje ležajeva i hlađenje stapala:
- Provjeriti da slivni tank ima dovoljno ulja i po potrebi nadopuniti.
- Namjestiti regulator temperature na automatski rad i temperaturu od 45°C.
- Otvoriti usisne i tlačne ventile na obje glavne pumpe za podmazivanje.
- Otvoriti ventil dobave ulja za podmazivanje ležajeva.
- Startati ručno jednu glavnu pumpu i čekati dok tlak ne naraste na 3 bara.
- Namjestiti rad pumpe na automatski rad (jedna u radu druga u pripremi-standby).
- Provjeriti da li ulje za hlađenje stapa i podmazivanje ležajeva ima radnu temperaturu.
• Pokretanje sustava podmazivanja razvodne osovine:
- Namjestiti regulator temperature na automatski rad i temperaturu od 50°C.
- Provjeriti da tank ulja za podmazivanje razvodne osovine ima dovoljno ulja i po potrebi
nadopuniti iz sustava ulja za podmazivanje glavnog motora.
- Na regulatoru tlaka podestiti tlak ulja na 4 bara.
- Provjeriti da li su otvoreni ventili na obje pumpe i i oba filtera.
- Startati ručno jednu pumpu i čekati dok tlak ne naraste na 3,7 bara.
9. - Namjestiti rad pumpe na automatski rad (jedna u radu druga u pripremi-standby).
• Pokretanje sustava za podmazivanja cilindara:
- Provjeriti da li dnevni tank ulja za podmazivanje cilindra ima dovoljno ulja i po potrebi
nadopuniti,
- Provjeriti da li su svi potrebni ventili otvoreni.
Radni postupak kod zaustavljanja glavnog motora:
Kada se motor zaustavi i završi s manovorom potrebno je sačekati oko 30 minuta kako bi se
motor ohladio i isključile sve pumpe ulja. Temperatura ulja u slivnom tanku za vrijeme lučkog
pogonu održava se kontinuiranim radom separatora ulja.
Alarmiranje i zaštita GM:
• Alarmi:
- nizak tlak ulja temeljnih, letećih i odrivnog ležaja,
- nizak tlak ulja za podmazivanje križne glave i hlađenja stapa,
- nizak tlak ulja bregaste osovine,
- niska razina ulja u tankovima,
- velik pad tlaka na tlačnim filtrima
- visoka temperatura ulja na ulazu u motor,
- niska razina cilindarskog ulja u dnevnom tanku.
• Zaštita (SLOW DOWN i SHUT DOWN):
- nizak tlak ulja temeljnih, letećih i odrivnog ležaja,
- nizak tlak ulja za podmazivanje križne glave i hlađenja stapa (samo SLOW DOWN)
10. 3.4 SUSTAV GORIVA
Namjena sustava goriva je skladištenje, nadopuna i dobava goriva odgovarajućih
parametara (temperature-viskoznosti, tlaka i čistoće) za izgaranje u glavnom i pomoćnim
dizel motorima, te pomoćnom parnom kotlu.
Sustav goriva kod suvremenih dvotaktnih propulzijskih dizel motora sastoji se od
sljedećih podsustava:
- sustav goriva od ukrcaja do dnevnih tankova,
- sustavu goriva od dnevnih tankova do glavnog motora.
Gorivo se krca preko odgovarajućih priključaka na palubi u skladišne tankove teškog
goriva (slika 7) i skladišne tankove dizel-goriva čiji broj ovisi o tipu i namjeni broda.
Skladišni tankovi teškog goriva griju se parnim zagrijačima na temperaturu do maksimalno
60 °C kako bi se isto moglo transferirati pumpama. Naime, pri temperaturi teškog goriva
manjoj od 20 °C zbog velike viskoznosti nije ga moguće transferirati. Temperatura grijanja
ovisi o temperaturi teškog goriva kod njegovog ukrcaja.
Radni postupci kod prebacivanja goriva:
- Kordinirati sa službom palube prije prebacivanja goriva.
- Otvoriti ulaz odabranog tanka za prebacivanja teškog goriva pumpom.
- Otvoriti izlaz odabranog skladišnog tanka.
- Startati pumpu za prebacivanje goriva.
Slika 7. Sustav transfera teškog goriva od ukrcaja do taložnih tankova
11. Slika 8 . Taložni tankovi teškog goriva
Iz taložnih tankova gorivo se preko centrifugalnog separatora pročišćava i prebacuje u dnevne
tankove (slika 9). Temperatura grijanja teškog goriva u taložnim tankovima je 60 °C.
Slika 9 . Dnevni tankovi teškog goriva
12. Teško goriva su rafinerijski ostaci i imaju nisku kavkoću, odnosno visoki sadržaj štetnih
krutih čestica različitih veličina (pepeo, vanadij, asfalt, voda, natrij itd.). Korištenjem ove
vrste goriva, uz primjenu neodgovarajućeg sustava pročišćavanja izaziva jako trošenje
dijelova dizel motora, pa se stoga isto pročišćava pomoću centrifugalnog separatora.
Kapacitet separatora podešava se tako da bude isti kao i potrošnja goriva iz dnevnog tanka.
Kao što se vidi iz primjera, moguće su kombinacije da se separatorom separira taložni tank
teškog goriva – taložni tank teškog goriva, kao i dnevni tank teškog goriva – dnevni tank
teškog goriva. Prvi slučaj koristi se kod kraćih zadržavanja u lukama tako da se, umjesto
zaustavljanja separatora, separira teško gorivo iz istog u isti tank. Temperatura teškog goriva
u dnevnim tankovima održava se na temperaturi od oko 60°C (dizel goriva na 35°C). Na slici
10 prikazan je shema separiranja teškog goriva.
Slika 10 . Shema separiranja teškog goriva
Obično su ugrađena dva separatora. U normalnim okolnostima dovoljno je da radi jedan
separator jer dobavna pumpa separatora ima kapacitet dobave veći za 10% od maksimalne
potrošnje goriva. U svaki separator voda potrebna za njihov rad dobavlja se iz gravitacionog
tanka kojeg je tijekom rada po potrebno nadopunjavati. Teško gorivo se prije ulaska u
separator zagrijava pomoću parnog grijača na temperaturu od oko 98°C. Postupak separiranja
i ispusta taloga i vode obavlja se automatski uz kontrolu i dojavu alarma niskog izlaznog tlaka
goriva (<1,45 bara), visokog izlaznog tlaka goriva (>1,9 bara), visoke/niske temperature
(promjene temperature za 5%), velikih vibracija, nedostatka vode i grešku u ispustu taloga i
vode. U slučaju da se separator ne može osloboditi taloga i vode, upravljačka jedinica
postupak ponavlja, a ako se i nakon toga separator ne oslobodi taloga isti se automatski
zaustavlja, a gorivo se preko trogranog ventila vraća u tank. Isto se događa i u slučaju alarma
velikih vibracija.
U tank taloga dolazi talog iz svih separatora i taložnih tankova. Talog iz taložnog
tanka spaljuje se preko sustava inceneratora, a dio koji je voda prebacuje se u tank kaljužne
vode odakle se kaljužnim separatorom pročišćava i izbacuje izvan broda.
13. Iz dnevnog tanka dizel-goriva gorivo odlazi prema dizel-generatorima i kotlu (ukoliko
je potrebno da kotao radi na dizel-gorivo).
Na slici 11 prikazana sustav goriva glavnog motora. Iz dnevnih tankova gorivo dolazi
do trosmjernog ventila za prebacivanje kojim se određuje hoće li se koristiti teško ili dizel-
gorivo.
Slika 11 . Sustav goriva glavnog motora
Suvremeni motori pogone se teškim gorivom i za vrijeme manevra, dok se u luci koristi stalna
cirkulacija teškog goriva kako bi se održala temperatura goriva. U slučaju većih radova na
glavnom motoru, sustavu goriva ili dokovanju broda kad nismo u mogućnosti zagrijavati
teško gorivo u sustavu, potrošnja se prebacuje na dnevni tank dizel-goriva. Dobavne pumpe
usissavaju gorivo iz dnevnog tanka i tlače ga pod tlakom od 4 bara preko mjerača protoka u
odzračni tank. Cirkulacione pumpe usisavaju gorivo iz odzračnog i tlače ga kroz zagrijače
teškog goriva preko filtara u visokotlačne pumpe glavnog motora. Za održavanje konstantnog
viskoziteta teškog goriva brine se automatski viskozimetar koji preko regulacijskih ventila
propušta u zagrijače teškog goriva onu količinu pare koja je potrebna za održavanje željenog
viskoziteta (max. viskozitet 20 cSt i temp.150°C). Budući da dobavne pumpe dobavljaju veću
količinu goriva nego što motor troši, višak goriva se pod tlakom od 7 bara vraća se u odzračni
tank i tu se miješa s gorivom koje dolazi iz dnevnog tanka ili se pak preko troputnog ventila
može vraćati direktno u dnevni tank. Svi dobavni i povratni cjevovodi opremljeni su parnim
cijevnim grijačima postavljenim oko cijevi.
Za smanjenje sadržaja NOx plinova u ispušnim plinovima motora ugrađena je upravljačka
jedinica za kontrolu emulzije gorivo-voda koja gorivu dodaje mali sadržaj vode.
14. 3.5. SUSTAV ZRAKA
Sustav zraka na suvremenim sporohodnim dizel motorima sastoji se od dva sustava:
- sustav zraka za upućivanje glavnog motora i pomoćnih motora,
- sustav zraka za pomoćne službe.
Namjena sustava zraka za upućivanje glavnog motora je osigurati dovoljne količine
komprimiranog zraka odgovarajućih parametara (tlaka i temperature) za upućivanje dizel
motora (glavnog i pomoćnih). Sustav zraka za pomoćne službe osigurava potrebne količine
zraka za pneumatsko upravljanje sustavom upućivanja i manevriranje dizelskih motora,
daljinsko upravljanje raznim pneumatskim ventilima potrebnih za automatski rad strojeva i
uređaja, za čišćenje i propuhivanje, za pogon alata itd.
Sustav zraka za upućivanje dizelskih motora prikazan na slici 12 opslužuje dva
glavna kompresora zraka i jedan kompresor u slučaju nužde. Svi kompresori zraka rade na
načelu dvostupanjske kompresije s međuhlađenjem, što znači da se sastoje od dva stupnja
između kojih je rashladnik.
Slika 12. Sustav zraka za upućivanje
Kompresori usisavaju zrak iz strojarnice i tlače ga u zračne spremnike. Zračni spremnici su
dimenzionirani tako da omoguće ne manje od dvanaest uzastopnih upućivanja prekretnog
motora, a ako je motor neprekretan (npr. s prekretnim propelerom), onda se radi o šest
uzastopnih upućivanja. Međutim, budući da je to donja granica, u praksi se izvode izvedbe s
daleko većim brojem mogućih upućivanja što opet ovisi od uputa proizvođača motora i
pravila pojedinih klasifikacijskih zavoda. Zračni spremnici se uglavnom pune do tlaka od 30
bara, a rad kompresora zraka je automatiziran, što znači da se padom tlaka u zračnom
15. spremniku kompresori automatski uključuju, odnosno da se isključuju kada tlak dosegne
željenu vrijednost. U normalnom radu oba kompresora rade automatski s tim da je jedan
odabran kao glavni kompresor. Sva tri spremnika zraka su pod radnim tlakom. Kompresor za
nuždu se po potrebi upućuje ručno. Iz spremnika i rashladnika zraka mora se redovito
ispuštati nakupljeni kondenzat.
Postupci pripreme i upućivanja kompresora nakon dužeg perioda izvan rada su:
- Provjeriti da li je sustav morske vode i krug niske temperature slatke vode u radu, te
da li su otvoreni ventili prema rashladnicima zraka.
- Otvoriti ulazne ventile zraka na rashladnicima zraka.
- Ispustiti kondenzat iz rashladnika otvaranjem ventila za njegov ispust
- Otvoriti ulazne i izlazne ventile na spremnicima zraka.
- Ispustiti kondenzat iz spremnika otvaranjem ventila za njegov ispust.
- Zatvoriti ventile za ispust kondenzata.
- Namjestiti rad kompresora na automatski mod rada i odabrati glavni kompresor
(upravljački panel).
- Kada tlak u spremnicima naraste otvotiti ventil prema odabranim potrošačima.
Zrak za pomoćne službe (slika 13) dobiva se preko radnog zračnog spremnika kojeg
opslužuje kompresor pomoćnog zraka.
Slika 13. Sustav pomoćnog zraka
Taj je zrak pod tlakom od obično 6-8 bara, a moguće su i kombinacije da se taj zrak dobije
preko glavnih kompresora i spremnika za upućivanje. Upravljački zrak obvezno se vodi kroz
jedinicu za pripremu zraka koja se sastoji od sušioca, filtera, regulatora tlaka i nauljivača čija
je svrha dovesti komprimirani zrak u stanje što prihvatljivije za rad pneumatskih sustava.
16. 3.6 SUSTAV ZA KONTROLU I SMANJENJE EMISIJE NOx
Zagađivanje zraka može se definirati kao stanje atmosfere kod kojeg su štetne tvari
prisutne u dovoljno velikim koncentracijama iznad njihovog normalnog nivoa da proizvedu
mjerljive negativne efekte na čovjeka, životinje, biljke ili materijale (okoliš). Efikasan način
da se ponovno uspostavi osjetljiva ekološka ravnoteža u prirodi je korištenje kontrole emisije
plinova uvijek, kad i gdje je to moguće.
Sastav ispušnih plinova za jedan sporohodni dizel motor rezultat je procesa u motoru, goriva i
načina kontrole emisije ispušnih plinova. Njihov tipičan sastav je: N2 76%, O2 13%, CO2 5%,
H20 5%, a što iznosi oko 99,5% ukupne količine plinova. Ostatak emisije isušnih plinova
otpada na dušične okside (NOx), ugljični monoksid (CO), ugljikovodike (HC) i čestice
ugljične čade, metalnih oksida sulfata neizgorenog ugljikohidrata.
Glavni onečišćivači iz dizelskih motora su kao:
- dušikovi oksidi (NOx) – njihova emisija utječe na stvaranje smoga i kiselih kiša.
Emisija dušikovih oksida neprestano raste kao rezultat povećanoga prometa; ona,
naime, uglavnom nastaje kao posljedica izgaranja bilo kojega tekućeg goriva.
- sumporni oksidi (SOx) – sumporni dioksid SO2 poznat je kao “kiseli” plin jer
njegovom transformacijom nastaju kiseli sastojci što se izdvajaju iz atmosfere u obliku
kiselih kiša. Emisija SO2 ovisi izravno o kvaliteti goriva, tj. sadržaju sumpora u njemu.
- ugljični monoksid (CO) – posljedica nepotpunog izgaranja goriva, utječe na stvaranje
smoga i ozonskih rupa. Današnji motori imaju vrlo malu emisiju ugljičnog monoksida
poradi visoke koncentracije kisika i efikasnoga procesa izgaranja.
- ugljikovodici (HC) – sadržaj ugljkovodika u ispušnim plinovima ovisi o vrsti goriva,
ugađanju i konstrukciji motora. Samo mali dio HC napustit će proces neizgoren –
utječe na efekt staklenika.
- ugljični dioksid (CO2) – iako nije otrovan, posvećuje mu se posebna pozornost kao
osnovnom uzroku stvaranja efekta staklenika. Motori s visokim stupnjem iskoristivosti
i uporaba goriva s niskim udjelom ugljika preduvjet su da se smanje te emisije.
Proučavanjem danih emisija uočeno je da je udio utjecaja ugljikovodika i ugljičnog
monoksida s brodova nizak u usporedbi s drugim tehničkim pogonima, a također, zbog
superiornije toplinske iskoristivosti dizelskog procesa, niska je i emisija ugljičnog i
sumpornog dioksida. Sva je pozornost u brodarstvu zato prebačena na smanjenje dušikovih
oksida (NOx).
Aneksom VI Međunarodne konvencije o spriječavanju zagađenja s brodova
(International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL 73/78),
Međunarodne pomorske organizacije (The International Maritime Organization - IMO ) koji
je stupio na snagu 2005 godine, propisan je najveći sadržaj NO x u ispušnom plinu motora s
unutrašnjim izgaranjem snage veće od 130 kW u zavisnosti od brzine vrtnje motora (slika 14).
17. Slika 14. Grafikon primjene MARPOL-a, AneksVI
Nadalje, prilogom VI definiran je najveći dopušteni sadržaj sumpora u gorivu za
pogon motora s unutrašnjim izgaranjem koji iznosi 4,5% za područje u kojima nije
ograničena emisija SOx u ispušnim plinovima, a u području u kojima je ograničena emisija
SOx u ispušnim plinovima kao što su : Sjeverno more, Baltičko more i Engleski kanal, sadržaj
sumpora u gorivu ograničen je na 1,5%.
Tehnike smanjenja NOx mogu se podijeliti na tri osnovne kategorije:
- obradu prije uporabe goriva, odnosno prethodno tretiranje goriva,
- modifikacija procesa u cilindru motora- direktna metoda,
- obrada ispušnog plina po izlasku iz cilindra motora (sekundarna metoda).
Obrada prije uporabe goriva uglavnom se bazira na smanjenju dušika u gorivu, tj. na njegovoj
denitraciji, ali zasad za to nema praktičnih metoda.
Direktne metode su metode koje direktno utječu na proces izgaranja u motoru što znači da je
potrebno izvršiti određene modifikacije na samom motoru. Stvarni stupanj redukcije,
odnosno smanjenja NOx, koji iznosi 10 -50 %, ovisi o tipu motora i metodi redukcije. U
direktne metode spadaju:
- prilagođavanje sapnice rasprskača,
- reduciranje maksimalnog tlaka izgaranja,
- uštrcavanjem vode posebnih sapnica ili sapnica goriva kroz koje se naizmjenično
uštrcavaju gorivo i voda,
- vlaženjem zraka ispirnog zraka odmah iza turbopuhala,
- recuirkulacija ispušnih plinova.
- metoda redukcije vodenom emulzijom itd.
Metoda redukcije vodenom emulzijom sastoji se u dodavanje 20% demineralizirane
vode kod punog opterećenja motora, a da to ne predstavlja ograničenje u pogledu izgaranja.
Utjecaj vodene emulzije ovisi o tipu motora ali vrijedi općenito 1% vode reducira NO x za 1%.
Dodavanje vode se regulira na osnovu izmjerenje vrijednosti NO x koja se kontinuirano prati.
18. Za brodske motore koji koriste emulziju goriva, ugrađen je specijalni sigurnosni sustav u
vanjski sustav goriva tako da nestanak struje na brodu nema nikakvog utjecaja na stabilnost
emulzije gorivo/voda, tako da se može upućivati bez prebacivanja na sustav bez vode.
Slika 16. Ubrizgavanje vode u cjevovod goriva i pumpni agregat za ubrizgavanje vode
Sekundarnim metodama reducira se NO x bez mijenjanja konstrukcije motora. Danas
je najzastupljenija metoda selektivnog katalitičkog smanjenja SCR-Selective Catalytic
Reduction. Sustav koristi 40% otopinu uree ili amonijak (NH3). Ovom metodom (slika 17)
ispušni se plin miješa s amonijakom (NH 3) ili otopinom uree prije prolaska kroz sloj
specijalnih katalizatora na temperaturi od 290 do 450 °C, čime se NO x ponovno pretvara u
neopasni dušik i vodu (N2 i H2O).
Slika 17. Proces selektivnog katalitičkog smanjenja emisije NOx (SCR- Selective Catalytic
Reduction)
Kisik je pri tome u procesu. Ako je temperatura previsoka, NH 3 će prije izgarati nego reagirati
s NO/NO2. Pri previše niskoj temperaturi reakcija će biti spora i kondenzacijom amonijevih
sulfata uništavati će se katalizator. Količina uštrcanoga NH 3 u cijev ispušnih plinova nadzire
19. se procesnim računalom koje dozira NH3 u odnosu na NOx što ga proizvodi motor ovisno o
opterećenju. Odnos između proizvedenog NOx i opterećenja motora mjeri se tijekom
pokusnog rada na ispitnom stolu. Dobiveni odnos programira se računalom i služi za kontrolu
doziranja NH3. Doza se amonijaka potom namješta na odstupanje povratnog sustava na
osnovi izmjerenoga izlaznog signala NOx.
Stupanj uklanjanja NOx ovisi o količini dodanog amonijaka (izražen u omjeru
NH3/NOx). U isto će vrijeme količina neiskorištenog amonijaka (ispušteni NH3) porasti u
očišćenom ispušnom plinu. Poželjno je da koncentracija neiskorištenog amonijaka u
očišćenom plinu bude što manja jer kada ispušni plin dođe u kotao ili izmjenjivač topline,
amonijak može reagirati s SO3 u ispušnom plinu pa će se ogrjevna površina onečistiti
amonijevim sulfatom. Oksidacijom u SCR-procesu osim smanjenja emisije NO x uklanja se i
ponešto neizgorivih čestica i ugljikovodika iz ispušnih plinova.
Sustav (slika 17) kao minimum obuhvaća sljedeće podsustave.
- katalizator,
- kontrolni sustav,
- mjerni sustav,
- sustav za uštrcavanje.
Količine NOx u ovim sustavima iznose oko 20g/kWh i smanjuju emisiju za 90% u odnosu na
današnje norme.
Slika 17. Shema smanjenja NOx plinova primjenom SCR metode na MAN B&W glavnom
motoru