Panchakarma and shalakya are highly interlinked.
Judicious application of panchakarma is best treatment of many conditions but if not done systematically causes many diseases
Panchakarma and shalakya are highly interlinked.
Judicious application of panchakarma is best treatment of many conditions but if not done systematically causes many diseases
Netra is one of the jnanendriyas with high importance Without eyes, the whole world will be dark and life will be meaningless It is dominant of tejo mahabhuta If Tejo mahabhuta does not enter in to dristi during garbhawa kala, than the child born will be having janmandhya Nayana, Chakshu, Lochana, Drik, Darsanendriya are some of the synonyms of netra There 5mandala, 5patala, 6sandhis, peshi, marma, sira in eyes Different Acharyas have their own view in the utpatti of Netra during garbhawastha kala Different parts of netra signify the panchabhautika composition Majagaiyan Pratikshya | Giri Jeevan Kumar | H N Abhijith "A Review of Netra Sharira" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18397.pdf
Here is an attempt made to critically analyse the chakshushya dravyas and their probable mode of action. Hope it will help the scholars of Ayurveda.Thank you.
Kriya kalp is a special procedures mentioned in samhita's, under the heading of shalakya tantra to cure disease of Netra(Eyes).
Its Various Topical ocular Therapeutics Specifically Designed According to stage, severity and site of the disease
of Netra (Eyes).
Which is Mentioned in Netra roga chikitsa adhyay.
It's a Bahirparimarjana chikitsa having several Advantages over oral Administration.
other chikitsa upkrama i.e Nasya, Murdha tail etc. also included with the kriya kalpa.
PPT BY- DR. SEJAL D. GAMIT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/ CONSULTANT
SHALAKYA TANTRA DEPARTMENT
SUMANDEEP AYURVEDICMEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL(SAMCH),
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH,
AT. PO. - PIPARIA, TA. WAGHODIA
DIST. VADODARA
Anatomical and physiological description of Dristi in Ayurveda Ophthalmology which gives insight for understanding of entire posterior segment eye disorders.
Shalakya Tantra syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
local anaesthesia is defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve endings
Or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves; no loss of consciousness occurs
Local anesthetics interfere with the excitation process in the nerve membrane in one or more of the following ways:
1) Altering the basic resting potential of the nerve membrane
2) Altering the threshold potential (firing level)
3) Decreasing the rate of depolarization*
4) Prolonging the rate of repolarization
Netra is one of the jnanendriyas with high importance Without eyes, the whole world will be dark and life will be meaningless It is dominant of tejo mahabhuta If Tejo mahabhuta does not enter in to dristi during garbhawa kala, than the child born will be having janmandhya Nayana, Chakshu, Lochana, Drik, Darsanendriya are some of the synonyms of netra There 5mandala, 5patala, 6sandhis, peshi, marma, sira in eyes Different Acharyas have their own view in the utpatti of Netra during garbhawastha kala Different parts of netra signify the panchabhautika composition Majagaiyan Pratikshya | Giri Jeevan Kumar | H N Abhijith "A Review of Netra Sharira" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18397.pdf
Here is an attempt made to critically analyse the chakshushya dravyas and their probable mode of action. Hope it will help the scholars of Ayurveda.Thank you.
Kriya kalp is a special procedures mentioned in samhita's, under the heading of shalakya tantra to cure disease of Netra(Eyes).
Its Various Topical ocular Therapeutics Specifically Designed According to stage, severity and site of the disease
of Netra (Eyes).
Which is Mentioned in Netra roga chikitsa adhyay.
It's a Bahirparimarjana chikitsa having several Advantages over oral Administration.
other chikitsa upkrama i.e Nasya, Murdha tail etc. also included with the kriya kalpa.
PPT BY- DR. SEJAL D. GAMIT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/ CONSULTANT
SHALAKYA TANTRA DEPARTMENT
SUMANDEEP AYURVEDICMEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL(SAMCH),
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH,
AT. PO. - PIPARIA, TA. WAGHODIA
DIST. VADODARA
Anatomical and physiological description of Dristi in Ayurveda Ophthalmology which gives insight for understanding of entire posterior segment eye disorders.
Shalakya Tantra syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
local anaesthesia is defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve endings
Or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves; no loss of consciousness occurs
Local anesthetics interfere with the excitation process in the nerve membrane in one or more of the following ways:
1) Altering the basic resting potential of the nerve membrane
2) Altering the threshold potential (firing level)
3) Decreasing the rate of depolarization*
4) Prolonging the rate of repolarization
Techniques to delivering local anesthetic with anatomical references and imaging to aid better understanding of how local and block anesthetic is delivered for head and neck anesthesia.
THIS ppt explains in brief about general anesthesia for under graduates. It includes brief classification, mechanism of action, side effects of some important drugs. concepts like diffusion hypoxia, second gas effect, balanced anesthesia and pre- anaesthetic medication are discussed.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...
Anaesthesia in Shalakya Tantra
1. Anesthesia in
Shalakya Tantra
By Dr. Anuj Kumar Singh
1st year PG Scholar
Dept. of Shalakya Tantra
Guide- Dr. Veena Shekar
SKAMCH & RC
2. INTRODUCTION TO ANAESTHESIA
Derivation of Anaesthesia:
Aesthesis means sensation.
Anaesthesia is defined as loss of sensation.
DEFINITION
Method of bringing about loss of sensation for surgical purpose.
It is derived from 2 words :-
* Analgesia- Abolition of pain perception.
* Akinesia- Abolition of muscular contractions at the
site of injection of anaesthetic drugs.
3. ANAESTHESIA IN AYURVEDA
संज्ञाहरण-
• संज्ञा- Consciousness
• हरण- Holding
Acharya Sushruta has mentioned the use of
Madya(wine) to mitigate the pain of surgery.
(Su.Su.17/11)
AcharyaVagbhata also mentioned regarding
sangnyaharana before performing shastra karma
in sutrasthana 29/15.
Hence the concept of sangyaharana can be corelated
as anaesthesia in contemporary science.
4. संज्ञाहरण उपाय-
• In Charaka Samhita sutra sthana 4th
chapter , acharya has mentioned vedana
sthapana gana
Drugs of this gana are :
• शाल
• कदम्ब
• कट्फल
• पद्मक
• मोचरस
• तुङ्ग
• शशररष
• वञ्जुल
• एलवालुक
• अशोक
5. * Acc. to Sushruta for certain operations मद्य can be used for संज्ञाहरण purpose
i.e. “मद्येन मोहित्वं”
अशिफेन, भाङ्ग etc are also used for this purpose.
6. PRE-ANAESTHETIC CHECKUP IN EYE & E.N.T SURGERIES
• GENERAL:
• Nutritional status
• Retarded growth
• Anaemia
• Jaundice
• Cough
• Temperature.
• Oedema
• History of convulsion
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Cyanosis.
• Dyspnoea
• Auscultation of lung field
AIRWAY
• Mouth opening
• Neck movement
• Dentition
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Pulse
• Blood pressure
• Heart sound (auscultation)
• Dependent oedema
7. INVESTIGATIONS
• ✓Full blood count
• ✓Urine analysis
• ✓Chest X-ray
• Echocardiogram (valvular disease)
OVER 40YEAR:
• Blood glucose
• ECG
• Blood urea
• S.Creatinine
OTHER
INVESTIGATIONS:
• S. electrolytes
• Liver function test
• Coagulation screening
8. NPO status
o Nil Per Oral, means nothing by mouth
o Solid food: 8 hrs before induction
o Liquid: 4 hrs before induction
o Clear water: 2 hrs before induction
o Pediatrics: stop breast milk feeding 4 hrs
before induction.
9. GENERAL ANESTHESIA
oIt means abolition of all sensations i.e. ,touch, pain, posture and temperature with
a state of reversible loss of consciousness.
CARDINAL FEATURES
ANALGESIA
AKINESIA
HYPNOSIS
LOSSOF REFLEXES
10. INDICATIONS OF GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
oInfants, Children
oAnxious patients
oNon co-operative and mentally retarded
adults
oPerforating ocular injuries
oMajor operations like exenteration.
11. CONTRAINDICATIONS OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA
o Hypersensitivity
o Acute glaucoma
o Increased intracranial pressure
o Severe asthma
o History of Cardiac issues
o Anaesthesia team with lack of experience.
13. INHALATIONAL ANESTHESIA
o It refers to the delivery of gases or vapours to the respiratory system
to produce anesthesia.
o AGENTS USED-
1.Volatile -eg. Halothane, Isoflurane etc.
2. Non- volatile -eg. Nitrous oxide.
15. AGENTS USED IN GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
• Inhalation anaesthetics (sevoflurane, desflurane)
• opioids (fentanyl)
• alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine and
dexmedetomidine)
• beta adrenoceptor antagonists (labetalol and
esmolol)
• Vasodilators
16. Choice of airway
• Adequate throat packing
• Flexible LMA and endotracheal tube
• Careful extubation.
17. Procedure of General anesthesia
1. Premedication for anesthesia.
2. Induction and intubation
3. Maintenance and monitoring
4. Extubation and recovery
19. ANAESTHESIA FOR OCULAR SURGERY
• Local anaesthesia is more frequently employed as it has less risk and is less
dependent upon patient’s general health.
• It is easy to perform, has got rapid onset of action and provides a low
intraocular pressure with dilated pupil.
20. Preoperative sedation and analgesia
Drug Dosage Time before
operation
Diazepam 5-10mg 2 hours
Promethazine 25mg 2 hours
Barbiturates 90-180mg Night before
In India, the usually employed sedatives are
Common analgesics used pre and post operatively
are Pethidine, Pentazocine etc.
21. Classification of anesthesia in ocular surgeries
Anesthesia
Local
Infiltration
Intracameral
General
Inhalational
Topical
Intravenous
22. Advantages
Easy to administer, no need of trained anesthetist.
It does not require any special and costly
investigations.
It is less expensive.
There is no major complication of LA.
Disadvantages
Difficult and sometimes, hazardous for the
nervous and non-co-operative patients.
Head movements and straining, may
cause serious complications.
Rarely, there may be globe perforation,
which is sight-threatening.
LOCAL ANESTHESIA-
Acts by producing reversible block on transmission of nerve impulses.
23. Indications
* Cataract extraction
* Pterygium
* Glaucoma surgery
* Keratoplasty
* Corneal surgeries
* Iridectomy
* Squint surgery
* Retinal Detachment
Contraindications
• Anxiety
• Tremor
• Claustrophobia
• Children
• Poor communication/
Language barrier/
Deafness
• Long operative time
• Inability to cooperate
(eg.Schizophrenia,
Dementia)
24. Types of Local anesthesia
• 1. Surface (Topical) anesthesia-
oIt is performed by instillation of 4% lignocaine, 0.5%- 1% amethocaine, or 0.5%
proparacaine thrice at an interval of 5 minutes.
oCommonly required for the removal of foreign body of cornea, tonometry or
gonioscopy.
• 2. Infiltration (Regional) anesthesia-
a. Facial block
b. Retro-bulbar block
c. Peribulbar block
d. Regional block (at selected sites)
e. Parabulbar (Sub-tenon) block
f. Frontal block
25. FACIAL BLOCK
o To block the facial nerve, or its zygomatic branch to paralyze the orbicularis
oculi muscle.
o To prevent closure and squeezing of the eyelids during operation.
Orbicularis akinesia can be achieved by blocking the facial nerve at following
branches.
Techniques-
a. Van Lint Method- Terminal branches
b. Atkinson- Superior Branches
c. Nadbath- Rehman block- Proximal trunk
d. O’ Brien technique- Proximal trunk
26. O’ Brien’s technique
At the neck of the mandible
just in front of the tragus.
Van Lint method
1cm below and behind
the lateral canthus
27. Atkinson’s block
On zygomatic arch,
superior branches of
facial nerve are blocked.
Nadbath- Rehman block
The facial nerve is blocked as it
leaves Stylomastoid foramen.
28. RETROBULBAR BLOCK
It is administered by injecting 2ml of anaesthetic solution into the muscle cone
behind the eyeball.
Retrobulbar block anesthetizes the ciliary nerves, ciliary ganglion and 3rd and
6th cranial nerves thus producing globe akinesia, anesthesia and analgesia.
Complications : Retrobulbar haemorrhage, globe perforation, optic nerve
injury and extraocular muscle palsies.
29. Effects of Retrobulbar block
• Anesthesia of the deeper intraocular structure (eg. Iris)
• Akinesia of all extraocular muscles.
• Mydriasis.
• Hypotony
• Proptosis
• Decreased oculo-cardiac reflex
30. PERIBULBAR BLOCK
o Injection of 6 to 7ml of local anaesthetic solution
in the peripherical space of the orbit, leading to
globe and orbicularis akinesia and anaesthesia.
o Administered by two injections-
• First through the upper lid (at the junction of
medial one- third and lateral two third)
• Second through the lower lid ( at the junction of
lateral one- third and medial two- third
o An intermittent pressure is given against the
closed eyelids for 10 minutes with the help of
fingers, Super pinky or Honan’s balloon.
31. Advantages of Peribulbar block
o Least chances of Retrobulbar hemorrhage, globe
perforation or optic nerve damage.
o It is less painful procedure.
o There is no need of additional facial block.
Agent-
-Lignocaine 2%
-Bupivacaine 0.75%
Along with-
- Hyaluronidase 5-7.5 IU/ml
- Adrenaline 1:200000
32. PARABULBAR (Sub-tenon block)
• Sub-Tenon's Space
Tenon's capsule:Thin layer of
connective tissue which surrounds
the globe.
Anteriorly it lies in close
apposition to the conjunctiva and
fuses with it at the level of the
limbus.
Posteriorly surrounds the globe
and fuses with the dura of the
optic nerve.
33. o The sub-Tenon's space is a virtual space between the capsule
and the sclera.
o The instillation of local anaesthetic into this space produces
analgesia and akinesia by diffusing posteriorly into the retro-
orbital space to block the traversing sensory and motor
nerves.
34. INTRACAMERAL ANESTHESIA
o New technique for ocular lidocaine administration. When local
anesthetics such as lidocaine are placed near the nerve tissue,
they penetrate the nerve sheath and block initiation and
propagation of nerve impulses by decreasing the neuronal
membrane permeability to sodium ions.
o It has rapid onset and effect stays up to 1-2 hours.
37. COMMONLY USED ANESTHETIC DRUGS
o 2% lignocaine with 1: 80,000 adrenaline used as infiltration in ear & nasal
surgeries.
o Packing with 4% lignocaine in nasal surgeries.
o 4% Lignocaine spray as surface anaesthesia in the pharynx and larynx
o Lignocaine in viscous form as surface anaesthesia in pharyngeal,
laryngeal and oesophageal examination.
38. TOPICAL ANESTHESIA IN EAR
o Topical use of 2% lidocaine drops or benzocaine to provide rapid pain relief in
acute otitis media.
o Topical solution of 8% tetracaine base in Myringotomy.
o Instillation of Phenol topically in Grommet insertion.
40. Field block-
o Approximately 10 to 20 mL of
anesthetic is injected above and below
the ear to produce a rhomboid-shaped
block.
o Caution should be used in the vicinity
of the temporal artery.
o This RING shaped block is used to
anesthetize entire auricle.
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
41. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS DURING ANESTHESIA
• Head positioning- Head-up tilt 15 to 20 degrees, slightly elevated
position of the head reduces arterial and venous pressures in
areas above the heart
• Sedation- It should produce anxiolysis, amnesia and should have
a rapid recovery. Drugs like Midazolam, Propofol, Ketamine,
Diazepam.
• Avoidance of venous obstruction
• Normocapnia
• Controlled hypotension
• Effects of nitrous oxide: The use of nitrous oxide in middle ear
surgery is particularly controversial. Use of nitrous oxide might
cause displacement of graft due to negative pressure in the
eustachian tube and middle ear spaces duringTympanoplasty.
42. ANAESTHESIA IN NASAL SURGERIES
Types of nasal surgery-
o Surgery on external aspect of nose
o Within nasal cavity
o Within nasal sinuses
43. UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA UNDER LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
Rhinoplasty Anterior septum surgeries
Nasolacrimal duct surgery Septoplasty
Frontal sinus surgeries Turbinectomy
Excision of nasopharyngeal
angiofibroma
Cauterisation
Polypectomy. Polypectomy
44. Specific Preoperative evaluations
o Assessment for Obstructive sleep apnea
o Use of nasal c-pap
o Cardiovascular status
o History of NSAIDs
o Samter triad incidence.
45. TOPICAL ANESTHESIA IN NOSE
Intranasal Topical Local Anaesthetic sprays are used in nostril and oropharynx to
produce anaesthetic effect.
Example-
o Xylometazoline hydrochloride
o Lidocaine hydrochloride
oOxymetazoline
* Mostly indicated for Fibreoptic nasal endoscopy.
48. PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
o Same as other surgeries.
o Patients with Obstructed sleep apnoea
o Loose teeth
o Vulnerable dental implants
o Bleeding disorders
o Anaemia.
52. CONCEPT OF जालन्धर बन्ध
o In िठ योग प्रदीशपका (3/70) the procedure of tooth
extraction has been mentioned by a special
method called जालन्धर बन्ध (Chin lock)
o This procedure is practiced to extract the tooth
without causing much pain to the patient.
53. DISCUSSION
oOur acharyas have explained various surgeries in ShalakyaTantra like in
Linganasha,Tundikeri,Vartmarbuda,Vartmasharkara, Klishtavartma,
Anjananaamika etc. but methods of anesthesia in these Shastra karmas are not
clearly specified in Samhitas.
oAcharya Sushruta explained SangnaharanaUpayas like usage of Bhanga,
Ahiphena, Madya etc and Charaka acharya enlisted Vedanasthapana gana dravyas
for anaesthesia but the effect of those drugs are only partial or incomplete.
oThe effect of those drugs told in Ayurveda found to be not sufficient as per the
requirement.
54. oThe extracted derivatives of Bhanga (cannabis derivatives), Ahiphena
(Fentanyl,Thiopentone) are being used for analgesic action.
oThe various forms of alcohol like Ether, Propofol etc. are used in general
anesthesia which proves that the action of the anesthetics depend upon
specific form of the drug for it’s usage.
55. CONCLUSION
* The drugs used for Sangnaharana purpose are seem to be outdated as their effect does not
fulfil the purpose of anaesthesia during surgery.
* The partial effect of anaesthesia can create discomfort for patient as well as surgeon.
* The side effects and sometimes complications of anesthesia are inevitable which has to be
managed accordingly whereas the complications due to anaesthesia withAyurveda drugs is quite
less.
56. * The concept of Jalandhara bandha though not directly mentioned as regional anaesthetic
but its mode of action can be understood as it nullifies the pain in particular area for a duration
of time.
* The well planned and highly efficient anaesthetic methods are told in modern era which
make us to rely on them to avoid complications.
* In ShalakyaTantra, Surgery is an important line of management and anesthesia being an
integral part of surgery cannot be neglected here so detailed methods of anaesthesia in
modern era can be followed as an alternative to perform a successful surgery.