The advancement of wireless sensor networks yields a variety of wireless sensor network for wildlife tracking. One typical application for wireless sensor networks is in animal tracking and monitoring in wildlife environments. A significant number of studies have been done in tracking animals with sensor networks. However from the recent literature it is observed that there is no much study has been done on an intelligent real time sensor network that is capable to alerting the rangers an incidence of animal poaching before it happened. In this paper an intelligent wireless sensor system for tracking and monitoring rhinos and elephants is proposed.
Lion populations across western and central Africa are in steep decline or extinct. Surveys in 2010 found no lions remaining in Cote d'Ivoire, Congo, and Ghana. Other countries like Nigeria have extremely small lion populations near extinction. High rates of illegal bushmeat poaching of lions and their prey species threaten the few remaining populations. Trophy hunting is considered unsustainable in most countries due to unknown population sizes, illegal off-take, and lack of population assessments. Immediate action is needed to stabilize lion numbers and prevent regional extinction across the region.
The UN FAO Senior Locust Forecasting Officer, Keith Cressman, gave a 30-minute keynote presentation on Desert Locust management at the 24th International Congress of Entomology (ICE2012), Daegu, South Korea (19-25 August 2012). An overview of Desert Locust biology and population dynamics, economics and FAO's early warning system are presented.
Special program under cites on elephants in diferent countriesAdrian Bui
The document discusses CITES programs to monitor elephants and illegal ivory trade. It describes the MIKE and ETIS programs, which monitor elephant populations, poaching levels, and illegal ivory trade. MIKE collects data on elephant carcasses to determine poaching levels, while ETIS tracks illegal ivory seizures. The programs have found increases in elephant poaching since 2008 and identified poverty, governance, and ivory demand as drivers. MIKE and ETIS data have helped combat poaching by informing enforcement actions. National Ivory Action Plans provide steps for countries to strengthen controls on domestic ivory markets and combat illegal trade.
The document provides information from a presentation on rhino surveys conducted in Nepal. It discusses:
1) Rhinos are listed as vulnerable and their largest population of over 2,000 individuals is found in Kaziranga National Park in India. Surveys are important to understand rhino populations, threats, and develop conservation plans.
2) The 2015 survey in Nepal found 645 rhinos, up from 534 in 2011, with the majority located in Chitwan National Park. However, rhino deaths have been increasing, putting the 2020 census numbers at risk of declining.
3) Surveys in Nepal use block counting methods, with blocks systematically searched by teams on elephants to record rhino sightings.
This document analyzes tiger seizure data from 11 tiger range countries between 2000-2010. A total of 481 seizures were documented, implicating between 1069-1220 tigers killed for their parts. The majority of seizures occurred in India, China, Nepal, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Seized parts included skins, bones, dead tigers, and claws. The report cautions that seizures likely represent only a fraction of actual illegal trade. It concludes that illegal tiger trade remains a severe threat and recommends improving understanding and enforcement of trade dynamics through data collection and analysis, intelligence-led investigations, regional cooperation, and increased political will.
iSpot southern Africa- SANBI’s exciting new citizen science initiativeMark Simon
http://findtalentworldwide.com Check out there is a new App. that lets you broadcast your CV and Video to advertise yourself for work worldwide - Immediate exposure? You got talent we have a platform.
Addressing key scientific questions through the development of tools that use multiple data resources.
New Rhino Conservation Project in South Africa to Understand Landowner Decisi...Crystal Schalmo
This document discusses rhino conservation efforts in South Africa. It notes that around a quarter of South Africa's rhinos live on private land, and private reserves have played an important role in increasing rhino populations. However, rising poaching rates threaten the financial incentives for private landowners to protect rhinos. The researchers have created an online system to monitor how factors like poaching influence private landowners' decisions regarding rhino conservation. They aim to gather data on trends to better understand how proposals like legalizing rhino horn trade may impact private reserves' role in conservation.
Trafficking ivory from east africa to asiaBrad Kremer
The document discusses the trafficking of ivory and rhino horn from Eastern Africa to Asia. It notes that elephant populations grew after an 1989 ivory trade ban but have recently declined due to rising demand from Asia fueling increased poaching. Eastern Africa contains over 140,000 elephants, mainly in Tanzania, Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda, and serves as a source and transit point for illegally trafficked ivory. Similarly, rhino populations are very low in Eastern Africa but face threats from a growing black market trade in rhino horn fueled by demand in Vietnam.
Lion populations across western and central Africa are in steep decline or extinct. Surveys in 2010 found no lions remaining in Cote d'Ivoire, Congo, and Ghana. Other countries like Nigeria have extremely small lion populations near extinction. High rates of illegal bushmeat poaching of lions and their prey species threaten the few remaining populations. Trophy hunting is considered unsustainable in most countries due to unknown population sizes, illegal off-take, and lack of population assessments. Immediate action is needed to stabilize lion numbers and prevent regional extinction across the region.
The UN FAO Senior Locust Forecasting Officer, Keith Cressman, gave a 30-minute keynote presentation on Desert Locust management at the 24th International Congress of Entomology (ICE2012), Daegu, South Korea (19-25 August 2012). An overview of Desert Locust biology and population dynamics, economics and FAO's early warning system are presented.
Special program under cites on elephants in diferent countriesAdrian Bui
The document discusses CITES programs to monitor elephants and illegal ivory trade. It describes the MIKE and ETIS programs, which monitor elephant populations, poaching levels, and illegal ivory trade. MIKE collects data on elephant carcasses to determine poaching levels, while ETIS tracks illegal ivory seizures. The programs have found increases in elephant poaching since 2008 and identified poverty, governance, and ivory demand as drivers. MIKE and ETIS data have helped combat poaching by informing enforcement actions. National Ivory Action Plans provide steps for countries to strengthen controls on domestic ivory markets and combat illegal trade.
The document provides information from a presentation on rhino surveys conducted in Nepal. It discusses:
1) Rhinos are listed as vulnerable and their largest population of over 2,000 individuals is found in Kaziranga National Park in India. Surveys are important to understand rhino populations, threats, and develop conservation plans.
2) The 2015 survey in Nepal found 645 rhinos, up from 534 in 2011, with the majority located in Chitwan National Park. However, rhino deaths have been increasing, putting the 2020 census numbers at risk of declining.
3) Surveys in Nepal use block counting methods, with blocks systematically searched by teams on elephants to record rhino sightings.
This document analyzes tiger seizure data from 11 tiger range countries between 2000-2010. A total of 481 seizures were documented, implicating between 1069-1220 tigers killed for their parts. The majority of seizures occurred in India, China, Nepal, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Seized parts included skins, bones, dead tigers, and claws. The report cautions that seizures likely represent only a fraction of actual illegal trade. It concludes that illegal tiger trade remains a severe threat and recommends improving understanding and enforcement of trade dynamics through data collection and analysis, intelligence-led investigations, regional cooperation, and increased political will.
iSpot southern Africa- SANBI’s exciting new citizen science initiativeMark Simon
http://findtalentworldwide.com Check out there is a new App. that lets you broadcast your CV and Video to advertise yourself for work worldwide - Immediate exposure? You got talent we have a platform.
Addressing key scientific questions through the development of tools that use multiple data resources.
New Rhino Conservation Project in South Africa to Understand Landowner Decisi...Crystal Schalmo
This document discusses rhino conservation efforts in South Africa. It notes that around a quarter of South Africa's rhinos live on private land, and private reserves have played an important role in increasing rhino populations. However, rising poaching rates threaten the financial incentives for private landowners to protect rhinos. The researchers have created an online system to monitor how factors like poaching influence private landowners' decisions regarding rhino conservation. They aim to gather data on trends to better understand how proposals like legalizing rhino horn trade may impact private reserves' role in conservation.
Trafficking ivory from east africa to asiaBrad Kremer
The document discusses the trafficking of ivory and rhino horn from Eastern Africa to Asia. It notes that elephant populations grew after an 1989 ivory trade ban but have recently declined due to rising demand from Asia fueling increased poaching. Eastern Africa contains over 140,000 elephants, mainly in Tanzania, Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda, and serves as a source and transit point for illegally trafficked ivory. Similarly, rhino populations are very low in Eastern Africa but face threats from a growing black market trade in rhino horn fueled by demand in Vietnam.
Intelligent drones crack down on illegal fishing in African watersLarry Polhill
Intelligent drones crack down on illegal fishing in African waters
https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/intelligent-drones-crack-down-illegal-fishing-african-waters
This document analyzes criminal justice interventions to combat wildlife trafficking across several African countries. It examines the legislative frameworks and laws around wildlife crime in countries like Kenya, Uganda, Gabon, Tanzania, South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, Republic of Congo, and Namibia. For each country, it provides an overview of relevant laws and recommends ways to strengthen legal frameworks and enforcement to reduce illegal wildlife killing and trade. The overall goal is to support implementation of the African Elephant Action Plan and help take urgent action to end poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking.
Snake Detection in Agricultural Fields using IoTIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a system to detect snakes in agricultural fields using IoT technology and deep learning techniques. Sensors placed around field borders can detect snake movements and capture images, which are then analyzed using convolutional neural networks to identify if the snake is venomous.
2. If a venomous snake is detected, farmers would be alerted using a buzzer to take precautions. The system aims to reduce snake bite deaths among farmers and conserve snake populations in the area.
3. The document reviews several related works involving using sensors and deep learning to detect animals harming agriculture, monitor home intrusions, and identify snake species for medical treatment.
This document discusses the potential link between falconry and forest conservation. It summarizes that falconers have a deep interest in and knowledge of raptors and environments. As a result, falconers often serve an important role in conservation by monitoring environments as "sentinels" and addressing issues like wildlife crime and threats like electrocution. The International Association for Falconry represents falconers globally and works on conservation initiatives, such as a portal to curb illegal wildlife trade and proposals to address electrocution of raptors.
TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network- turning the tables on wildli...Sabri Zain
An overview of the work TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, does to address the challenges presented by illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade.
Illegal wildlife trading in India involves the sale or exchange of wild animals or plants in violation of the law. This black market trade includes live animals, dead animals, animal parts, and plant products. International conventions like CITES aim to regulate wildlife trade and protect endangered species. However, illegal wildlife trade continues to grow in India due to factors like poverty, weak enforcement, and corruption. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 prohibits most wildlife trading in India but enforcement of this law remains a challenge.
This document summarizes a seminar topic on animal monitoring using the Internet of Things. It discusses using sensors on animal collars to monitor body temperature, rumination, heart rate, and location. The hardware architecture uses collars on animals to collect sensor data and beacons to track location. A cloud platform analyzes the collected data to provide information to farmers on animal behavior and health. Potential applications include early detection of health issues in animals and understanding animal movement patterns. Future areas of research may involve using satellite tracking and camera traps to monitor wild animals. The conclusion evaluates machine learning algorithms for categorizing animal posture data collected from sensor collars.
Elephant Routes – Alert System for Villagers via Motion TrackingPrabash Madushanka
The Third National Conference on Technology & Management (NCTM 2014), was held at SLIIT auditorium, Malabe Campus, New Kandy Road, Malabe, Sri Lanka on January 24, 2014
The NCTM 2014 was an open forum for academics and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and the progress in the field of IT, Engineering and Management.
In addition, the conference published a collection of high quality research papers in the NCTM 2014 proceedings. The conference, its publications and the associated chain of events are expected to trigger further research and technology improvements in important subject areas.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS, REACTJS AND FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING FOR MONITORING O...ijmnct
This document summarizes a research project that aims to monitor wild crocodiles in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico using wireless sensor networks. The researchers propose attaching GPS trackers to crocodiles to monitor their locations and movements. A LoRa wireless network would be used to transmit location data to a central server. React Native would then be used to build a mobile app to visualize the data and generate alerts. Functional programming languages Clojure and Clojurescript are proposed for their advantages in building graphical interfaces and scaling applications. The goal is to help reduce conflicts between crocodiles and humans while also protecting the crocodile species.
OS20 - Goat movements within the Foot-and-Mouth Disease protection zone of So...EuFMD
This document summarizes a study on goat movements within South Africa's foot-and-mouth disease protection zone. The study found that 22% of respondents moved new goats into their holdings in the past year, while 56% moved goats out. Focus group discussions identified four locations in the suspended FMD-free zone linked to goat movements from the study area. Many respondents were unaware they needed veterinary permits for animal movements. The findings suggest goats are moved without permits into the FMD-free zone, potentially spreading the virus. The information will help improve disease surveillance and vaccination programs in the FMD protection zone.
The Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System (WEMS) is a web-based information system that collects and analyzes data on wildlife crimes. It provides a platform for national enforcement agencies and regional networks to share information in real time. WEMS was developed to address challenges in collecting, compiling, and sharing wildlife law enforcement data. It provides tools like automatic reporting, mapping of crime locations, and capacity development training. The system aims to strengthen monitoring of wildlife crimes and enhance enforcement mechanisms through an evidence-based information collection process.
Elephants have been damaging plantations by feeding on bamboo and crops. Several non-lethal options are proposed to deter elephants including growing chili peppers, nurturing bees, using elephant geo-fencing, and electric fences. Chili peppers and bees have been successfully used in Africa, where the strong smells of chili peppers and buzzing of bees scare elephants away. Geo-fencing uses radio collars and GPS to detect elephants crossing virtual fences and alert rangers. Electric fences are effective but expensive to install and maintain. Other options like ditches and barricades have had limited success due to the elephants' ability to learn and overcome obstacles. The best solutions protect both elephants and farmers' livelihoods.
Dr. Peter Hammond gave a presentation on rhino poaching in South Africa. He discussed how poaching has increased dramatically from 7 rhinos poached in 2000 to over 1000 poached in 2013. This is being driven by demand for rhino horn in Asian markets, where it is believed to be a miracle drug. Rhino poaching is now a $150 billion industry and is carried out by organized criminal networks. The poachers are heavily armed and there is an ongoing deadly battle with game rangers and police. However, efforts to stop poaching are being undermined by corruption among officials and across borders in Mozambique, where poachers operate from. Unless action is taken against this organized crime, rhino populations could
Slides from Dronetech's Environmental Meetup as part of Big Green Week in Bristol, June 2016. Speakers include Jax Metcalfe of Poaching Prevent & Conservation Scientist and Drone Pilot, Mat Bjerregaard of Visual Persistance
The driving forces behind wildlife crime are a complex
interplay of motivations and influences, from economic incentives to socio-cultural dynamics. This chapter attempts to shed light on the diverse drivers shaping the patterns & trends of criminality connected with wildlife trafficking. Better understanding of these factors can inform the design and refinement
of remedial interventions.
The approach taken is to consider motivations and
influences at three stages of the trade chain: drivers
of sourcing, drivers of illegal trading and drivers of
demand in end markets. The following three sections of this chapter are structured to take stock of evidence about factors driving participation in crime at each of these stages
This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of ranger-led law enforcement patrols in protected areas and assesses a popular tool called SMART that aims to improve patrol effectiveness. The author develops a theory of change for SMART and a framework for evaluating its implementation. Analyses of global SMART monitoring data find patrol presence is typically low and inconsistent implementation of SMART may limit its impact. While patrols appear to weakly deter some illegal activities in some contexts, evidence is mixed. The thesis highlights the need for more research on how to make patrols consistently effective and the importance of independent monitoring of threats.
The document discusses rhino poaching in South Africa and its links to organized crime. It notes that rhino poaching has increased significantly since 2000 due to demand for rhino horn in traditional Asian medicine in countries like Vietnam and China. Poaching is carried out by criminal syndicates that involve local and international networks trafficking rhino horn for large profits. The government of South Africa has implemented various strategies to combat poaching, including strengthened law enforcement and security measures, but poaching remains a major problem. The use of unmanned drones is proposed as a potential tool to help anti-poaching efforts.
Exploring The Transformative Role Of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) In Wildlif...India
In recent years, the conservation and scientific communities have increasingly turned to unmanned aerial systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, to revolutionize wildlife monitoring practices. With their ability to access remote and inaccessible areas, drones have emerged as invaluable tools for studying and conserving diverse ecosystems and species
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
More Related Content
Similar to AN INTELLIGENT REAL-TIME WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MONITORING RHINOS AND ELEPHANTS IN TANZANIA NATIONAL PARKS: A REVIEW
Intelligent drones crack down on illegal fishing in African watersLarry Polhill
Intelligent drones crack down on illegal fishing in African waters
https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/intelligent-drones-crack-down-illegal-fishing-african-waters
This document analyzes criminal justice interventions to combat wildlife trafficking across several African countries. It examines the legislative frameworks and laws around wildlife crime in countries like Kenya, Uganda, Gabon, Tanzania, South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, Republic of Congo, and Namibia. For each country, it provides an overview of relevant laws and recommends ways to strengthen legal frameworks and enforcement to reduce illegal wildlife killing and trade. The overall goal is to support implementation of the African Elephant Action Plan and help take urgent action to end poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking.
Snake Detection in Agricultural Fields using IoTIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a system to detect snakes in agricultural fields using IoT technology and deep learning techniques. Sensors placed around field borders can detect snake movements and capture images, which are then analyzed using convolutional neural networks to identify if the snake is venomous.
2. If a venomous snake is detected, farmers would be alerted using a buzzer to take precautions. The system aims to reduce snake bite deaths among farmers and conserve snake populations in the area.
3. The document reviews several related works involving using sensors and deep learning to detect animals harming agriculture, monitor home intrusions, and identify snake species for medical treatment.
This document discusses the potential link between falconry and forest conservation. It summarizes that falconers have a deep interest in and knowledge of raptors and environments. As a result, falconers often serve an important role in conservation by monitoring environments as "sentinels" and addressing issues like wildlife crime and threats like electrocution. The International Association for Falconry represents falconers globally and works on conservation initiatives, such as a portal to curb illegal wildlife trade and proposals to address electrocution of raptors.
TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network- turning the tables on wildli...Sabri Zain
An overview of the work TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, does to address the challenges presented by illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade.
Illegal wildlife trading in India involves the sale or exchange of wild animals or plants in violation of the law. This black market trade includes live animals, dead animals, animal parts, and plant products. International conventions like CITES aim to regulate wildlife trade and protect endangered species. However, illegal wildlife trade continues to grow in India due to factors like poverty, weak enforcement, and corruption. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 prohibits most wildlife trading in India but enforcement of this law remains a challenge.
This document summarizes a seminar topic on animal monitoring using the Internet of Things. It discusses using sensors on animal collars to monitor body temperature, rumination, heart rate, and location. The hardware architecture uses collars on animals to collect sensor data and beacons to track location. A cloud platform analyzes the collected data to provide information to farmers on animal behavior and health. Potential applications include early detection of health issues in animals and understanding animal movement patterns. Future areas of research may involve using satellite tracking and camera traps to monitor wild animals. The conclusion evaluates machine learning algorithms for categorizing animal posture data collected from sensor collars.
Elephant Routes – Alert System for Villagers via Motion TrackingPrabash Madushanka
The Third National Conference on Technology & Management (NCTM 2014), was held at SLIIT auditorium, Malabe Campus, New Kandy Road, Malabe, Sri Lanka on January 24, 2014
The NCTM 2014 was an open forum for academics and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and the progress in the field of IT, Engineering and Management.
In addition, the conference published a collection of high quality research papers in the NCTM 2014 proceedings. The conference, its publications and the associated chain of events are expected to trigger further research and technology improvements in important subject areas.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS, REACTJS AND FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING FOR MONITORING O...ijmnct
This document summarizes a research project that aims to monitor wild crocodiles in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico using wireless sensor networks. The researchers propose attaching GPS trackers to crocodiles to monitor their locations and movements. A LoRa wireless network would be used to transmit location data to a central server. React Native would then be used to build a mobile app to visualize the data and generate alerts. Functional programming languages Clojure and Clojurescript are proposed for their advantages in building graphical interfaces and scaling applications. The goal is to help reduce conflicts between crocodiles and humans while also protecting the crocodile species.
OS20 - Goat movements within the Foot-and-Mouth Disease protection zone of So...EuFMD
This document summarizes a study on goat movements within South Africa's foot-and-mouth disease protection zone. The study found that 22% of respondents moved new goats into their holdings in the past year, while 56% moved goats out. Focus group discussions identified four locations in the suspended FMD-free zone linked to goat movements from the study area. Many respondents were unaware they needed veterinary permits for animal movements. The findings suggest goats are moved without permits into the FMD-free zone, potentially spreading the virus. The information will help improve disease surveillance and vaccination programs in the FMD protection zone.
The Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System (WEMS) is a web-based information system that collects and analyzes data on wildlife crimes. It provides a platform for national enforcement agencies and regional networks to share information in real time. WEMS was developed to address challenges in collecting, compiling, and sharing wildlife law enforcement data. It provides tools like automatic reporting, mapping of crime locations, and capacity development training. The system aims to strengthen monitoring of wildlife crimes and enhance enforcement mechanisms through an evidence-based information collection process.
Elephants have been damaging plantations by feeding on bamboo and crops. Several non-lethal options are proposed to deter elephants including growing chili peppers, nurturing bees, using elephant geo-fencing, and electric fences. Chili peppers and bees have been successfully used in Africa, where the strong smells of chili peppers and buzzing of bees scare elephants away. Geo-fencing uses radio collars and GPS to detect elephants crossing virtual fences and alert rangers. Electric fences are effective but expensive to install and maintain. Other options like ditches and barricades have had limited success due to the elephants' ability to learn and overcome obstacles. The best solutions protect both elephants and farmers' livelihoods.
Dr. Peter Hammond gave a presentation on rhino poaching in South Africa. He discussed how poaching has increased dramatically from 7 rhinos poached in 2000 to over 1000 poached in 2013. This is being driven by demand for rhino horn in Asian markets, where it is believed to be a miracle drug. Rhino poaching is now a $150 billion industry and is carried out by organized criminal networks. The poachers are heavily armed and there is an ongoing deadly battle with game rangers and police. However, efforts to stop poaching are being undermined by corruption among officials and across borders in Mozambique, where poachers operate from. Unless action is taken against this organized crime, rhino populations could
Slides from Dronetech's Environmental Meetup as part of Big Green Week in Bristol, June 2016. Speakers include Jax Metcalfe of Poaching Prevent & Conservation Scientist and Drone Pilot, Mat Bjerregaard of Visual Persistance
The driving forces behind wildlife crime are a complex
interplay of motivations and influences, from economic incentives to socio-cultural dynamics. This chapter attempts to shed light on the diverse drivers shaping the patterns & trends of criminality connected with wildlife trafficking. Better understanding of these factors can inform the design and refinement
of remedial interventions.
The approach taken is to consider motivations and
influences at three stages of the trade chain: drivers
of sourcing, drivers of illegal trading and drivers of
demand in end markets. The following three sections of this chapter are structured to take stock of evidence about factors driving participation in crime at each of these stages
This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of ranger-led law enforcement patrols in protected areas and assesses a popular tool called SMART that aims to improve patrol effectiveness. The author develops a theory of change for SMART and a framework for evaluating its implementation. Analyses of global SMART monitoring data find patrol presence is typically low and inconsistent implementation of SMART may limit its impact. While patrols appear to weakly deter some illegal activities in some contexts, evidence is mixed. The thesis highlights the need for more research on how to make patrols consistently effective and the importance of independent monitoring of threats.
The document discusses rhino poaching in South Africa and its links to organized crime. It notes that rhino poaching has increased significantly since 2000 due to demand for rhino horn in traditional Asian medicine in countries like Vietnam and China. Poaching is carried out by criminal syndicates that involve local and international networks trafficking rhino horn for large profits. The government of South Africa has implemented various strategies to combat poaching, including strengthened law enforcement and security measures, but poaching remains a major problem. The use of unmanned drones is proposed as a potential tool to help anti-poaching efforts.
Exploring The Transformative Role Of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) In Wildlif...India
In recent years, the conservation and scientific communities have increasingly turned to unmanned aerial systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, to revolutionize wildlife monitoring practices. With their ability to access remote and inaccessible areas, drones have emerged as invaluable tools for studying and conserving diverse ecosystems and species
Similar to AN INTELLIGENT REAL-TIME WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MONITORING RHINOS AND ELEPHANTS IN TANZANIA NATIONAL PARKS: A REVIEW (20)
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptx
AN INTELLIGENT REAL-TIME WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MONITORING RHINOS AND ELEPHANTS IN TANZANIA NATIONAL PARKS: A REVIEW
1. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
DOI:10.5121/ijassn.2017.7401 1
AN INTELLIGENT REAL-TIME WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORK TRACKING SYSTEM FOR
MONITORING RHINOS AND ELEPHANTS IN
TANZANIA NATIONAL PARKS: A REVIEW
Erick Alphonce Massawe1
, Michael Kisangiri1
, Shubi Kaijage1
and
Padmanabhan Seshaiyer2
1
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, NM-AIST
Arusha, Tanzania
2
Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science George Mason University
Virginia, United states of America
ABSTRACT
The advancement of wireless sensor networks yields a variety of wireless sensor network for wildlife
tracking. One typical application for wireless sensor networks is in animal tracking and monitoring in
wildlife environments. A significant number of studies have been done in tracking animals with sensor
networks. However from the recent literature it is observed that there is no much study has been done on
an intelligent real time sensor network that is capable to alerting the rangers an incidence of animal
poaching before it happened. In this paper an intelligent wireless sensor system for tracking and
monitoring rhinos and elephants is proposed.
KEYWORDS
Wireless sensor network, poaching, rhinos, elephants, monitoring, tracking
1. INTRODUCTION
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is defined as a network of wireless devices, called as nodes,
which sense given objects or entities and communicate the sensed data through wireless links.
The data are transmitted via a single hop or multi-hops, to a control center, which can be
connected to other networks, for example GSM. A wireless sensor node consists of one or more
sensors for sensing physical variables, main processing unit (a microcontroller or low-power
consuming processor), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), flash memory, and RF transceiver[1-
3]. Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because of its potential in
revolutionizing many aspects of the economy and day to day life from environmental monitoring,
to the health care industry, manufacturing etc. Sensors are often deployed in constrained
environments, such as rainforests, mountains or construction sites, for monitoring or detecting
particular events [4-6].
2. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
2
1.1 BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM
Poaching decimated African elephant populations from ~ 1.3 million to 500,000 individuals in
the eight years between 1979 and 1987. This prompted the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES) to list the African elephant as an endangered species in 1989.
Despite these protections, a higher percentage of Africa’s remaining elephants are now being
killed than ever before[7]. Wildlife groups estimate that 10,000 to 25,000 elephants are killed
in Tanzania each year for their ivory tusks and the number of elephants in southern Tanzania has
fallen by more than half. Also, they estimate that as many as 50,000 elephants are currently being
killed annually based on the 46.5 tons of African elephant ivory seized in 2011. Assuming
approximately 400,000 elephants remaining in Africa, African elephants could be virtually
extinct in the next decade[8].
The world is dealing with this unprecedented spike in illegal wildlife trade, threatening to
overturn decades of conservation and development gains. As both populations and economies
have grown in East Asia, the demand for wildlife products has surged, sending the black market
price of ivory and rhino horn. The recent rise in wildlife product prices has been met by the
increased involvement of more organized, better funded, and better armed criminal and terrorist
networks, and even militias, compounding the challenges faced by those charged with protecting
the wildlife. Wildlife products can easily be converted into cash and used to purchase weapons
and fund violent campaigns, and have become a substantial source of income for terrorist
organizations in Africa[9]. Asian demand for rhino horn has set a historic price for rhino horn
powder – over $30,000 per pound, making it more valuable than gold and cocaine.
Rhino poaching rates in Africa have risen since the beginning of the decade. About 500 rhinos a
year are poached in South Africa alone, despite increased surveillance efforts in South African
nature reserves, setting a new national record of rhino killings[9].
In 2011, elephant poaching levels in Africa were at their highest since international monitors
began keeping detailed records in 2002, and recorded ivory seizures are at their highest levels
since 1989. Estimates from the first half of 2012 provide little reason to think the trend will slow
down any time soon. In year 2013 nearly 450 elephants were slaughtered in Cameroon’s National
Park, representing close to 10% of that country’s remaining elephant population[9].
Illegal wildlife trade, driven by high profit margins and aided by poor governance and weak law
enforcement efforts, has boomed, just as other Chinese investments in Africa have grown
increasingly active. Wildlife agents, customs officials, and government leaders are being paid off
with what is viewed as a well-organized mafia moving animal parts of Africa to Asia. Toothless
laws, corruption, weak judicial systems, and light punishments allow criminal networks to thrive
on wildlife trade with little regard to risk or consequence[9].
The extreme poverty of many African communities induces their complicity in African-based,
Asian-run poaching networks. The demand for ivory has surged to the point that the tusks of a
single adult elephant can be worth more than 10 times the average annual income in many
African countries[9].
3. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
3
2. RELATED WORK
This research suggest the use of animal attached with certain type of sensors and form an
intelligent tracking and monitoring system that can be able to send information to the rangers
when the animal is on panic condition or horns removed. Many scientific studies have put more
efforts on development of systems that can only report to the rangers after the incidence of
poaching had happened. Therefore both the use of sensors to form an intelligent tracking and
monitoring of rhinos and elephants, existing anti-poaching systems and animal tracking and
monitoring systems have to be investigated.
One of the recent rhinos and elephants ant-poaching tools used in Africa is Remotely Piloted
Aircraft Systems. In this research conducted by Department of Sensor Science Technology,
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in collaboration with Centre for Wildlife
Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa. The authors proposed the use of Remotely
Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) as a Rhinoceros Anti-Poaching Tool in Africa[10]
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), sometimes also referred as Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) or drones (the ones for military purposes),
are aircrafts (fixed or rotary wings) that are equipped with cameras and or other sensors and can
be sent (using manual, semiautomatic or automatic control) to a destination to gather information.
These aircrafts act like an ‘‘eye in the sky’’ with the operator at the ground control station
receiving data or sending orders to the aerial platform[11].
RPAS have been used for locating ‘‘enemies’’ in military applications for the last 20 years[12],
and more recently they have started to play a role in many civilian tasks, including wildlife
monitoring. RPAS research describe the use of a small low cost RPAS equipped with three
different types of cameras to test their ability to support rhinoceros anti-poaching tasks in
cooperation with a specialized security company working in the KwaZulu- Natal province of
South Africa. They performed several flights in order to test the technical capabilities of the
system to detect rhinoceros, to reveal simulated poachers and to do fence surveillance.
They evaluated the effectiveness of the system at different altitudes and times of the day and
night, and over the two main habitat types in the area: open grassland and forest. Considering the
most common modus operandi of poachers, they analyzed the aspects that affect remotely piloted
aircraft’s integration in anti-poaching operations. It perform poorly during the night, rain seasons,
wind greater than 15km/h, areas with high humidity, thick forest, populated areas and high
altitude areas[10].
Most African countries like Tanzania have poor economy and the governments cannot be able to
implement such system. The price for single RPAS equipment bought from Spain was 13,750 €.
Also, as a reference, the system they used has performed more than 500 flights with an
approximate total investment of 14,000 € [11]. This is the huge amount of money for a country
like Tanzania to invest in only one sector while it is equivalent to the annual budget amount of a
sensitive ministry and therefore it is not cost effective for Tanzania to employ it despite the fact
that RPAS has contributed valuable and respectful thoughts in the field.
Another ant-poaching research has been conducted in Kenya with the aid of World Wild life
Fund (WWF). The study involve deployment of specialized rhino horn tracking systems
combined with forensic DNA technology which allow for 100 percent traceability of every rhino
4. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
4
horn and live animal within Kenya. In the DNA study for anti-poaching involves implanting
microchips into the horn of every rhinoceros in Kenya in a bid to keep the dwindling population
safe from the ever-increasing presence of poachers. The microchips in the horns of rhinos may
deter poachers from trying to smuggle the contraband out of Kenya. When a rhino is killed and
the horn is hacked off and taken away, if this horn is confiscated and the microchip tag can be
identified, it can be tracked back to a poached animal and it can actually show and prove that this
was a poaching incident[13].
However, the approach presented in this research is to prevent poaching incidents before it
happens and or while it is happening, which is worth enough than waiting a problem to happen
and capture the poachers after they have already made poaching incident.
Another important study has been presented by Jamali Firmat Banzi, masters Student School of
electronics engineering, Tianjin University of technology and education. The main idea presented
in his paper involve employing a modern and a sophisticated technology in which poachers will
be left behind and being netted easily there by eliminating Poaching activities. The idea utilize
animals themselves with sensors as mobile biological sensors (MBS) mounted with sensor fusion
(having visual infrared camera and GPS) that transmits the location of MBS, access points for
wireless communication and a central computer system which classifies animal actions.
The system proposes three different actions of responses, firstly: access points continuously
receive data about the animals’ location using GPS at certain time intervals and the gathered data
is then classified and checked to see if there is a sudden movement (panic) of the animal groups:
this action is called animal behavior classification (ABC). The second action can be called
visualization where by different image processing techniques of the obtained images surrounding
an animal group are performed and therefore provide an ample assistance in understanding what
makes a sudden movement of the animal group. The last action is to send messages to the game
ranger’s cellular phones about the panic of animals and the location through GSM network[14].
This proposed system has many drawbacks and is not efficient due to the following; For example,
if the animal with the camera moved away from the group it is not possible to know what will
happen. Rhinos and elephants not necessarily move in groups, and for this case, those animals
which will be working along will not be protected. The sending of the images needs a network
with high bandwidth so as to send the data with less delaying. It's very difficult to take pictures in
dense forest and populated areas. Also the camera consumes much power; hence the cameras that
have batteries with long life span are expensive and needs to be charged frequently.
Another study conducted in[15]. Remote monitoring of animal behavior in the environment can
assist in managing both the animal and its environmental impact. GPS collars which record
animal locations with high temporal frequency allow researchers to monitor both animal behavior
and interactions with the environment. These ground-based sensors can be combined with
remotely-sensed satellite images to understand animal-landscape interactions. The key to
combining these technologies is communication methods such as wireless sensor networks
(WSNs). The author explores this concept using a case-study from an extensive cattle enterprise
in northern Australia and demonstrates the potential for combining GPS collars and satellite
images in a WSN to monitor behavioral preferences and social behavior of cattle[15]. However
this concept cannot be implemented for poaching monitoring since satellite is very expensive and
a specific satellite should be positioned to monitor the specific area.
5. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
5
Another paper was presented by Ravi Bagree et.al suggested the use of Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) in combination with image sensors opens plethora for wildlife tracking. It provides a
glimpse into previously unseen, remote and inaccessible world of some of the most endangered
species on earth. TigerCENSE is such an attempt to put sensor network technology in conserving
one of the rarest and most elusive big cat species. The node, triggered by the Passive Infrared
(PIR) sensor, captures the image of a tiger using a CMOS image sensor and stores it in an
external memory chip. To avoid any disturbance to the animals, the node uses an Infrared (IR)
flash, instead of white flash, to illuminate the target at night. The stored images get transferred to
the base station via radio transceiver. This is transferred to the database server through Internet
links for analysis by wildlife researchers. A solar energy harvesting system for recharging node’s
batteries is being added to avoid frequent human visit to change the batteries, making it highly
non-intrusive system[16].
This technology if applied for the rhinos and elephants monitoring it will not work with good
efficiency due to the following reasons; many cameras will be required throughout the national
park, processing of image data requires enough bandwidth and also the cameras do not work
properly during night hours and in thick forest.
In addition to these, there is another important research which is similar to the study presented in
this paper. Using biometric sensors to monitor the animal body parameters is not a new idea, but
it has been limited to a few of incident types. For example, Lei Zhang on his paper he described a
distributed system for mad-cow monitoring and tracking. In his paper he proposed the use of the
tiny sensor device which is able to detect virus, read the current level of body temperature,
measure the heart-beating rate and blood pressure for each cow. He proposed Base stations to be
used for data processing since it has higher processing capability and more energy source, such as
PDAs. And they are installed in the barn, stones or trees in the grass field, in the transportation
trucks and slaughtering houses. All base stations, grouped into a local monitoring network, can
forward information to a central base station which connects with the Internet and can save the
data information or forward them to the control center. The proposed system can provides disease
detection and safety processing monitoring [17].
3. MOTIVATION
Collectively the previously stated methods and others which are similar in regard to animals
monitoring and tracking may be successful in their own right, but, applying these into a single
homogenous system would have significant return. In addition, this paper offers a solution to
problems stemming from using drones and Satellites in detecting animal behavior or Poaching
prevention. Using satellites focused only on National parks causes many extra costs and, of
course it requires a satellite to exist. Also using drones for poaching prevention has resulted many
problems including mistakenly attack and issues of human right breaching. Using intelligent
wireless sensor network tracking and monitoring system will report the poaching incident at the
time it happens. The proposed sensor system has built in measures to use animal panic behaviors
and horns synchronizations to Poaching incident, and show the location though GPS.
Furthermore, this system may assist monitoring normal animal’s death, and understanding
animal’s group behaviors.
6. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
6
3.1 AN INTELLIGENT TRACKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM
This research paper proposes the use of an intelligent tracking monitoring system. An appropriate
endangers animals are chosen in this case elephants and rhinos and attached with appropriate
sensors. The preferred part of the body, tusk and horns of elephant and rhino are attached with
sensors which will be synchronized to each other and to the gateway wireless network. The part
of the body, horns and tusk must be carefully chosen such that it will not disturb an animal and
give wrong result because of unnecessary movements resulting from scaring attached sensors.
Also the position of the sensors must be in such a way that they will also be able to send
information to the gateway wireless network.
3.2 FIELD EXPERIENCE ON ELEPHANTS COLLARING PROJECT AT RUAHA
NATIONAL PARK
On October 2016 we were invited by World Elephant Centre (WEC) for elephants collaring
program at Ruaha national park. The main objectives of collaring the elephants was to monitor
their seasonal movements and distribution patterns map their habitats and routes within and
outside the reserves provide information to enhance their protection through rangers patrols and
land use planning. The elephant collar to be fitted on the neck of an elephant consists of satellite
GPS, temperature sensor and a powerful battery which can run for 3-5 years. The GPS on the
collar sends information of the location and activity pattern of the elephant on specified time
intervals such as every 20, 30 minutes etc. such information will be useful in mapping the activity
pattern of the elephant as part of its monitoring. This is illustrated in Figure 1 with one of the co-
authors fromTanzania with the GPS collars.
Figure1. Elephants Collaring at Ruaha National Park
4. PROPOSED SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
The devices essential to the system includes the following:
A. Communication channel: The best method proposed in this paper is the use of access
points as this method is cost effective. Access points are used to collect movement data
from sensors attached to elephants (MBS) and send them to Central computer. To
succeed these GSM base stations such as those of telecommunications companies like
TIGO, VODACOM and AIRTEL can be used. Also high voltage poles, tall massive trees
and watchtowers are possible access points. However satellite based systems can also be
7. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
7
applied; employing satellite system is fairly complex and costly as it requires a satellite to
focus on specific area only such as national parks only.
B. A central Computer system: This device must be trained with neural network, the device
will classify data received continuously from the animal body sensors and GPS via access
point and suggest if its normal panic (harassment) or it’s a panic caused by a dangerous
action like poaching.
C. Sensors network: The sensor network comprises with smart sensors attached into the
horns and body of the animal. Zigbee wireless sensors will be used to connect the signals
from the synchronized horns to the collar tag. Portable GSM modem/ Zigbee will be the
default gateway from the collar tag, which will send the signal to the sensor nodes access
points and then to base station. All the sensors will be powered by small solar panels with
Lithium ion battery, which will be attached to the horns and the collar tag. Also
Piezoelectric will be used as the backup charging mechanism in case of the solar power
failure.
D. Cellular smartphone: Mobile application software will be designed for receiving a
message about the panic of animals and the location where that panic is taking place. It is
recommended that the device must be owned by game rangers at work who will be ready
to take action whenever they receive a message, however the information received in the
cellular phone must be synchronized with those from a central computer system for
reliability.
Figure 2. Poaching preventation system infrastructure
4.1 SYSTEM OPERATION
The system works as follow: Access point receives sensors location continuously and sends it to
central computer where it stores it in a database. This computer is fed with a specific algorithm of
Artificial intelligent. A classifier indexed to the database will continuously check the database to
determine any abnormalities on sensors values. Using artificial intelligent tool a classifier will
attempt to determine whether or not there are abnormalities on animal bodies parameters, horns
line of sight synchronization and voice or sound compared to usual learned behavior of the
animal. If a sudden panic of animals occurs an abrupt change in the graph of a classifier in the
central computer occurs, this shows a potential incident and the system respond by first rises an
alarm, secondly displaying the current location and time using GPS.
8. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
8
Furthermore a system will send a short message (SMS) to the game rangers and drones through a
GSM network to draw their attention on the suspected area. If immediate measures are taken by
the game rangers poachers will be easily arrested and poaching will be eliminated in this way.
5. DISCUSSION
The proposed ant-poaching intelligent system by this paper uses sensors. In order to determine
whether to apply this system in the particular parks such as Tanzania National parks, it may be
crucial importance to look at some advantages and disadvantages of the system. Amongst
advantages of the system are the system is very convenient and can be easily adopted to current
anti-poaching systems, the system is cost effective as sensors are cheap and can be integrated to
available infrastructure, Applying this system will reveal more knowledge on animal behavior,
also the system can be applied for other purpose such as comprehensive animal death.As stated
above the system may have some drawbacks such as: It is not easy to capture these dangerous
animals like elephant and attach with sensors and hence need trained personnel. Also the use of
battery brings about many problems such as pollution and extra radiation.
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This research paper presents an intelligent animal tracking and monitoring system, and therefore
it can be applied to any dangered species at a particular time. However the system doesn’t come
to replace the current anti-poaching initiatives , but rather to combine the effort in order to get rid
of poaching incidence. This system could prevent potentially serious Poaching activities
occurring in different parts of Africa particularly Tanzania. It is expected that if Tanzania
National Parks (TANAPA) employ this sophisticated technology to the current worse situation of
poaching activities will be of great advantage to TANAPA as it is reliable and will reduce the
economic burden of investing too much on Anti- poaching. At this stage the system is under
designing and prototyping. Even though it is beyond this project application of wireless
technology and computer vision will dramatically improve the system. Lastly new sensors with
improved capacity and robustness can be applied to the system. It is noticed that the life of
important animal species is threatened today due to poaching, and if affirmative actions are not
enforced, the loss of certain species which will lead to dramatic ecological imbalance may occur.
This paper aims at presenting an alternative way to fight Poaching using sophisticated technology
which seems to be effective and cost-effective to employ and use it.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Chen and X. Wang, "Design of Distributed Intelligent physiological parameter Monitor System
Based on Wireless Communication Technology," in Future BioMedical Information Engineering,
2008. FBIE'08. International Seminar on, 2008, pp. 403-406.
[2] J. S. Choi and M. Zhou, "Recent advances in wireless sensor networks for health monitoring," Int. J.
Intell. Control Syst, vol. 14, pp. 49-58, 2010.
[3] A. T. H. Barth, Mark A Powell, HC Lach, John, "TEMPO 3.1: A body area sensor network platform
for continuous movement assessment," in Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2009.
BSN 2009. Sixth International Workshop on, 2009, pp. 71-76.
9. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
9
[4] Elson J. & Estrin D, "Sensor networks: A bridge to the physical world," Norwell, MA: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2004.
[5] C. D. Estrin D., Pister K., & Sukhatme G.,, "Connecting the physical world with pervasive networks,"
IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2002.
[6] C. A. Ganesan D., Ye W., Yu Y., Zhao J., and Estrin D, "Networking Issues in Wireless Sensor
Networks," Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing (JPDC), 2004.
[7] University of Washington. (2013). Center for Conservation Biology. Available:
http://conservationbiology.uw.edu/research-programs/tracking-poached-ivory/
[8] A. K. Sen. (2013) Tanzania's storied wildlife reserves could soon get a watchful, winged inhabitant:
U.S. drones. The Washington Times
[9] ICCF.(2013). The African Poaching Crisis. Available:
http://iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=445&Itemid=367
[10] R. S. Margarita Mulero-Pa' zma'ny, L. D. van Essen, Juan J. Negro,Tyrell Sassen, "Remotely Piloted
Aircraft Systems as a Rhinoceros Anti-Poaching Tool in Africa," PLOS ONE, vol. volume 9, January
2014.
[11] J. J. N. m. Airam Rodríguez, Mara Mulero, Carlos Rodríguez, Jesús Hernández-Pliego, Javier
Bustamante, "The Eye in the Sky: Combined Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems and GPS Data
Loggers for Ecological Research and Conservation of Small Birds," PLOS ONE, vol. volume 10,
December 11, 2012.
[12] M. Zenko, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January 2013.
[13] W. World Wildlife Fund. (16 october 2013) Microchip to protects Rhino in Kenya. Available:
www.panda.org/
[14] J. F. Banzi, "A Sensor Based Anti-Poaching System in Tanzania National Parks," International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. Volume 4, 4, April 2014.
[15] D. L. S. Rebecca N. Handcock, Greg J. Bishop-Hurley, Kym P. Patison, Tim Wark, Philip Valencia,
Peter Corke, Christopher J. O’Neill "Monitoring Animal Behaviour and Environmental Interactions
Using Wireless Sensor Networks, GPS Collars and Satellite Remote Sensing," OPEN ACCESS, vol.
Volume 9, 13 May 2009.
[16] R. J. Bagree, Vishwas Raj Kumar, Aman Ranjan, Prabhat, "TigerCENSE: wireless image sensor
network to monitor tiger movement," in Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks, ed: Springer, 2010,
pp. 13-24.
[17] L. L. Zhang, Alvin S Song, Hui Zheng, Xinliang, "A Distributed SYSTEM FOR MAD-COW
DISEASE MONITORING AND TRACKING," International Journal of UbiComp, vol. 1, 2010.
10. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
10
AUTHORS
Erick A. Massawe is currently a PhD student in Information and Communication
Science and Engineering at Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and
Technology (NM-AIST) majoring in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering. He received MSc degree in Information and Communication Science
and Engineering at NM-AIST majoring in Telecommunications Systems
Engineering in December 2013. He also received BE (Hons) degree in Electronics
and Communication Engineering from St Joseph University in Tanzania (SJUIT) in
November 2010. He worked with Kilimanjaro International Institute of
Telecommunication, Electronics and Computer (KIITEC) as the
Telecommunication and Electronics Instructor in October 2010, then as Educational
Director.
His research interests include Electronics, Network Design, Biomedical
Engineering, Data communication, Data Transmission and Wireless sensor
networks. He is a member of the institution of Engineers Tanzania. He is also a
member of IEEE registered as a Graduate Student.
Dr. Kisangiri Michael received his PhD (Telecommunication Engineering) from
Wroclaw University of Technology Poland, Institute of Telecommunication and
Acoustics in December 2008. In April 2002 he graduated from the same University,
Master of Science in Telecommunication Engineering (Department of Radio
communication) with specialization in Mobile Communication. He has been
working with
Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (D.I.T) in the department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering since October 2002 as Assistant Lecturer to
November 2008, then as a Lecturer to November 2011.
In December 2011, He joined Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and
Technology (NM-AIST) in the College of Computational and Communication
Science and Engineering (CoCSE) as a Lecturer and then promoted to Senior
Lecturer 2016.His area of interests includes evolutionary computation in
Telecommunication networks; Antenna design and Triangular mesh modeling.
Dr. Shubi Kaijage received his PhD on Optical fiber communication 2014. He has
been working with THz Technical Research Center (TTRC) of Shenzhen University
as research fellow from September 2011 to January 2014, Fiber Optics Lab,
University of the Ryukyus as a research assistant from April 2008 to March 2011
and Davis and Shirtliff Co. Ltd as senior sales Engineer from March 2001 –
February 2005.
In February 2014, He joined Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and
Technology (NM-AIST) in the College of Computational and Communication
Science and Engineering (CoCSE) as a Lecturer and then promoted to Head of
department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering 2015. His area of
interests includes Optical fiber communications, Telecommunication systems and
sensor networks.
11. International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol 7, No.4, October 2017
11
Prof. Padmanabhan Seshaiyer received a B.E. (Hons) degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and a M.Sc (Hons) degree in Mathematics from Birla
Institute of Science and Technology, India in 1994. Following that he received a
Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from University of Maryland, Baltimore County in
1998. He worked as a Post-doctoral research associate in the bioengineering
program at Texas A&M University from 1998-2000. He served as a faculty of
Mathematics from 2000-2007 at Texas Tech University where he was a tenured
member. Since 2007 he has served as a tenured faculty member of Mathematical
Sciences at George Mason University, USA and also holds an adjunct faculty
appointment at the Nelson Mandela - AIST since 2012.
His interests include mathematical and computer modeling, advanced scientific
computing and STEM education.