An engineer wants to measure the bias in a pH meter. She uses the me.pdf

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An engineer wants to measure the bias in a pH meter. She uses the meter to measure the pH in 12 neutral substances (pH=7.0) and obtains the following data: 7.04 7.31 7.04 7.01 6.97 7.00 7.00 6.99 7.04 6.97 7.27 7.04 Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the pH meter is not correctly calibrated at the alpha= .05 level of significance? a. Find the sample mean (4 decimals) ____ b. Find the sample standard deviation (4 decimal places)__ (calculator acceptable) c. State the null and the alternate hypotheses. Ho: ____Ha:_______ d. State the critical value(s) for this test. ____ e. Find the test statistic. ______ f. Approximate the p-value for this test.____ g. Find the appropriate Confidence Interval for this problem. (______, ______) h. State your conclusion in the context of this problem. show all work Solution Let X be measure of the bias in a pH meter. n = 14 Xmean = (1/12)*(7.04+7.31+7.04+7.01+6.97+7.00+6..

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An individuated character is one who (a) has his or her own unique history and personality (b) is a symbol for some characteristic (c) is able to be identified with the audience (d) has a series of epiphanies An individuated character is one who (a) has his or her own unique history and personality (b) is a symbol for some characteristic (c) is able to be identified with the audience (d) has a series of epiphanies Solution Individuated means having its own character, or being singled outfrom a group by detail, so a).

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An example of the growth factor in common stock is: retaining profits in order to reinvest into the firm two strong companies merging together to increase their economies of scale acquiring a loan to fund an investment in Asia issuing new stock to provide capital for future growth Solution An example of the growth factor in common stock is: 1.retaining profits in order to reinvest into the firm A certain portion of the profits left after meeting all obligations on preferred and debt capital is distributed by way of dividend to shareholders. Another portion is reinvested internally in business ventures so as to increase the rate of return. Reinvestment of funds internally is called ploughing back of funds and funds invested internally are knows as retained earnings..

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An epidemiologist found five cases of Solution Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.[1] Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Modern era 3 The profession 4 The practice 5 As causal inference 5.1 Bradford Hill criteria 5.2 Legal interpretation 6 Advocacy 7 Population-based health management 8 Types of studies 8.1 Case series 8.2 Case control studies 8.3 Cohort studies 8.4 Outbreak investigation 9 Validity: precision and bias 9.1 Random error 9.2 Systematic error 9.2.1 Three types of bias 9.2.1.1 Selection bias 9.2.1.2 Information bias 9.2.1.3 Confounding 10 Journals 11 Areas 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Notes 13.2 Bibliography 14 External links [edit]Etymology Epidemiology, literally meaning \"the study of what is upon the people\", is derived from Greek epi, meaning \"upon, among\", demos, meaning \"people, district\", and logos, meaning \"study, word, discourse\", suggesting that it applies only to human populations. However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term \"epizoology\" is available, and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical or plant disease epidemiology).[2] The distinction between \"epidemic\" and \"endemic\" was first drawn by Hippocrates,[3] to distinguish between diseases that are \"visited upon\" a population (epidemic) from those that \"reside within\" a population (endemic).[4] The term \"epidemiology\" appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiolog.

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An Euler cycle in a directed graph is a cycle in which every edge is visited exactly once. Design an algorithm to test whether a given direct graph has an Euler cycle or not, and if so, find such a cycle. Solution ALGORITHM Given a starting vertex , the v0algorithm will first find a cycle C starting and ending at v0 such that C contains all edges going into and out of v0. This can be performed by a walk in the graph. As we discover vertices in cycle C, we will create a linked list which contains vertices in order and such that the list begins and ends in vertex v0. We set the current painter to the head of the list. We now traverse the list by moving our pointer \"current\" to successive vertices until we and a vertex which has an outgoing edge which has not been discovered. (If we reach the end of the list, then we have already found the Eule cycle ). Suppose we find the vertex, vi, that has an undiscovered outgoing edge. We then take a walk beginning and ending at vi such that all undiscovered edges containing vi are contained in the walk. We insert our new linked list into old linked list in place of vi and more \"current\" to the new neighbor pointed to the first node containing vi. We continue this process until we search the final node of the linked list, and the list will then contains an Euler cycle Running Time of Euler cycle The algorithm traverse each edge at most twice, first in a walk and second while traversing the list to find vertices with outgoing edges. Therefore, the total running time of the algorithm is O(|E|)..

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