An epidemiologist found five cases of Solution Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.[1] Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Modern era 3 The profession 4 The practice 5 As causal inference 5.1 Bradford Hill criteria 5.2 Legal interpretation 6 Advocacy 7 Population-based health management 8 Types of studies 8.1 Case series 8.2 Case control studies 8.3 Cohort studies 8.4 Outbreak investigation 9 Validity: precision and bias 9.1 Random error 9.2 Systematic error 9.2.1 Three types of bias 9.2.1.1 Selection bias 9.2.1.2 Information bias 9.2.1.3 Confounding 10 Journals 11 Areas 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Notes 13.2 Bibliography 14 External links [edit]Etymology Epidemiology, literally meaning \"the study of what is upon the people\", is derived from Greek epi, meaning \"upon, among\", demos, meaning \"people, district\", and logos, meaning \"study, word, discourse\", suggesting that it applies only to human populations. However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term \"epizoology\" is available, and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical or plant disease epidemiology).[2] The distinction between \"epidemic\" and \"endemic\" was first drawn by Hippocrates,[3] to distinguish between diseases that are \"visited upon\" a population (epidemic) from those that \"reside within\" a population (endemic).[4] The term \"epidemiology\" appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiolog.

1. An epidemiologist found five cases of
Solution
Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of
health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and
informs policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and
targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection and statistical
analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and
occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical
research, public health studies and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.[1]
Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease
surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in
clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better
understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate
conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for
exposure assessment.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Modern era
3 The profession
4 The practice
5 As causal inference
5.1 Bradford Hill criteria
5.2 Legal interpretation
6 Advocacy
7 Population-based health management
8 Types of studies
8.1 Case series
8.2 Case control studies
8.3 Cohort studies
8.4 Outbreak investigation
9 Validity: precision and bias
9.1 Random error

2. 9.2 Systematic error
9.2.1 Three types of bias
9.2.1.1 Selection bias
9.2.1.2 Information bias
9.2.1.3 Confounding
10 Journals
11 Areas
12 See also
13 References
13.1 Notes
13.2 Bibliography
14 External links
[edit]Etymology
Epidemiology, literally meaning "the study of what is upon the people", is derived from Greek
epi, meaning "upon, among", demos, meaning "people, district", and logos, meaning "study,
word, discourse", suggesting that it applies only to human populations. However, the term is
widely used in studies of zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term
"epizoology" is available, and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical
or plant disease epidemiology).[2]
The distinction between "epidemic" and "endemic" was first drawn by Hippocrates,[3] to
distinguish between diseases that are "visited upon" a population (epidemic) from those that
"reside within" a population (endemic).[4] The term "epidemiology" appears to have first been
used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in
Epidemiolog