The document provides an overview of Australia's preferential voting system for both the House of Representatives and the Senate. For the House, candidates are elected based on obtaining over 50% of the votes through a process of vote redistribution from eliminated candidates based on voter preferences. For the Senate, candidates above a threshold receive a portion of each vote, with remaining fractions redistributed based on subsequent preferences until all seats are filled. Voters can vote above or below the line, with above requiring trusting the party's preference instructions. Preferential voting aims to elect representatives reflecting voter preferences as much as possible.

1. An Idiot’s Guide to the Australian Preferential Voting System

3. There are currently 150 electorates (or divisions, or seats), thus each represents approximately 150,000 people

5. You complete your ballot exactly in accordance with your preferences, and it looks like this:

6. Counting first preferences After the polls close, all 120,000 valid ballots are collected all first preferences (ie all the number 1s) are tallied if any candidate receives 60,001 or more first preferences, they become your local MP and no further counting is required

7. No outright winner But more likely, the first preference votes would look something like this: Labor 54,000 Liberal 52,000 Green 8,000 Family First 6,000 Nobody has enough votes to win outright The party with the least number of 1st preference votes – in this case Family First – is eliminated

8. First elimination Now the ballots of the 6,000 people who voted Family First number 1 are re-examined, and their 2nd preferences are tallied It turns out that when you tally the number 2s of those 6,000, you see this: Labor 1,000 Liberal 4,000 Green 1,000

9. Distribution of preferences These are then added to the 1st preference votes of the other 114,000 votes, and the tally now looks like this: Labor 54,000 + 1,000 = 55,000 Liberal 52,000 + 4,000 = 56,000 The Greens 8,000 + 1,000 = 9,000 Still nobody has the 60,001 votes required to win the seat, so counting continues The party with the least number of votes at this point – The Greens – is now eliminated

10. Second distribution of preferences So now they go back again to the ballots which made up the Greens’ 9,000 votes, which are those which looked like either of these:

11. Winning the seat Now they count up the next preference of those voters, and find: Labor 6,000 Liberal 3,000 Adding this to the previous votes: Labor 55,000 + 6,000 = 61,000 Liberal 56,000 + 3,000 = 59,000 Labor now has more than the 60,001 votes required to win the seat

12. The Senate Or “upper house” Each state has 12 senators (2 for each territory), elected in accordance with the percentage of the vote which they attract in their state/territory There are 76 senators in total, so there is a senator for approximately every 300,000 people (on average)

13. Senate ballot papers – why so huge? Senate ballot papers generally have a lot more boxes on them than House of Representatives ballots, for two reasons: Each party has multiple candidates, and Minor parties have a much better chance of winning a Senate seat, so this is where all the minor parties put up candidates So if you’re electing 6 senators (except for a double dissolution, only half the senators are put to a vote each election), the major parties may put up 5 candidates each, and the minor parties 2 candidates each, for a total of 14 candidates In reality, there can be, and often are, dozens of candidates

14. Voting “above” and “below” the line The standard way of voting for the senate is to number all 14 boxes from 1 to 14, in order of preference (“below the line”) Because there can be so many senate candidates, and numbering all of them can be time-consuming, the option of voting “above the line” was introduced What this means is that if, as in your example, you like The Greens, and are happy for The Greens to direct how your preferences will be distributed, then you can simply put a number 1 next to The Greens “above the line”

15. Obviously, if you’re considering voting “above the line”, it’s important that you know how your preferences will be distributed, and that your “number 1” vote doesn’t divert your preferences to candidates who you find objectionable.

16. Above the line voting This is an “above the line” vote for The Greens. Your preferences will be distributed in accordance with instructions from The Greens to the Australian Electoral Commission.

17. Counting “above the line” ballots The Greens may have specified that their preferences go first to Labor, then to the Liberals, then to Family First, in which case your “above the line” ballot really ends up being counted as though it were completed like this:

18. If you want your preferences distributed differently, and in accordance with your stated ideological preferences, then you need to complete every box below the line: Below the line voting

19. Now, counting senate votes... This one’s quite a bit more complicated, but very interesting. Hold on! There is a certain number of votes which have to be attained in order to gain a Senate seat. It varies by state, but for these purposes, let’s say that it’s 300,000 votes. So firstly, all the number 1s - below the line – are counted on all the senate ballots.

20. First preferences The first preferences are counted, and the tally looks like this: Liberal Candidate 1 1,650,000 Labor Candidate 1 1,350,000 Greens Candidate 1 230,000 Family First Candidate 1 70,000 Both the Liberal and Labor first candidates have enough votes to win a senate seat and are elected

21. Apportioning your vote These two candidates have far in excess of the 300,000 votes required to win a seat, so each vote is apportioned, or split into fractions of a vote. So if you had voted 1 for Liberal Candidate 1, 300,000/1,650,000 = 18.2% of your vote is counted towards that candidate. The remaining 81.8% of your vote now goes to the candidate you put as number 2.

22. Apportioning your vote (cont) If everybody who had Liberal 1 as 1st preference, had Liberal 2 as 2nd preference, then Liberal 2 would get 81.8% x 1,650,000 = 1,350,000 votes. They also have easily enough for their seat, so they actually only need 300,000/1,350,000 = 22.2% of your vote to win their senate seat. So after two distributions, if you voted Liberal 1 then Liberal 2, Liberal 1 has been elected and has had 18.2% of your vote Liberal 2 has been elected and has had 22.2% of your vote, and you still have 59.6% of your vote to count towards your lower-preferenced candidates

23. Apportioning your vote (cont) Your vote continues to be distributed in this manner until none of the remaining candidates reaches the 300,000 threshold Then, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their preferences distributed, and so on, until all senate seats are filled Your vote will almost always end up split amongst a number of candidates, in accordance with how many other people voted similarly, and your preferences

24. Take-home messages! It isn’t really possible to “waste” your vote, provided you make a valid vote. So vote in the order that’s consistent with your preferences, even if it’s for a minor party. Don’t vote “above the line” for the Senate unless you’re comfortable with the way that your number 1 party will distribute your preferences!

25. Your vote is powerful. Use it responsibly. Tracey Bryan traceybryan9@gmail.com 20th August 2010