American Politics Course Analysis

American Politics Course Analysis
An introductory course on American politics, as expected, addresses checks and balances, the constitutional system, and federalism. In addition, the
course offers students a better understanding of democracy, political participation, power struggles. Whether rooted in history or focused on abstract
ideas, such a course can help students better understand contemporary issues. Students can apply their new knowledge to be better informed about
current politics. This paper explores three pressing issues: judicial review, political behavior, and race and politics. These concepts will be examined
with examples to give the reader a sense of how to analytically explore political issues. One important concept that influences contemporary politics...
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These principles helped us make sense of government and understand politics better. From orchestrating a crisis to political mudslinging, this behavior
is an example of one of the five principles of politics, the rationality principle. The rationality principle holds that all political behavior has a purpose
and that people tend to be goal oriented in their political activities as they make instrumental choices about how they act. Jefferson and Adams threw
insults at each other to change public opinion to affect votes and Hamilton orchestrated a crisis to get what he wanted, everything had a deeper purpose.
Understanding the underlying purpose of political behavior can help people understand the political events that are happening
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5th Amendment Case Summary
Nicholas Williams MOD:2B 3/14
Jeremiah
issgga
Edward
Quentin
1.
Title: Miranda v. Arizona
Citation: 384 US 436 (1966)
Facts: Miranda gave incriminating evidence during police interrogations without prior notification of their fights under the 5th amendment.
Issue: is the government required to notify the arrested defendants of their 5th amendment before an interrogation?
Holding: Yes, the government is required to notify the arrested defendants of their 5th amendment before an interrogation?
Reason: Interrogations are psychologically than physically so the defendant must be aware of what's happening.
2.
Title: Atkins v. Virginia
Citation: 536 US 304(2002)
Fact: Atkins is a mentally retarded criminal who killed someone and was sentenced to death. this was cruel and unusual punishment which goes against
the 8th amendment, at the time his IQ was 59. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Holding: yes the 8th amendment does protect mentally retarded criminals from capital punishment as cruel and unusual.

Reason:
The supreme court in Atkins observed that the execution of mentally retarded criminals in the states that permitted it was not common & these acts
were unfair.
____________________________________
3.
Title: Plessy v. Ferguson
Citation: 163 US 537
Facts: In Louisiana, Plessy sat in an all white railroad car and refused to move when he was told to move and refused which lead to his arrest.
Issue: Is louisiana's mandating racial segregation on its trains unconstitutional infringment on both privileges and the equal protection clauses of the
14th amendment?
Holding: No
Reasoning : Equal but separate accommodations for whites and blacks imposed by louisiana do not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th
amendment.
4.
Title:Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Citation: 323 US 214

California Vs Bakke Case Study
Regents of California v Bakke (1978) Question: Did the University of California violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, and the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative action policy that resulted in the repeated rejection of Bakke's application for admission to its
medical school? Background: The University of California used racial quotas to reserve 16/100 seats for "Blacks, Chicanos, Asians, and American
Indians." Bakke's scores were much higher than any members of these racial groups who were recently admitted. Bakke's application was rejected
twice, so he sued the University. He argued that the University's policy violated the Constitution, under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the
Equal Protection clause. Opinion: The court ruled that the University of California's policy was unconstitutional. They argued that a state is permitted
to use race as a factor, however... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though it was not mandatory that did not change the fact that the First Amendment prevented government interference with religion. Since
America encompasses many various religions, it would be unfair to endorse a particular one, or else all of the religions would have a right to recite
their respective prayers at the beginning of the day. This would also suck up lots of valuable class time. Baker v Carr (1962) Question: Did the
Supreme Court have jurisdiction over questions of legislative apportionment? Background: Urban areas in Tennessee were growing, and were gradually
becoming big enough to be represented. The state legislature of Tennessee set the number of legislators for each county. Baker, the mayor of Nashville,
went to court saying that this was violating the equal rights given by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Federal Court refused the case, saying that they
did not want to meddle in state districting, so it was sent to the Supreme

The Effects Of Texas Abortion On Women Essay
The Effects of Texas Abortion Restrictions on Women
Abortion is a controversial debate in the United States that divides the nation and still plays a significant role at election time. The Democratic Party
supports abortion rights and keeping elective abortions legal because they believe in the privacy and equality of women. They believe that a woman
must have the right to choose regardless of her ability to pay. "The Democratic Party strongly and unequivocally supports Roe v. Wade."1 For example,
Bernie Sanders, as a Democratic candidate, said, "I happen to believe that it is wrong for the government to be telling a woman what to be doing with
her own body."2 On the other hand, Republicans say the unborn child has a fundamental right to live and they support a human life amendment to the
Constitution. They believe that Roe v. Wade should be overturned and abortions should not be legal.3 Donald Trump, as a Republican candidate, has
suggested that if abortion is criminalized, women should receive some type of punishment if they secure an abortion. The President of the United States
can has many effects on federal abortion policy. Most important of all, the President has the power to appoint justices to the United States Supreme
Court. For instance, Obama and Clinton appoint justices who will uphold the present abortion laws that allow abortions. Also, the President may sign
or veto legislation related to abortion like President Bush has signed "the Partial–Birth Abortion

American Apartheid Summary
According to the reading American Apartheid, a ghetto is a set of neighborhoods that are exclusively inhabited by members of one group, where all
members of the group live. The term derives from Europe, where the Jewish population was isolated from society during the Holocaust. Later on, the
term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups. This word has been associated with black race for the past 80 years.
According the reading American Apartheid, the emergence of the black ghetto was due to decisions made by whites to deny blacks access to urban
housing markets, this time reinforcing another form of segregation. The influx of Blacks and Latinos into crowded and concentrated cities defined the
ghetto and the poverty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, a broad demographic of people in the neighborhood benefited financially. According to the study's findings, only one group– black
residents who never finished high school – saw their income grow at a slower rate than predicted. But the study also suggests that these residents
weren't moving out of their neighborhoods at a disproportionately higher rate than from similar neighborhoods that didn't gentrify (Kiviat, paragraph
4)." Also, more studies show that gentrification didn't necessarily push out residents but became a place that middle class minorities moved into; "The
addition of white college graduates, especially those under 40 without children, was a hallmark of gentrifying neighborhoods – that much fit the
conventional wisdom – but so was the influx of college–educated blacks and Hispanics, who moved to gentrifying neighborhoods more often than they
to did similar, more static areas. Two other groups tended to move more often into upwardly mobile neighborhoods as well: 40–to–60–year–old
Hispanics without a high–school degree, and similarly uneducated Hispanics aged 20 to 40 with children...(Kiviat, paragraph 6). These advantages
show how gentrification can benefit a neighborhood and its residents

President Clinton Vs. The 104th And 105th Congress
President Clinton vs. the 104th and 105th Congress
President William "Bill" Clinton was the United States 42nd president. Bill Clinton was born in Arkansas on August 19th 1946. In 1976 he was
elected to become the Attorney General of Arkansas. Two years later he became governor, becoming the youngest governor. Clinton ran for president
in 1992 with running mate Al Gore. His presidency ran from 1993 to 2001. During his presidency the 104th ('95–'97) and the 105th ('97– '95) Congress
was established and the Republicans took over the House with 228 seats in the 104th and 226 seats in the 105th. The Democrats had 206 seats in the
house in the 104th and the 105th had 207 seats. The Senate was no different, The Republicans had 52 seats ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His term as Speaker of the House seemed as the opposite of President Clinton. When he was speaker there were many government and budget
shutdowns, and also unpleasant impeachment proceedings. Yet Gingrich and Clinton have agreed on welfare reform, tax cuts and budgeting deals.
Overrides and Vetoes Over the course of Clinton's presidency there have been 37 bills that have been vetoed, although 36 were regular vetoes, one
pocket veto, and two vetoes that were overridden. The two bills that were overridden are the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 and the Line Item
Veto.
The Bankruptcy Act of 2000 was one of the laws that was a pocket veto. The sponsor of this act was Representative Christopher H. Smith. The bill
as asserted by the president because it was not fair towards ordinary debtors who fell on hard times. Yet this represents a loophole for the wealthy.
Under the Homestead Exemption, bankruptcy filers can protect some of their equity in their homes under chapter seven bankruptcy. This also implies
to chapter 13 bankruptcy as well. You can be relieved of all or most of your equity, this would decrease the minimum amount you must pay to your
creditors. In the meantime this will be easier to repay your debts.
The Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 but later overridden as the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, was designed to stop or to
limit non–serious securities

A Nurse At Methadone Clinic
Sotomayor was born in Bronx, New York, on June 25, 1954 to parents whom emigrated from Puerto Rico. The family, including her brother, survived
on a very moderate income while living in government public housing or "the projects." Juan, Sonia's father, whom had only a third–grade education,
was employed as tool–and die worker and her mother, Celina, worked as a telephone operator until beginning her employment as a nurse at
methadone clinic. Sonia was the eldest of the two children, raised by their single mother after Juan died when Sonia was only nine years of age.
Celina, worked hard to provide for her children, making it possible for Sonia to attend a Catholic school in the Bronx. Sonia did very well at
Cardinal Spellman High School, graduating as her class valedictorian in 1972. Sotomayor became inspired to become a lawyer and eventually a judge
after watching an episode of Perry Mason as a child ("Supreme court review," 2016). Sotomayor earned a full scholarship to Princeton University. Sonia
was initially very quiet and sheepish as a Hispanic woman at Princeton University. Ultimately, Sotomayor became an activist for Puerto Rican and
Hispanic issues on campus. In particular, Sonia was troubled by the absence of Latin American faculty and Latin American Studies courses on campus.
Sotomayor resorted to filing a complaint with the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, after her meetings with Princeton Leadership resulted
in no changes, asserting that Princeton

Gay Rights in the Fire Department
Humans have been fighting and challenging each other ever since they have been created. People tend to think that if someone else is different than
another person must be weird, stupid, or even dangerous. Though things are constantly getting better and people are beginning to be more accepting
of each other some people continue to hate and cast out just because they do not have the same beliefs, sexuality, or even the same looks. The fire
department has been on the business side, but people in the fire department the workers can be harmful bullies. This is not the fire departments fault
but the workers that are fire fighters tend to be on the conservative side when it comes to the human rights division of life. To talk about a topic you
must start from the beginning, in the 1950's it was dangerous, foolish, and illegal to start any pro–gay organization. You would be chased and harassed
if you were suspected of being gay or supporting their right to live life freely. In 1961 Illinois decided to agree with the conservative law of 1923
that was created by the American Law Institute that stated it is illegal for two adults to ever get married or even have sexual have intercourse if
they are the same sex. Connecticut decided to agree and also put this law in place in the year 1969. Holliday 2 1969 is considered the year that the
gay rights movement took off because NYPD decided to raid a gay bar and started arrested random homosexual and drag performers for no reason.

The Removal of Prayer from Public Schools Essay
The removal of prayer from public schools is a very controversial and misunderstood debate. This paper will address the history of the debate, common
myths and misunderstandings, and the current trends.
History of the Debate:
Public schools originated in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and soon spread across New England. They began with an elementary school for
every fifty families and a Latin school for every one hundred families. Their mission was to "ensure that Puritan children learn to read the Bible and
receive basic information about their Calvinist religion."1 By 1840, conflict was at a climax in New York City. The publicschools had taken on a
"common school" education that included a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New York City adopted a 22–word Regent's Prayer as part of their Statement on Moral and Spiritual Training in the Schools.
In 1962, the United States Supreme Court was called upon to interpret the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution citing the Regent's Prayer in violation (Engel v. Vitale). In a 6 to 1 decision (with 2 remaining neutral) the Supreme Court decided that the
Regent's Prayer, which was to be said aloud by each student in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day, was unconstitutional:
"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our Country." Mr.
Justice Black delivered the opinion of the court:
The State's use of the Regents' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State...The
Establishment Clause does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental compulsion and is violated by the enactment of laws which establish
an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce non–observing individuals or not...When the power, prestige and financial support of
government is placed behind a particular

Obergefell V. Hodges Case Study
Introduction:
The United States is considered a great nation by some. It is a nation filled with monumental success, wealth, prosperity, opportunity, and in general, one
of the most impressive nations in the world. But, the United States is also filled with hate, discrimination, disparity, and a history riddled with
grotesque treatment of those of a varying nature known today as minorities. A minority, is a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists
with but is subordinate to a more dominant group. In the United States, there are a wide array of minorities like African–American, LGBT (Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender), and Women of any race or ethnicity. Although, this a small few of the minority members in the United States, these
groups have faced very large troubles from the majority, which is classified as upper class, white males. African–Americans were made slaves, women
couldn't vote, LGBT couldn't marry one another in the early years of this nation. With the changing times more and more advances in the equal
treatment of minorities come to pass. Of all the groups mentioned, the one that has made a more recent stride is the LGTB community, which recently
has recently obtained the right to marry in every state thanks to the Obergefell v. Hodges case.
Historical Timeline:
The decision in the Obergefell v. Hodges case is a monumental victory considering the poor treatment of the members of this minority. Historically, the
LGTB community has

вЂ Federal Government Increasingly Dominates State...
A2 politicsJess Waldron
'Federal government increasingly dominates state governments in the USA.' Discuss
The United States of America have a federal constitution, where the President of the United States, Congress, and the judiciary share powers, and the
federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments. This is the stark opposite to the unitary system in the UK where sovereignty lies in
parliament and some powers are given to local assemblies. There are many types of federalism; all have been a dominant influence in the American
political system at some point due to the style of leadership brought in by each new presidential candidate. Throughout U.S. history, the division of
power between the federal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Federalism is a dual (split in two) system of sovereignty, splitting power between a central government and various state governments. Both the federal
and state governments can directly govern citizens through their own officials and laws. The resulting Constitution allowed powers for both federal
and state governments. Each had some separate powers and some shared powers.
A federalist called John Marshall, as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, made decisions favoring a strong federal government over state
government power. In Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marshall used judicial review (where the Court is the government body to decide whether laws are
constitutional), this was used in accordance with the principles and power established by the Constitution. By the late 1930s, the Great Depression
resulted in a dramatic change. The idea of federalism and Marshall's earlier positions returned. In West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) the Court
extended federal power to regulate some economic activities within states. Under a broadened Commerce Clause interpretation, federal powers
expanded at the expense of state powers and emphasis on the Tenth Amendment declined. The Court in NLRB v.United States (1936) reaffirmed the
Wagner Act which brought labor relations under federal oversight. In addition, the Social Security Act creating a national retirement fund, passed in
1935.

Mass Incarceration : The United States
Mass Incarceration is a huge problem in United States culture. No other country in the world incarcerates its population the way that America does.
"The U.S. incarcerates more people than any country in the world – both per capita and in terms of total people behind bars. The U.S. has less than 5
percent of the world's population, yet it has almost 25 percent of the world's incarcerated population." Worse yet the majority of the incarcerated
individuals belong to a minority group despite not participating in illegal activity any more frequently than their white counterparts. Is the United States
criminal justice system racist and if so what is the cause behind this racism. After the end of slavery, many southern black Americans traveled to the
north to escape endless violence and discrimination. In the south they could only find low paying field jobs whereas in the northern cities there
were steady factory jobs promised as well as the hope that discrimination could be escaped. The northerners while against slavery were not
egalitarian and were not in favor of hoards of black Americans surging into their cities and taking jobs away from the white working poor. The need
for social control by white Americans only grew with the population of black Americans living in the cities and working in the factories. The rhetoric
of "law and order" first came about in the late 1950s as white opposition to the Civil Rights Movement was encouraged by southern governors and law
enforcement.

Sonia Sotomayor Research Paper
Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, making history as the first Latina Supreme Court Justice. Early
Life Sonia Sotomayor was born on the 25th of June, 1954 in the Bronx, New York in a public housing project. She is the daughter of Juan and
Celina Sotomayor, who migrated from Puerto Rico to New York. When Sotomayor was Eight years old she was diagnosed with diabetes. A year
later, at the age of 9, her father passed away. Sotomayor's mother worked hard as a nurse to provide a good education to her two children. Higher
Education Sotomayor graduated from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx in 1972. She then entered Princeton University were she became
involved with Puerto Rican Groups on campus. Sotomayor graduated from Princeton University in 1976. She received the Pyne Prize, the highest
academic honor that is awarded to students who will receive a degree. After graduating from Princeton, Sotomayor married Kevin Edward Noonan.
Sotomayor entered Yale Law School that same year. Sotomayor was an editor for the Yale Law Journal. She received her J.D in 1979 and was
admitted to the New York Bar in1980. After law school, she immediately began to work as an assistant district attorney. In 1983, Sotomayor divorced
Kevin Edward... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, one of Sotomayor's more controversial cases was Pappas v. Giuliani (2002), a case in which an employee of the New York City Police
Department, Thomas Pappas, was terminated from his desk job. The department had found that Pappas had anonymously circulated racist and bigoted
material. On appeal, the majority of the panel held that the NYPD could terminate Pappas for his behavior without violating his First Amendment right
to free speech. Sotomayor acknowledged that the speech was "patently offensive, hateful, and

Ammunition over Guns Essay
The Bill of Rights has stood for centuries as the ultimate embodiment of the rights of citizens in America, and the right to keep and bear arms is a vital
part of the individual rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Gun control, or even a ban, infringes upon this fundamental freedom of America's
constitutional law. Furthermore, the problems being targeted are not problems, and the technology being discredited, ludicrous. Finally, gun control
proponents base their arguments on fearful statistics, whereas statistics, in reality, favor less restrictive arms bans. Argument has always erupted over
the exact interpretation of the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution. The amendment flew through Congress in 1791, and promptly ratified by the... Show
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The Supreme Court ruled in the Opinion of the Court that "arms" refer to firearms, and that restricting technologies developed since its adoption
constitutes an unconstitutional action, and more so, the militia composition includes all able bodied citizens (the Supreme Court called it a "citizen
militia,") (SC 7–8, 23) . This militia is to be "well regulated" but the Court found this to simply mean "well trained," not regulated by strict regulation
(SC 23). In short, while this ruling found that the right to bear arms is an individual right, every able bodied man makes up the aforementioned
collective. The Court continued to make an attempt at defining which guns were protected under the 2nd amendment, ruling specifically that handguns
are legal under the amendment, along with rifles, shotguns, and most modern firearms (the Court struck down the notion that only antiquated arms are
protected) (SC 8). Thus, the Supreme Court not only found gun rights to be an extensive right. While the right is extensive, as the Supreme Court has
found, it is not all encompassing as Presser v Illinois has found. All members on both sides of the issue agree that the use of guns for violence
constitutes a heinous act by those responsible; the Supreme Court has ruled that the right to arms does not apply if intended for semi–military or
violent use in Presser v Illinois ("Presser v Illinois"). In short, the ability to own guns, and a wide

Immigration Case Study Essay
Immigration Case Study
The border between Mexico and the United States has witnessed millions of individuals crossing to and from each country. Migration involves the
(more or less) permanent movement of individuals or groups across symbolic or political boundaries into new residential areas and communities
(Marshall, 1998, p. 415). Some cross for travel experiences, some cross for quick visits to see relatives, and others are crossing the border to improve
their quality of life. From a negative point of view, some pay an absurd amount of money to "coyotes" to smuggle themselves and family members
across the border, and some cross to smuggle narcotics for the drug cartel. This case study ethnography focuses on how government issues ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They owned a couple of cars and had a three bedroom home in a relatively upstanding neighborhood. She feels that in comparison to many other
immigration stories, they were very fortunate to have been as successful as they were. She says that her family felt their share of discrimination,
however, they were very lucky to have met some "white" Americans that helped them establish their landscaping business. She lost touch with her
brothers, but maintained a relationship with her sister. They did not have to send remittances to Mexico because all of her family that she knew of was
here in America.
I heard similar stories at a day labor pick–up site in El Mirage, Arizona. My mother–in–law, who is Mexican, accompanied me to this site and stood in
as my translator as we approached the laborers. We arrived at approximately five o?clock in the morning, and there were already a handful of men
waiting for opportunities of work to arise. As the morning went on, more people arrived, and at the same time others left to various job sites. Most of
the work seemed to have been for agriculture, construction and landscape work. Few of the men that my mother–law and I came in contact with did
not speak very good English and were very shy about speaking of their personal history. A good number of these men were forced out of Mexico
because of a lack of employment, left their families behind, and were

Public Policy Response to Hurricane Katrina
PUBLIC POLICY RESPONSE TO
HURRICANE KATRINA
Summary
As the Gulf States begin the massive task of reconstruction after Hurricane Katrina, the nation is actively engaged in a dialogue concerning the lessons
learned from this catastrophe, and the best options moving forward. Many are asking whether the aid package and policies proposed by President Bush
are the right approach to rebuilding and restoring the region. While the hurricane shines a much needed spotlight on a number of societal issues, it is
crucial that programs initiated in the stormВЎВ¦s aftermath have the desired effectВЎXnot just regionally, but on a national scale. The devastation
wrought by Hurricane Katrina has raised other, more general public policy issues about emergency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City, a partnership between the city, New York State, the federal government and community
–based
organizations moved swiftly to provide easily accessible, comprehensive coverage to thousands of New Yorkers. This approach ВЎV with
modifications that meet the needs of this disaster ВЎV can provide stable, dependable health coverage to Katrina survivors and enable Katrina–affected
states, neighboring states, and other states sheltering Katrina survivors to cope with increased demands on their health care systems and state budgets.
In the latest iteration of its approaches to getting housing aid to people displaced by Hurricane Katrina, FEMA has shifted its strategy from doling out
incremental portions of housing assistance to cutting checks for up to the statutorily allowable amount of $26,200 per household for approximately
60,000 households whose homes FEMA has determined can be declared destroyed without need for inspection. Households whose homes are in
certain ZIP codes in five parishes in Louisiana and three counties in Mississippi that satellite imaging show complete devastation are slated to start
receiving checks for the remainder of their allowable ВЎВ§individual household assistanceВЎВЁ after deducting the $2,000 and/or $2,358 allotments
some have already received. Homeowners will receive the full $26,200 and renters something less. Why there is a difference in aid between
homeowners and renters was not explained.
National

The Importance Of Presidential Power In The Constitution
"This presidential power is controversial because it is nowhere mentioned in the U.S. Constitution"(Rozell). The President, since the beginning, has
gained powers not specifically enumerated, increasing the power of the executive branch. Over the course of history the President has assumed many
powers unlisted in the Constitution including the line item veto, executive privilege, and executive order which have all impacted the President's
relationship with Congress.
The line item veto was used very briefly during the Clinton administration before it was later declared unconstitutional, though it was wanted by many
other administrations. The line item veto is defined as,"A special form of veto in which the chief executive has the right to prevent particular
provisions of a bill enacted by a legislative assembly from becoming law without having to kill all the other parts of the bill at the same
time"(Johnson). An example of the president using the line item veto is Bill Clinton, which vetoed part of the Balanced Budget Act which,"relinquished
the Federal Government's ability to recoup nearly $2.6 billion in taxes levied against Medicaid providers"("Clinton v. City of New York
."). The line
item veto was then declared unconstitutional because of the President's ability to "amend" legislation that was already passed by both houses of
congress, and declared that the President must totally reject or accept a bill. One major challenge towards the line item veto is that

9/11 Terrorism Research Paper
Terrorism continues devastatingly in the United States to this day and has increasingly become a more major concern. Starting in 1886 with the
Haymarket Affair, a bombing that killed 12 in Chicago, there has been an exponential increase in the amount of terrorist attacks since then. The 1993
bombing of the World Trade Centerwas a preface to many other terrorist attacks to follow, for example, 9/11. The destruction of this attack gave the
United States a reason to fear more massacres and allowed us to increase security and protection of our nation. The biggest terrorist attack in the United
States to this day is the 9/11 plane attack on the World Trade Center Towers that killed close to three thousand innocent citizens. What many people do
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kushigian.). One truck contained twelve hundred pounds of homemade explosives, and the other served as an escape vehicle (New York City (NYC)
World Trade Center Bombing– 1993). The terrorists placed the bomb, set it to detonate, and then they rapidly evacuated the scene. The explosion
demolished six underground parking levels of the North Tower, injured over one thousand people, and killed six innocent individuals ("A Timeline of
Domestic Terrorism"). Injuries caused included respiratory issues, mobility impairments, sight and hearing limits and cardiovascular problems (The
World Trade Center Bombing: Report and Analysis). The eruption cut power in both towers and to an adjoining hotel, the Vista Hotel. Operations of the
elevators, lighting, communication, and even the generators stopped functioning The wintery climate conditions had ensured that more people than
usual would be inside the building, trapping an unsettling amount inside elevators ("1993 World Trade Center Bombing"). This attack was "one of the
worst terrorist attacks ever to occur on U.S. soil" at the time (Greenspan, Jesse). Evidence suggests that the extremists were aiming for the Twin Towers
because they targeted tourist attractions and tall buildings where they could cause maximum damage; at the time the Twin Towers were the tallest
buildings in America (Parachini, John V.). Once captured, the leader of the devious plan, Ramzi Yousef, confessed that the explosion was meant to
take down the North Tower entirely and to create enough debris to knock down the second tower ("FBI 100 – 1993 Trade Center Bombing"). The
extremists claimed to believe that bringing down both towers mandated that they go beneath the building, hence why they set the

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gun Buyback Programs Essay
Gun buyback programs have become a commonplace law enforcement practice since their creation in the 1970s. These buyback programs are a
method of proactive policing against gun crime and are used as a means by law enforcement in an effort to curb gun violence. Generally, police offer
incentives to community members in exchange for firearms. These incentives are most commonly money or gift certificates, but may also be
merchandise. The programs rose to popularity in the 1990s due to widespread public support. However, as far as weapons policies go, gun buyback
programs have been criticized as an ineffective means of curbing or preventing firearm violence. Thus, one must ask does the purchase of firearms
from private citizens by law ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The result was a 25% decrease (Cook & Ludwig, 2000) in all gun–related homicides, thus showing that the availability of firearms within the
population may contribute to gun violence. By the early 1990s, gun violence in the United States had reached its peak. Police continued to use gun
buyback programs as the chief strategy to curb gun violence. The concept behind such programs according to a research brief present before
Congress, is that they "remove lethal firearms from homes and, therefore, prevent gun violence by removing the possibility that a firearm may fall
into the hands of a child or adult who may accidentally or intentionally shoot themselves or others" (Carter, 2002). By the early 2000s, a multimillion
dollar national budget had been allocated for gun buyback programs by the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. The buyback
programs continued to be wildly popular across the nation, the sentiment of its supporters' expressed in a statement by President at the time Bill
Clinton, claiming "every gun turned in through a buyback program means potentially one less tragedy" (Carter, 2002). This belief buoyed continued
support for the programs into the 21st century. By 1999 President Bill Clinton allocated $15 million for nationwide gun buyback programs (Cook &
Ludwig, 2000), following the widely accepted concept that the readily–available supply of firearms was to blame for gun violence. By taking unused

Same-Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay
Marriage is assumed by United States citizens to be a basic human right. When asked, a child will usually say that yes, they do plan to one day be
happily married. As we grow older, we realize that it is not that simple; that there are many stigmas placed on "nontraditional" marriages. Throughout
the history of the United States, minorities have had to battle for their right to marry whomever they choose. Interfaith, interracial, and same–sex
couples have discovered the hard way that the same "natural" rights are not granted to all citizens. Many of these battles have been fought and won, but
the struggle of same–sex couples still continues to be a hotbed of discontent throughout the United States. The United States... Show more content on
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The percentage of Americans who practiced Judaism stood at only 2%, and the Jewish people of the United States feared that losing more to interfaith
relationships would make their societal numbers dwindle even faster. Steven Cohen, a professor at Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion
in New York, said in an interview with USA Today that "intermarriage does indeed constitute the greatest single threat to Jewish continuity today."
Interfaith marriages have also been observed to result in higher divorce rates, which threaten the integrity of Jewish values. In 1958, two lovers
crossed state borders to be wed in Washington, D.C.. Virginia natives, Richard and Mildred Loving fled their home state to seek amarriage license in a
D.C. courthouse due to Virginia's Racial Integrity Act, which criminalized any marriage between a white and a non–white. Richard Loving was white.
Mildred was of mixed race. Five weeks after returning home, they were arrested in their own bedroom by raiding policemen and put on trial. The
Lovings pleaded guilty, were sentenced to one year in a state penitentiary, and then "partly" banned from Virginia for 25 years; they could individually
return to the state, but never together. The groundbreaking court case Loving v. Virginia set into motion a course of events that would land the couple
in the United States Supreme Court in 1967, with a unanimous

The Historic Preservation Laws Of The Street Art
Christopher J. Duerksen defined historic preservation law as "a collage, cutting across and drawing from several other established areas of law: land
use and zoning, real property, taxation, local government, constitutional, and administrative." Its purpose is to safeguard the historically important public
property by implementing national, state, and local governments to regulate private property that is of substantial public interest and historic value. In
this section I will deliver the brief history of the historical preservation law in federal, state and to local government legislations from the beginning
until today. Thereupon, I will add the routes implemented to protect the street art by countries other than the U.S. Furthermore, I will touch on the
sections of historical preservation laws that are suitable for protection of the modern art and consequently, the street art. Thehistoric preservation has
the following critical elements: (1) identification of a need for preservation of selected properties; (2) targeting the behavior of property owners or
caretakers; (3) the possibilities limited by the power of the state and the rule of law; (4) the interests of affected individuals and the preferences of
various interest groups; and (5) the availability of the resources. The enabling legislation is built starting with the U.S. Constitution, the executive and
the federal forces, which provide guidance for the state action that orchestrates the local

Zero Tolerance Essay
Abstract
Zero Tolerance is described in the criminal justice world as a policing strategy that involves relentless order maintenance and aggressive law
enforcement, against even minor crimes and incivilities. For many decades now, most of the evidence and research found on the subject matter has
been traced back to the New York CityPolice Department; with its most prominent era lasting throughout the 1990's. Proponents for zero tolerance
policing argue that evidence of its deterrence can be found in research stats, with homicide rates dropping 56% across United States cities between
1990 and 2009. Opponents of Zero Tolerance Policing counter those arguments by fighting the stats with the stats–although across the board, some
numbers have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My argument throughout this paper is to analyze and understand the Human cost of zero tolerance policing, and the infringement of our Fourth and
Fourteenth amendments it possess. While it provides immediate gratisfaction to our criminal justice systems to have thousands of 'petty law breakers'
off the street immediately for that short period, the lasting effects to the individuals caught in this net go far beyond a night in jail and fines imposed.
More so, many of these individuals are first stopped, seized, then searched, breaking proper protocols, meaning some more than likely wrongfully
convicted. The 1st section of the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly declares that "No stats shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The research presented here is information that has been gathered from
American cities nationwide who have adopted some aspect of this policy.
What is 'Zero Tolerance'? As stated before, Zero Tolerance is a policy of major pettycrime crackdowns, in hopes of creating an immediate better

Impeachment : A Formal Process
Nguyen Nguyen
Government 2306
Professor Robert Bexar Chapter summaries 7&8 Chapter 8 Impeachment is a formal process in which an official was accused of illegal activities, the
results of which, depending on the country, which may include the removal of that official from office as well as penalties criminal or civil. Cut is
when the representatives decided to send the president or other government in the Senate to test to see if they are suitable to continue to hold their
positions. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were both impeached, but they have been found fit to resume presidential terms of senators. Senatorial
courtesy has to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two senators are appointed centrally governor, and two representatives appointed by the speaker. In addition, the chairman of the Senate Finance
Committee and the issue of state and head of the House Appropriations Committee and the ways and means of serving as member of the Board. Board
of Directors appointed budget director, who prepared the budget request of all state agency expenditures and appropriation bills for them. At each
regular session of parliament and particularly directors submit legislative budget estimates, the results of many analytical staff of each agency budget
requests. Legislature budget to maintain partial legislative program review conducted a comprehensive review of state agency programs and activities
and compile the performance reports for the legislature. These reports help to monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of each state agency and assist in
budget decisions. The Managing Board is also responsible for deciding the constitutional spending cap. The staff in the legislative budget office
provided support Committees various legislative appropriations, provide information on trends in revenue and expenditure, financial preparation notes
determine the impact to revenue or expenditure various legal fees, and issuing financial statements and the proposed legislation. Another way to
explain a

Lgbt Rights Research Paper
America's foundation is built upon the words of the Declaration of Independence. This document states "We hold these truths to be self–evident, that all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of
Happiness." Since the writing of these words, America has had to overcome slavery, child labor, voting rights, women's rights, civil rights, and LGBT
rights. We have come a long way but there is still work to be done. The LGBT equality movement is relatively young compared to other social
movements, but is no less important. LGBT pride month can be traced back to the Manhattan Stonewall riots in 1969, which was a turning point for
the Gay Liberation Movement. Originally, the last Sunday in June was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The MFA legislation was unable to become the law due to opposition. However in 1993, the Clinton administration introduced DADT as a
compromise between MFA legislation and opposition. The compromise continued to allow the military to discharge members who were openly
gay, however it made it illegal for recruiters, MEPS , and leaders to ask about someone's sexual orientation. This made it easier for LGBT members
to enlist and remain enlisted as they could not be prevented from enlisting or discharged as long as they were not openly LGBT. Pursuing
information about a military members sexual orientation was also banned under DADT. Service members were still being discharged and fighting
their discharges during the DADT years; cases like McVeigh v. Cohen or Witt v. Department of the Air Force exemplified problems with the
Department of Defenses LGBT policies. DADT was finally repealed in December 2010 and the Homosexual community is now allowed to openly
serve in the armed forces. Unfortunately, there is still an active ban on the transgender

Help for Sufferers of Discrimination and Harassment in the...
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Once upon a time our great nation was not so great. Blacks and women of every race did not have rights like we do now. They were not allowed to
vote, work and get paid for equal work. Blacks and whites were separated, they were not allowed to do or go anywhere there was a white
establishment. There were many protests at this time in our history and many people were hurt and/or died during political demonstrations. An epic
moment in time was when John F. Kennedy brought forth the idea to pass an act that would protect all people from discrimination of gender, race,
color, national origin and religion. It was a dark time to be a woman or black citizen in our nation. Thus the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. ...
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In order to get compensation from a company for harassment you must have been employed with the company for at least 20 days or more, and
depending on how many employees a company has is how much compensation they will receive (Bohlander, G.W., & Snell, S. (2010).
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 was amended so that employee that are victims of sexual harassment, are compensated for the damage, whether physical
or physiological will receive money for their pain. The act also covers employee that are intentionally discriminated against. However this act has
limitations like any law. If a company has 14 to 100 employees the compensation would be $50,000, for a company that has 100 to 200 employees
that amount would be $100,000 and if a company has over 500 employees the amount would be $300,000. An employee under the act can also choose
to go to trial if they feel that the compensation for their pain was not substantial enough (Civil Rights Act of 1991. (n.d.).
About 1972 there were 2 different types of sexual harassment rules that were passed with the acts of 64. The first one is Quid Pro Quo, this is
when an employer tells and employee to submit unwelcome sexual conduct, requests for sexual favors and verbal or physical gestures. Examples of
this would be if an employer tells an employee that in order to keep there job they would have to perform a sexual act. The second rule is Hostile
Work Environment, which is when verbal or

The Production Of Space Argumentative Analysis
In recent year's residents in and around places like New York City and the Bay Area found themselves being unable to continue living in these areas
due to the rising costs and value of their homes and apartments. This rise in value can be attributed to the desire of more affluent individuals wanting
to live in these areas and willing to pay more to do so. Along with these residents came additional commercial development to match the lifestyle
choices of the wealthier newcomers in the area. The influx of more affluent inhabitants in conjunction with upscale commercial development caused the
value of residencies in the area to increase resulting in previous resident either moving away or being evicted should they be unable to afford their rising
place are arguably the core reasons behind this migration of the affluent population. In Lefebvre's, "The Production of Space" he illustrates how the
value in relation to spaces creates places, or a sense of place. This value can be attributed to just about anything from familial relations to architectural
tastes and aesthetics. However, in terms of gentrification this value must be a unique characteristic of the area, following that if the reason for the
influx of new residents was some aspect that could be found in several other places around the city they would be moving around and spreading out
creating small pockets of mixed income communities, which is not the case. This uniqueness is often achieved through a mix of factors such as
historical context, architectural qualities, as well things like street width, foliage, and block length according to "City Design" by Jonathan Barnett.
These characteristics, which will be referred to a local charm, are often surface qualities only. The current residents have a more personal connection
with these spaces because they have their own history and unique experiences tied to the place. The argument then becomes whether the tangible
qualities, or local charm, of a place is more valuable than the intangible ties long–time residents have with an

Is Violence on Television Acceptable for our Growing...
"Is Violence on Television Acceptable for our Growing Generation?"
I. The Beginning
Since the beginning of time, there has always been violence. From the death of Abel by his brother Cain in the Bible, to the mighty gladiator stadiums
in Rome ruled by Alexander the Great, to the horrible accusations of the Salem Witch Trials in 1692, to what I will talk about specifically in this
position paper, violence on the famous family fun center, the television.
To start off, John Logie Baird invented the mechanical television in 1926. The soul purpose of the mechanical television was to be able to see images
at home from current events from around the world right in your very own home. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the first person I killed, I did exactly what I saw in the movie."
A grammar school child showered a Bronx office building with gunfire in New York City. "I watch a lot of television," was what the little boy
pronounced as he told an astounded police sergeant how he became skilled at loading his Uzi–like gun.
In the fall of 1995, in New York, a group of youths set fire to a subway token booth by spraying flammable liquids through the opening for the change
slot. The booth exploded and the subway attendant in the booth was badly burned. That year in December, the attendant died as a result of extensive
burns. The movie Money Train influenced this attack.
IV. Opposing View Points
People who are opposed to television violence believe that is the responsibility of the network to monitor and sensor what they show on television.
In a study of over forty years, Madeline Levine found that many children have found violence as a first resort to settle indifferences instead of the last
resort. Madeline also stats that children who are heavy viewers of television are more pessimistic, more aggressive, are less imaginative, weigh more,
and are less empathic. According to Madeline's sources of information, America has become the most leading country in the world of violence.
Homicide is the leading

COMM292 Case Studies
1. University of British Columbia Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 – Section 202 – Winter Term 2 2014–15
Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 – Section 202 – Winter Term 2 2014–15 University of British Columbia
Table of Contents Teamwork Turmoil............................................................................................................................5 Campbell and Bailyn's Boston
Office: Managing the Reorganization.............................................13 The Rise of President Barack Hussein
Obama..............................................................................23 2. TEAMWORK TURMOIL Tony Marshall, a second–year learning... Show more content on
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UVA–OB–0897 UVA–OB–0897 received a dual undergraduate degree in finance and information systems. Prior to business school, she worked as
an analyst for a private foundation. Martin planned to focus her career on private wealth. Despite the great amount of networking that her chosen
career path required, Martin was very involved in the school community. She spent a lot of time working on projects for the Black Business Student
Forum and the National Association of Women MBAs. Daren Onyealisi was originally from Nigeria and had been living in the United States for
more than 10 years. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in government. Following his undergraduate degree, Onyealisi
worked as a policy research analyst for the District of Columbia, then changed career paths and worked as a real estate analyst for three years before
attending business school. Onyealisi was a first–generation college graduate and awarded the Robert Toigo Foundation Fellowship upon entering the
MBA program.1 While Onyealisi was not very involved in the graduate school community, through the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
organization he was a Big Brother for local youths. Onyealisi planned to target the consulting industry for his summer internship. Rob Delery was the
only scientist in the group and earned a BS in chemical engineering from Penn State. During his undergraduate years, Delery was a member of the Penn

Case Study : ' Agostini Vs. Felton '
Kolbe Perez and Kevin Smith Mr. Falcone Government 8 December 2016 Agostini vs. Felton Summary of Facts of the Case: The federal district court
ruled against New York City about the appeal to allow public school teachers to provide instruction to students in parochial schools. The Court
interpreted the Establishment Clause as a strict separation between religion and government affairs. The parochial school board, and some parents
brought this case to the Supreme Court to seek review. The outcome of the suit concluded with a 5–4 decision. The court stated that money could be
funded by federal programs to provide aid to challenged students in parochial schools without defying the Establishment Clause. Reflection of the
Historical Timeframe as It Relates to the Issue: Of the more than thirty five million American school aged children in the late 1990s, twenty million
attended public schools.Experts estimate more than half of parents would have enrolled their students in private schools if they could afford the cost.
Even parochial schools that charged lower yearly tuition rates of several thousand dollars were still too expensive for middle and working American
families. These families supported the idea of receiving vouchers to get a discount on school tuition. As the voucher concept became more popular, its
opponents made their views widely known in courts, the media, and political forums. School choice as an issue was hotly debated throughout the
decade. Constitutional

How Many People are Homeless? Essay
How Many People are Homeless?
Many people call the National Coalition for the Homeless to find out how many people are homeless in the United States. There is no easy answer to
this question, and in fact, the question itself is misleading. In most cases, homelessness is a temporary circumstance –– not a permanent condition. A
more appropriate measure of the magnitude of homelessness is therefore how many people experience homelessness, not how many people "are"
homeless.
Studies of homelessness are complicated by problems of definitions and methodology. This fact sheet describes definitions of homelessness,
methodologies for counting homeless people, and recent estimates of homelessness. Additional resources for further study are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result of these and other factors, many people who lack permanent housing are forced to live with relatives and friends in crowded, temporary
arrangements. People living in unstable housing arrangements who lack a permanent place to stay are experiencing a kind of homelessness, but
because they are not "literally homeless," they will not be counted.
METHODOLOGY
Researchers use different methods to measure homelessness. One method attempts to count all the people who are literally homeless on a given day or
during a given week (point–in–time counts). A second method of counting homeless people examines the number of people who are homeless over a
given period of time (period prevalence counts).
Choosing between point–in–time counts and period–prevalence counts has significant implications for understanding the magnitude and dynamics of
homelessness. The high turnover in the homeless population documented by recent studies (see below) suggests that many more people experience
homelessness than previously thought, and that most of these people do not remain homeless. Because point–in–time studies give just a "snapshot"
picture of homelessness, they only count those who are homeless at a particular time. Over time, however, some people will find housing and escape
homelessness while new people will lose housing and become homeless. Systemic social and economic factors (prolonged unemployment or sudden
loss of a job, lack of

Birthdate: I was born 08.28.1996, in Oslo, Norway. On this...
Birthdate: I was born 08.28.1996, in Oslo, Norway. On this specific day Princess Diana and Prince Charles got a divorce. The price of a gallon of
gas in the US, was 1.251 in August, the minimum federal wage was , the median family income was about 35 492 dollars. A popular movie in august
1996 was Matilda, based on Roald Dahl's book with the same name. The temperature that day was about 72 and cloudy.
Date of most recent birthday: 08.28. 2013, was my 17th birthday, and my first birthday celebrated somewhere else that wasn't Norway. I just moved to
Lakeway, Austin and I celebrated my birthday to go out and eat a small dinner with a new friend I made here.
That day there were the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington, where over 200... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clinton Impeachment: December 19, 1998, Bill Clinton, 42ndpresident of the United States, got impeached for perjury and official wrongdoing, for
lying under vow and hindering justice. First Clinton was accused of making illegal loans for Whitewater Development, when he was still just the
governor of Arkansas. When Clinton was president, he got charged with sexual harassment, having sexual relationship with 21 year old Monica
Lewinsky, and denying it. It later got proven that he lied, and the Senate voted for him to take him away from office.
NAFTA: The early 1994, an agreement called North American Free Trade Agreement, got signed by Canada's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, the
US's president George Bush and Mexico's President Carlos Salinas. It made trilateral rules based trade bloc in North America. It outdated the
Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement and largest free trade area based on population. Gulf War 1991: In August 1990, Saddam Hussein,
Iraq's dictator's, army invaded Kuwait, because of it's riches of oil. This made the US concerned that Iraq's main goal was to capture Saudi Arabia
and take all the oil. To beat back this action, President Bush sent troops over to the area, and on January 16, 1996 the US and other allied troops
attacked, expelling Hussein's troops from Kuwait. This victory was the first big war since Vietnam.
Iraqi War 2002: After the 9/11 attacks President Bush declared a "war of

Presidential Signing Statement Analysis
We have all heard about presidential signing statements, however, many don't understand the definition of the term. What are presidential signing
statements? What is the purpose of a signing statement? Well, let us find out! A presidential signing statement is simply a written declaration
sporadically issued by the President when he signs a bill into law. Additionally, the purpose of presidential signing statements differs. Presidential
signing statements can be rhetorical, political or constitutional. It also worth noting that the constitution is silent about presidential signing statements.
It neither allow nor outlaw presidential signing statements. However, the constitution does state that the president has the authority to veto any bill
approved by congress, and the power to check that the laws are truly implemented. According to the American Bar Association President Karen J.
Mathis, "The potential for abuse in the issuance of presidential signing statements has reached the point where it poses a real threat to our system of
checks and balances and the rule of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apps.Americabar.org). Also, Mathis advised Congress to require a president to report to Congress in an openly accessible database whenever issuing a
statement expressing in the report an explanation of the reasons. Mathis also urged presidents to express concerns to congress about the
constitutionality of any pending legislation before it is passed, and veto any bills that they believed to be unconstitutional. According to Mathis, "such
legislation would increase transparency in government and resolve any separation of powers issues that may accompany the use of presidential
signings statements." (www.

Elena Kagan Essay
Elena Kagan was born April 28, 1960 in the city of New York. A daughter of a housing attorney and a schoolteacher, Kagan grew up in an intellectually
rich environment that would later shape her career.
After receiving an A.B. In History at Princeton and graduating cumlaude in 1981, Kagan went on to Oxford to earn a M. in Philosophy, which she did
in 1983. From there, she attended Harvard Law School, serving as supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review, and graduated magna cum laude
with a J.D. In 1986. After she completed her education, Kagan clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals in D.C. for two years,
and then for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court during his 1987 term. In the elections of 1988, Kagan actively supported the then
democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. After he lost she went back to D.C. for a brief associate practice at the Williams and Connolly
law firm. In 1991 she took up her role as a professor at the University of Chicago ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Helms 2000 (which dealt with public aid towards parochial schools) "I think the President would wish to file in this case. Agree? Elena." and "(Also, I
think he would want the SG [solicitor general] to make the case for overruling––not just distinguishing Meek and Wolman)", referencing two other
cases from the 70s that concerned government aid to private schools. In another education related case under her term as SG, Forest Grove School
District v. T.A. 2009, Kagan and her department along with the Supreme Court agreed that "students need not have received special education services
in a public school before becoming eligible for private school tuition reimbursement under the proper circumstances". In Arizona Christian School v.
Winn 2011, (about Establishment of religion Clause) Justice Kagan dissented citing Arizona Laws on school tuition organizations as her

Criminal Justice Chapter 6 Analysis
In chapters six through ten of The Collapse of American Criminal Justice, Stuntz talks about the changes that were being made in the criminal justice
system, and the changes that can help fix the system. He goes in details when it comes changes in the system, from the courts putting limits on what
the criminal procedure, for example, the "exclusionary rule". Also the mention of the rise and fall of crime across the United States. Lastly, mentioning
the famous landmark cases that helped sparked these changes. Chapter six was about cultural changes that was going on around the country, for
example, polygamy which allowed a man to have multiple wives in Utah, which was only a territory at the time. This change was needed because of
the public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first thing he implies is hiring a putting more police on the streets. He uses New York City in the 1990s for example, he mentions that because
New York City had more cops on the street helped prevent crimes from happening. Having a cop present in neighborhood really helps the crime
prevention, and builds trust in the community. Changing the average sentencing to help reduce the prison population, also reduce discrimination
because overly represent the prison population, and checking the prosecution power in making a conviction. Stunz also suggested adding more funds
to the criminal justice system to in order to hire more cops and lawyers to help the criminal justice system. Congress and the federal courts should
separate themselves from state and local government. Stunt, believes these examples are all possible, but he doubts it will ever happen because
although the criminal justice system looks bad, it isn't bad enough to require

Religious Freedom Restoration
How is the Religious Freedom Restoration Act Unconstitutional? Each individual is entitled to follow his or her own religious beliefs, but does openly
practicing it affect others? Certain practices are discouraged or are considered illegal, but are usually a fundamental part of one's religion. In 1993,
current New York Governor Chuck Schumer authored theReligious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) to protect people's religious freedom without
government interference and the act was signed by former President Bill Clinton, but in 1997 the Supreme Court stated that it could not be implemented
into every state. Despite this, 21 states have created their own version of the RFRA. Although it was created to protect people's religious freedom, it has
As previously stated, the RFRA was authored by Governor Chuck Schumer after it was found that legislation was needed because it was considered
illegal to smoke peyote, even though it was a part of Native American religious practice, due to it being a hallucinogenic. The act has primary helped
minorities, people of non–Christian religious sectors, and prisoners. A primary example is when Muslim prisoner Abdul Muhammad fought Florida
law to wear a short, half inch beard that is a strict and common Muslim practice for men. Even if this did not comply with Florida law "he won the suit
using the 'RFRA for prisoners' – the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act" (Hemingway) which was signed by Bill Clinton and
enacted on a national level. Florida also denied Orthodox Jewish prisoner Bruce Rich kosher meals. Rich also argued that "this violates the Religious
Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000" (Hemingway) and even when the state claimed that doing so would pose both financial and
security problems, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty noted that "35 states and the federal government provided kosher meals without it posing a
problem" (Hemingway). Although these cases are justifiable, these cases could also be protected by the

Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor was born on June 27, 1954 in The Bronx, New York. Her parents Juan Sotomayor and Celina Baez were both natives of Puerto
Rico; they worked as a manual worker and a nurse respectively. She was raised in the Bronxdale Houses; a city owned housing projects. When Sonia
was nine her father passed away, due to his early death her mother was forced to work extra days to get her children in a good school, which she did.
Her mother's hard work payed off when she managed to send her children to a private Catholic school. Sonia attended Cardinal Spellman High School
and graduated as the valedictorian of her class in 1972.
Sonia attended Princeton University shortly after graduating high school. She would later graduate from Princeton ... Show more content on
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Bush administration. She faced many non–controversial cases, but she is notably known as the judge who saved baseball. On March 30, 1995, the
trial to save baseball took place in Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc., the trial took place due to the 1994 baseball
strike that lasted 232 days. Sotomayor issued a preliminary injunction, in order to restrain the MLB from implementing a new collective bargaining
agreement and using replacement players. She essentially ended the trial and strike and saved baseball. Sonia found success in the trial Castle Rock
Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group. The trial was a prominent copyright infringement lawsuit because it would pave the way for other
copyright laws. Castle Rock Entertainment sued Carol Publishing Group because Carol Publishing Group made a trivia book containing information
related to the show. Sonia Sotomayor ruled that the trivia book containing information about Seinfeld infringed on the copyright of the show and did
not use legal fair use.
On June 25, 1997, President of the United States Bill Clinton nominated Sonia Sotomayor to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit. In the course of the next ten years Sonia would hear over 3000 cases and write about 380 majority

Security Vs Surveillance
Security is more Important than Civil Liberties
Ever since the terrorist attack on 9/11 and the Snowden leaks in the NSA people have had many different opinions on whether the government should
use surveillance to help prevent crime, or if the use of surveillance is a violation to people's rights. In this paper I will discuss the use of mass
surveillance systems that the government would like to have in some major cities across the United States. I will also talk about why people have a
problem with surveillance and claim it is a violation to their rights. I will discuss why the use of mass surveillance is wanted and in a way even
needed. With that being said the government should use all surveillance types necessary in order to prevent crime ... Show more content on
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For example on important act that was voted on in 2014 was the Freedom Act, the Freedom Act was made to help limit the amount of surveillance
used on the public but the bill did not get enough votes so it did not pass in the end (Greenwald). The courts also have to deal with many different
cases where security is violating a person's individual rights. One court case specific is "U.S. v. Jones" (Khaki) in this court case the police used a
type of GPS tracking in order to watch a suspected drug trafficker for around a month. During the time the GPS was put onto Jones's vehicle he had
gone around doing normal daily life things but there were also some illegal acts involving drugs. After the police had gotten enough information to
bring Jones to court they arrest him during this time the police used their GPS tracking as evidence to show where his vehicle was at the time of
crimes committed with drug trafficking. But when taken to court Jones used the GPS tracking as his defence and eventually when the court got their
verdict they ruled Jones not guilty because the government did not use the right types of warrants in order for the GPS tracking so in the end the court
said that the government violated his rights (Khaki). This court case is significant because "it is the first time the Supreme Court

affirmative action Essay
Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial discrimination and injustice. Our school textbook defines
affirmative action as "a program established that attempts to improve the chances of minority applicants for educational or employment purposes,
although they may have the same qualifications, by giving them leverage so that they can attain a level that is equal to caucasian applicants" (Berman
522). There are people that support and oppose this issue. Opponents of affirmative action have many reasons for opposing this issue, one of them
being that the battle for equal rights is over, and that this advantage made for people of color discriminates against people that ... Show more content on
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Congress also passed a number of civil rights laws barring discrimination against blacks in hotels, theaters, and other places. However, the South
reacted by passing the "Black Codes, " which severely limited the rights of the newly freed slaves, preventing them in most states from
testifying in courts against whites, and limiting their opportunities to find work. Even though blacks were given suffrage, the white Americans from
the south found ways to stop them from voting. These laws were called grandfather laws, which meant that if your relatives could vote prior to 1867,
you were permitted to vote. Moreover, this excluded all recently freed slaves (Berman 510).
In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson case, a man who is one eighth black, and seven eighths white, decides to sit in the front of a train, but is not allowed
because he of the fact that he is one eighth black. He felt that although only an eighth of his blood was black, that overall he should have been
considered white. When taken to court, it was declared that the state of Louisiana had the right to segregate their races in every public facility. Thus
began the "Jim Crow" legislation. Jim Crow laws were made to have "separate, but equal" facilities for people of color. Not until about
sixty years later, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court judge ruled that "separate, but equal" was unconstitutional. This
decision created racial tensions

The Expansion Of The Deferred Action For Childhood...
President Clinton overstepped her limits as President of the United States to implement the expansion of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Policy through an executive order. An action that was previously enacted by President Barack Obama but was quickly canceled in the decision of US v.
Texas. She, or anyone that retains the position of the presidency, does not have the authority to enact immigration policy under the nation's constitution
and thus violates the separation of powers doctrine as outlined by our Founding Fathers in Federalist Paper #47.
In the case at bar, there are four questions that must be answered: (1) Does this case deal with a non–justiciable issue? (2) Does the Commerce Clause
give congress authority over immigration policy? (3) Does Congress ' power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization give it authority over
immigration? And (4) Does the "Take Care" Clause allow the president to change US immigration despite the previously mentioned congressional
powers? At the end of this argument, I hope your honors will decide that the case at bar deals with a justiciable issue and that the president's actions are
deemed a violation of the constitution of the United States.
The issue of whether President Clinton's implementation of DACA is a justiciable issue must be addressed first. Baker v. Carr (1962) establishes the
political question doctrine. This test determines that any legal dispute dealing with separation of powers, foreign affairs,

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